DOCSLIB.ORG

Financial Accounting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Financial Accounting N4 Financial Accounting SCHOOL FOR SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT CC 9781485710165_ntd_acc_n4_stb_eng_za.indb 1 2020/05/23 14:04 Pearson South Africa (Pty) Ltd 4th floor, Auto Atlantic Building, Corner of Hertzog Boulevard and Heerengracht, Cape Town, 8001 za.pearson.com © Pearson South Africa (Pty) Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders of material produced in this title. We would like to apologise for any infringement of copyright so caused, and copyright holders are requested to contact the publishers in order to rectify the matter. First published in 2020 ISBN 9781485710165 (print) ISBN 9781485718536 (epdf) Publisher: Amelia van Reenen Managing editor: Ulla Schüler Editor: Peter Lague Proofreader: Book design: Pearson Media Hub Cover design: Pearson Media Hub Cover artwork: Typesetting: Robin Taylor Printed by xxxx printers, [city] Acknowledgements: 9781485710165_ntd_acc_n4_stb_eng_za.indb 2 2020/05/23 14:04 Contents Module 1: Introduction ................................................1 Unit 1.1: Accounting theory, principles and concepts .....................................2 Unit 1.2: The recording of transactions from source documents .................. 32 Unit 1.3: Bank reconciliation ............................................................................83 Unit 1.4: Control accounts ..............................................................................122 Module 2: Accounting entries for a trading concern according to the perpetual inventory system .....................................137 Unit 2.1: Results of sole traders: Activities and financial status .................. 138 Module 3: Accounting entries for a trading organisation according to the periodic inventory system ........................................199 Unit 3.1: Recording inventory transactions in ledger accounts ................... 201 Unit 3.2: Adjusting columns of journals to accommodate the periodic inventory system .............................................................. 211 Unit 3.3: Calculation of cost of sales ............................................................. 217 Unit 3.4: Trading inventory as year-end adjustment .................................... 219 Unit 3.5: Closing transfers .............................................................................. 221 Unit 3.6: Financial statements ........................................................................228 Module 4: Departmental accounts according to the periodic inventory system .............................231 Unit 4.1: Aim of departmental accounts .......................................................232 Unit 4.2: Adaptation of source documents ...................................................233 Unit 4.3: Adaptation of books of original entry ...........................................234 Unit 4.4: Adaptation of departmental purchases and sales accounts .........236 Unit 4.5: Departmental trading statement ................................................... 243 Unit 4.6: Departmental Statement of Profit or Loss .....................................246 9781485710165_ntd_acc_n4_stb_eng_za.indb 3 2020/05/23 14:04 Module 5: Organisations without a profit motive ..253 Unit 5.1: Aim of organisations without a profit motive .............................. 254 Unit 5.2: Special items – Ledger Accounts typical to NPOs .......................... 257 Unit 5.3: Special funds ....................................................................................263 Unit 5.4: Concepts in respect of income and expenses as well as receipts and payments .................................................................... 273 Unit 5.5: Analysis Cash Book .......................................................................... 275 Unit 5.6: Trading account per activity .......................................................... 280 Unit 5.7: Statement of Profit or Loss ............................................................. 282 Unit 5.8: Adjustments of accounts to provide for a profit section .............285 Unit 5.9: Statement of Financial Position of non-trading organisations .... 289 Module 6: Statement of Cash Flow .........................301 Unit 6.1: Aim of a Statement of Cash Flow ...................................................302 Unit 6.2: Users of a Statement of Cash Flow .................................................303 Unit 6.3: Cash flow items and setting out Statements of Cash Flow........... 304 Unit 6.4: Non-cash flow items ........................................................................306 Unit 6.5: Procedure for drafting a Statement of Cash Flow ........................ 307 Unit 6.6: Special items in the Statement of Cash Flow .................................310 Glossary .....................................................................322 9781485710165_ntd_acc_n4_stb_eng_za.indb 4 2020/05/23 14:05 Module Introduction 1 Learning outcomes After studying this module, you should be able to: ■ Briefly describe the basic accounting theory, principles and concepts ■ Accounting theory, principles and concepts ■ Identify the different forms of organisations by explaining the similarities and differences between each ■ Sole Trader ■ Partnership ■ Non-profit companies ■ Profit companies ■ Personal liability companies (Inc) ■ State-owned companies (SOC) ■ Private company (Pty Ltd) ■ Public company (Ltd) ■ Close Corporation (can no longer be registered by the CICP) ■ Identify the business activities of these organisations (mentioned above) and indicate the difference between each i.r.o generating profit ■ Service activities ■ Trading activities ■ Manufacturing activities ■ Activities with no profit motive ■ Identify the source documents and the accounts involved with each transaction, and to determine which account must be debited or credited as well as explaining the influence of the relevant transaction on the accounting equation ■ The accounting transactions of service and trading activities with relation to the usage of source documents, the double entry principle and influence of the double entry transactions on the accounting equation 1 9781485710165_ntd_acc_n4_stb_eng_za.indb 1 2020/05/23 14:05 Unit 1.1: Accounting theory, principles and concepts LEARNING OUTCOMES ■ Describe the basic accounting concepts, principles and policy ■ Demonstrate an understanding of the concept ‘financial accounting’ Exam tip Collect two recent DHET exam question papers. Start working through them to assess your strong points. Introduction Every day, millions of nancial transactions take place all over South Africa. For a large entity such as a KFC outlet or a public TVET college, it would be impossible to remember which transactions took place, if no proper record-keeping was done. But it does happen that proper nancial records are sometimes not kept. For example, in South Africa, we regularly hear that the Auditor-General is unhappy with some municipalities, since no proper records of payments were kept. Yet, if a transaction is not recorded, how will the owner of a business or the municipality know how much income was received or whether suppliers have been paid? Sub-unit 1.1.1: Accounting theory LEARNING OUTCOMES ■ Briefly describe the basic accounting concepts, principles and policy 1. The concept ‘financial accounting’ Financial accounting is basically a method to communicate nancial information and activities about an entity to those who have an interest in the nancial affairs of that entity. It consists of three elements: ■ identify or select activities that are labelled as transactions ■ record the transactions in an orderly and systematic way ■ compile accounting reports and communicate the information to interested parties or users. 2 Module 1: Introduction 9781485710165_ntd_acc_n4_stb_eng_za.indb 2 2020/05/23 14:05 There are various accounting reports or nancial statements, for example: Module 1 ■ statement of prot or and other comprehensive income (previously known as the income statement) ■ statement of nancial position (previously known as the balance sheet) ■ explanatory notes (to the statement of nancial position) 2. The concept ‘bookkeeping’ The bookkeeper uses the information that was captured on source documents and records it in the journals and ledger accounts of the entity on a daily basis. At the end of each month the bookkeeper compiles a trial balance. This process is repeated every month and as such, bookkeeping has a monthly cycle. Bookkeeping is an important occupation since bookkeepers do all the preparatory Did you know? work that is needed by chartered accountants. Bookkeeping is only part of the total 3. Objective of financial accounting accounting process. The objective or purpose of nancial accounting is to provide information about: ■ the nancial performance or results for the year of the entity ■ the nancial position on the last day of the year of the entity. Financial performance answers the following questions: ■ Did the entity make a prot or a loss? ■ What is the monetary value of the prot or loss? ■ What was the income of the entity for the year? ■ What were the expenses in producing that income? Financial position answers the following questions: ■ What is the type and value of the assets the entity possesses? ■ How much does the entity owe
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Maputo-Witbank Toll Road: Lessons for Development Corridors?
    The Maputo-Witbank Toll Road: Lessons for Development Corridors? Development Policy Research Unit University of Cape Town The Maputo-Witbank Toll Road: Lessons for Development Corridors? DPRU Policy Brief No. 00/P5 December 2000 1 DPRU Policy Brief 00/P5 Foreword The Development Policy Research Unit (DPRU), located within the University of Cape Town’s School of Economics, was formed in 1990 to undertake economic policy-oriented research. The aim of the unit’s work is the achievement of more effective public policy for industrial development in South and Southern Africa. The DPRU’s mission is to undertake internationally recognised policy research that contributes to the quality and effectiveness of such policy. The unit is involved in research activities in the following areas: · labour markets and poverty · regulatory reform · regional integration These policy briefs are intended to catalyse policy debate. They express the views of their respective authors and not necessarily those of the DPRU. They present the major research findings of the Industrial Strategy Project (ISP). The aim of the ISP is to promote industrial development in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) through regional economic integration and cooperation. It is a three-year project that commenced in August 1998 and is funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Ultimately, this project will identify the policies and programmes that support regional interactions that contribute to the industrialisation of SADC national economies. This
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Relationship Between the Severity of Road Traffic Crashes and the Human Factors Involved: N4 Toll Route Case Study
    Analysis of the Relationship between the Severity of Road Traffic Crashes and the Human factors involved: N4 Toll Route Case Study by Andries Johannes Gelderblom Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Marion Sinclair March 2021 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature: AJ Gelderblom ______________________ Date: March 2021 Copyright © 2021 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Road safety is considered to be one of the most critical concerns in contemporary society. As a result, reducing road traffic crashes is, arguably, the most critical aspect that needs to be addressed within a roadway system. Injuries and fatalities resulting from traffic crashes are a serious problem. Globally, the number of road traffic deaths continues to rise, reaching a devastating 1.35 million fatalities in 2016, which equates to almost 3700 people being killed on the world’s roads every day. Despite the efforts made by government agencies and the engineering community, the road crash fatality rate in South Africa remains higher than the global average.
    [Show full text]
  • N4 Toll Route
    Source: TRAC N4 N4 Toll Route Procuring authorities Government of the Republic of South Africa, Government of Mozambique Project company Trans African Concessions Pty Ltd (TRAC) Project company obligations Design, build/rehabilitate, finance, maintain, operate and transfer Financial closure year 1997 Capital value ZAR3 billion (USD660 million – 1997 value) Location Start of operations Pretoria, South Africa–Maputo, Mozambique August 2000 Sector Contract period (years) 30 Transportation & logistics Key facts No governmental subsidies, 100% Project Finance 46 | GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE HUB CASE STUDY: N4 TOLL ROUTE Project highlights The N4 Toll Route is a brownfield toll road The MDC was also incorporated under a broader concession of 630 km running from Pretoria, Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) between the South Africa’s administrative capital, to Maputo, Governments of South Africa and Mozambique the capital of Mozambique and a deep-sea port implemented in 1995. The SDI was a short-term on the Indian Ocean. The project was structured investment strategy aiming to unlock inherent as a public-private partnership (PPP) between the economic potential in specific spatial locations governments of South Africa and Mozambique in Southern Africa. The SDI policy used public and a private consortium for a 30-year period. resources to leverage private investments in It was the first cross-border transport PPP project regions with a high potential for economic growth. in Sub-Saharan Africa and the first brownfield PPP The N4 Toll Route contract with the private of this scale in South Africa. consortium Trans African Concessions (TRAC) was The N4 is one of the most important trade routes based on a build, operate, transfer (BOT) model in the region, running across South Africa from with a capital value of ZAR3 billion (USD660 million, Botswana to Mozambique.
    [Show full text]
  • Mark Turner Call +27 78 075 0720 Email: [email protected] Local Fax: 086-6105113 INT Fax: +27-86-6105113
    Contact: Mark Turner Call +27 78 075 0720 Email: [email protected] Local Fax: 086-6105113 INT Fax: +27-86-6105113 Directions Oxwagon Lodge is located on one of the main Johannesburg - Hartbeespoort roads, which is called the route R511. If you drive north from Fourways (Johannesburg), stay on the R511 all the way. Remember to look out for the left-turn which the R511 takes a few kms after Diepsloot/Dainfern. Continue on the R511 for about 20 kms. Just as Hartbeespoort Dam comes into view at the top of Saartjiesnek, proceed down the hill for 0.5 km and look for our entrance, on the right hand side. Turn in here and take the sand road back to the top of the hill. If you're coming from Randburg along the R512, proceed to the Broederstroom Farm Stall T-junction and then turn right. Drive about 9 kms to the R511 (passing Pelindaba on your right) and see the signs for Hartbeespoort. Turn left onto the R511 and proceed up the hill until the Dam comes into view. As above, proceed down the hill for 0.5 kms and look for our entrance on the right hand side. Turn in here and take the sand road back to the top. From the centre of Pretoria, take the "original" N4 heading west and come off at the second Pelindaba exit. We are then about 2 kms along the R511 towards Hartbeespoort, just follow the signs. If travelling from Pretoria's northern suburbs, take the "other N4" heading west (very confusing!) towards Rustenberg and come off at the Brits exit.
    [Show full text]
  • Platinum Road App Launches Massive End-Of-Year Content Update The
    Bakwena Platinum Corridor Concessionaire (Pty) Ltd Company Reg No: 1998/004523/07 Physical Address Postal Address 24 Sunninghill Office Park Postnet Suite 151 Peltier Road, Sunninghill, 2147 Private Bag X26 Johannesburg Sunninghill, 2157 South Africa South Africa Tel: +27 11 519 0400 · Fax: +27 11 519 0414 Email: [email protected] · www.bakwena.co.za Platinum road app launches massive end-of-year content update The Platinum Road app, by South African author and journalist Peter Delmar, has enjoyed more than 4,000 downloads since it was first launched in mid-April this year. The free iOS, Android and Windows Phone app contains over an hour’s storytelling, narrated by top broadcaster David O’Sullivan. The audio features stories derived from Delmar’s “road book”, The Platinum Road, covering the route from Gauteng to Botswana along the N4 highway, and on the N1 between Pretoria and Bela Bela. Delmar says that after nearly eight months on the app stores it came time for a content update, “The response we’ve had from users has been phenomenal thus far, but we always planned to add to the app and improve users’ overall audio experience, to just keep giving them more lekker content. We’ve expanded on the app’s existing stories, with a few more tucked in at key points along the route. On top of that, we’ve also added handy details about toll plazas along the way, as well as information about a few of Bakwena N1 N4 Toll Concession’s social initiatives.” Sponsored by Bakwena the Platinum Road app contains images, maps and stories about the history of Gauteng and North West, including anecdotes about vast vanished Tswana cities and the Anglo-Boer War, quaint towns and settlements, frogs and mining.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Practice and Accounts for Cooperative Stores J
    University of Mississippi eGrove Individual and Corporate Publications Accounting Archive 1916 Business practice and accounts for cooperative stores J. A. Bexell W. H. Kerr United States. Department of Agriculture Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/acct_corp Recommended Citation Bexell, J. A.; Kerr, W. H.; and United States. Department of Agriculture, "Business practice and accounts for cooperative stores" (1916). Individual and Corporate Publications. 198. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/acct_corp/198 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Accounting Archive at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Individual and Corporate Publications by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN No. 381 Contribution from the Office o f Markets and Rural Organization CHARLES J. BRAND, Chief Washington, D. C. September 2 9 , 1916 BUSINESS PRACTICE AND ACCOUNTS FOR COOPERATIVE STORES By J. A. BEXELL, Dean, School of Commerce, Oregon Agricultural College, Collaborator, Office of Markets and Rural Organiza­ tion, and W.H. KERR, Investigatorin Market Business Practice, Office of Markets and Rural Organization CONTENTS Page Page Introduction ................................................... 1 Statements and Reports—Continued. Corporate Records .................................... 3 Auditor’s Report ........ 16 Minutes .................................................. 3 President’ s Report ....... 16 Subscription
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Bookkeeping a Flexible Learning Course
    Ginigoada Bisnis Development Foundation Inc. Introduction to Bookkeeping A Flexible Learning Course ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This course was developed by the Ginigoada Foundation Inc. following enquiries and suggestions received from the participants who attended Ginigoada Mobile Training programme. Ginigoada, which means to ‘Stand up Strong’, provides free life, vocational and health skills training programmes to disadvantaged youth in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The bookkeeping course was developed for first time learners who are interested in bookkeeping. It provides the learners with fundamentals of bookkeeping. Special thanks and acknowledgement go to Dr Alison Mead Richardson from the Commonwealth of Learning for supporting the development of this course. It can be found in the COL Oasis repository for learning materials and publications oasis.col.org The Foundation would also like to acknowledge and thank the following people for their valuable contributions during the development of this course: Course Team Robert H. Evah who compiled the course Pastor Michael Field for providing vision, encouragement and support to the team Tina Malu for editing the course material Anisa Sakep for editing the course material Pauline Raio for editing the grammar and spelling Instructional Design Editor Joan Mutero Adviser Dr Alison Mead Richardson Ginigoada Bisnis Foundation © 2017 Ginigoada Bisnis Foundation This publication is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence (international): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
    [Show full text]
  • Trading Statement
    Trading Statement Released : 15/04/2021 07:00 RNS Number : 5148V AO World plc 15 April 2021 15 April 2021 AO WORLD PLC FULL YEAR TRADING UPDATE ENDED 31 MARCH 2021 A year of outstanding financial and operational progress The Group delivered a strong performance across all aspects of the business, stepping up to, and capitalising on, the challenges and opportunities presented by the Covid pandemic. This included significant increases in revenue, a step change in profitability at both Group and divisional levels, strong cash generation, improved financial resources, and substantial progress in operational capability. This was achieved whilst sustaining AO's leading scores for customer engagement and without financial support from Government. Highlights: · Group revenues increased by 62% to £1.66bn1, with momentum continuing in the fourth quarter; · AO.com, our UK website, increased year-on-year revenue by 88% in Q4, and AO.de, our German website, increased full year revenue by 77%; · Our German business achieved run rate profitability in Q3 and is expected to generate profits in the current financial year; · Over 2 million new customers2 were added in the financial year, who experienced The AO Way for the first time; · Our customer satisfaction rating, as measured by Net Promoter Score, continued to be ranked amongst those of world-leading consumer companies at over 803. · The One AO strategy, together with changes to our operating model and associated investments, significantly enhanced our operating capacity and strengthened the Group's positioning as we seek further growth. As a result of these achievements, Group Adjusted EBITDA4, despite Covid-related costs, is expected to be in the range £63m - £72m (FY 2020: £19.6m), in line with market consensus5.
    [Show full text]
  • IFRS Accounting Considerations of the Coronavirus Pandemic
    Applying IFRS IFRS accounting considerations of the Coronavirus pandemic Updated February 2021 Contents 1. Background .............................................................................. 2 2. Going concern ........................................................................... 4 3. Financial instruments (IFRS 9) .................................................... 5 4. Financial instruments (IAS 39) .................................................. 16 5. Impairment assessment of non-financial assets .......................... 21 6. Government grants .................................................................. 24 7. Income taxes ........................................................................... 27 8. Liabilities from insurance contracts........................................... 30 9. Leases .................................................................................... 32 10. Insurance recoveries .............................................................. 40 11. Onerous contract provisions ................................................... 43 12. Fair value measurement ......................................................... 44 13. Revenue recognition .............................................................. 47 14. Inventories............................................................................ 52 15. Share-based payment ............................................................ 54 16. Events after the reporting period ............................................ 57 17. Other financial
    [Show full text]
  • N4 Toll Route (South Africa – Mozambique)
    Draft for Consultation N4 Toll Route (South Africa – Mozambique) Source: Ramboll Location Pretoria, South Africa – Maputo, Mozambique Sector Transportation & Logistics Procuring Authorities Government of the Republic of South Africa, Government of Mozambique Project Company Trans African Concessions Pty Ltd. (TRAC) Contract Obligations Design, Build/Rehabilitate, Finance, Maintain, Operate and Transfer Financial Closure Year 1997 Capital Value ZAR 3 billion (USD 660 million – 1997 value) Start of Operations August 2000 Contract Period (years) 30 Key Facts No governmental subsidies, 100% Project Finance 1/14 Draft for Consultation Project highlights The N4 Toll Route is a brownfield toll road concession of 630 km running from Pretoria, South Africa´s administrative capital, to Maputo, the capital of Mozambique and a deep-sea port on the Indian Ocean. The project was structured as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) between the governments of South Africa and Mozambique and a private consortium for a 30-year period. It was the first cross-border transport PPP project in Sub-Saharan Africa and the first brownfield PPP in South Africa of this scale. The N4 is one of the most important trade routes in the region, running across South Africa from Botswana to Mozambique. It runs through some of the most industrialised areas in South Africa, including processing, mining and smelting industries located in the cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria. Moreover, the western section of the N4 forms part of the Trans-Kalahari Corridor, a road network spanning approximately 1,900 kilometres (km) across South Africa, Botswana and Namibia. The corridor starts in Pretoria and goes to the Port of Walvis Bay on the Atlantic Ocean in Namibia.
    [Show full text]
  • Directions (2018) GAUTENG REGION PTA to SWH – R104  from PTA Towards Hartebeespoort Dam (Where the Snake Park Is)  Go Through the Tunnel and Over the Dam Wall
    Directions (2018) GAUTENG REGION PTA to SWH – R104 From PTA towards Hartebeespoort dam (Where the snake park is) Go through the tunnel and over the dam wall. Continue straight to the 4-Way crossing (on left will be an ENGEN garage and curio stalls on opposite side of road) Continue straight over on the R104 and ignore all RTB signs for + 36 km to 3-Way stop (you will pass ATKV Buffelspoort resort on left) Turn left at stop street Continue straight for + 13 km As you go down a hill you will find the Hotel’s main board on your left, turn left Continue straight for 1km, Hotel’s main gate will be on your left. Magaliesberg Canopy Tour is 400 meters from the Hotel main entrance on your left. (Parking area on the right) PTA to SWH – N4 Take the N1 towards Pietersburg Turn left at the N4 Toll Route sign Continue straight At the ATKV Buffelspoort off-ramp turn left. Continue straight at T-junction turn right (ATKV Buffelspoort will be on the opposite side of the road) At the 3-Way stop, turn left Continue straight for + 13 km As you go down a hill you will find the Hotel’s main board on your left, turn left Continue straight for 1km, Hotel’s main gate will be on your left. Magaliesberg Canopy Tour is 400 meters from the Hotel main entrance on your left. (Parking area on the right) Brits and surrounding areas to SWH Continue towards PTA on the N4 Turn right onto the Rustenburg Off-ramp Continue straight At the ATKV Buffelspoort off-ramp turn left.
    [Show full text]
  • Bookkeeping and Accountancy
    D ACCOUNTANCY , M. ROW E COM PANY- Baltimore Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/bookkeepingaccouOOroweuoft Bookkeeping and Accountancy Presenting the art of bookkeeping in accordance with the principles of modern accountancy By HARRY M. ROWE, Ph.D. Author of "Commercial and Industrial Bookkeeping ," "Business and Office Practice," "Business Bookkeeping and Practice," Etc. Tp\T BALTIMORE THE H. M. ROWE COMPANY COLORS USED IN THE RULINGS IN THIS BOOK AND ACCOMPANYING BLANK BOOKS. Science has determined that the combination of colors least trying to the eye are neutrai shades of brown and green, and that the most trying are red and blue. For this reason the brown and green colors used in the rulings in this book and the blank books accompanying it have been substituted for the red and blue usually found in books of this character. Copyright 1910 Copyright 1911 BY Harry M. Rowe Entered in Stationers' Hall London, 1910 Entered in Stationers' Hall London, 1911 bt Harry M. Rowe Copyright protects all the copyrightable com- ponent parts of this work and prohibits all unlaw- ful use of its composition, illustrations, methods, etc. Infringers will be punished to the full extent of the law. BALTIMORE PRINTED BY THE WILLIAMS A WILKINS COMPANY AT THE WAVERLY PRESS PREFACE. " Bookkeeping and Accountancy" is intended to impart a training in the art of bookkeeping that is based upon the fundamental principles of accountancy. It is intended for students of the age usually found in commercial schools, public and private, who are ready to begin a study of the subject.
    [Show full text]