Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula

Naturetrek Tour Report 13 – 20 April 2015

Report compiled by Andrew Cleave

Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ England T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Tour Participants: Andrew Cleave (leader) and eight clients

Summary

Sunny weather almost all of the time enabled us to make maximum use of our stay in the Gargano National Park. This year many of the species we expected to find were rather late in flowering, but during the week we came across almost all of the specialities of the area, many of them in perfect condition. Orchids were the star species, but we found many other species such as Wild Peonies, Irises, Narcissi, Tulips and Anemones which help make this one of the most flower-rich regions of Europe. Colourful roadside displays of flowers in the lowlands gave way to natural rock-gardens of Mediterranean flowers in the hilly areas. Shady woodlands had their own specialised species, and we also had the opportunity to look at a very distinctive coastal flora at the start and finish of the week. The sunny weather encouraged many butterflies on to the wing and we found Swallowtails, Southern Festoons, Cleopatras, Mallow Skippers, and Green-underside Blues amongst more familiar species like Wall Brown and Small Heath. Birdwatching on the coast was rewarding with many wetland species occurring in the salt pan area, whilst in the hills we found Sardinian Warblers, Cirl Buntings, Serins and the occasional Hoopoe. Swifts were common in the towns, whilst on the coast Alpine Swifts were seen over the cliffs. There were orchids in the hotel grounds, and everywhere we stopped we managed to find plants and butterflies to interest us. We also seemed to have the area to ourselves much of the time, as many of the sites we visit seem to be unknown to other botanists. A chance encounter with the Italian authors of the updated book on the Orchids of Gargano enabled us to buy signed copies and pick up a few hints on good orchid-hunting locations. By the end of the week we had seen around 50 species of orchids, a good range of other Mediterranean flora, many butterflies and birds, and enjoyed stunning scenery.

Day 1 Monday 13th April

Our trip began in sunny conditions at Bari Airport, where we arrived on the BA flight from Gatwick around midday. Once we had collected our luggage and the mini-bus keys we set off north on the auto-route, stopping briefly for fuel and some lunch. Eventually we left the auto-route to head for the coast and we found ourselves on a bumpy road undergoing some re-surfacing. Driving slowly through the road works gave us views of Lesser Kestrel, Marsh Harrier, Corn Bunting and Crested Lark, and colourful verges lined with Giant Fennel (Ferula communis), Crown Daisy (Glebionis coronarium) and Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris). We stopped for a while at some coastal salt pans to stretch our legs and enjoy the sea air. There was a large flock of Greater Flamingoes feeding in a lagoon and amongst them were numerous Little Egrets and some very elegant Slender-billed Gulls. On the edge of the salt pans the coastal flora was very interesting with a few plants of Squirting Cucumber (Ecballium elaterium) and colourful patches of the bright yellow Lotus creticus. After enjoying this breath of sea air we continued our journey to Monte Sant’Angelo, which took us up the steep mountain road to our hill-top hotel. On stepping out of the mini-bus at the hotel door, our first orchid was spotted: an Early Spider Orchid (Ophrys sphegodes) growing in the manicured lawn below the hotel sign!

We checked in and some of the group took the opportunity to explore the land behind the hotel where more orchids were found and Serins were spotted in the pine trees.

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Day 2 Tuesday 14th April

Pulsano Monastery Road We took the short trip along the road to the Pulsano Monastery for our first day’s exploration of the rich habitats of Gargano. What looked like a rather bare stony hillside revealed about 15 species of orchids after a few minutes of careful searching, and many more colourful Mediterranean species of wild flowers. The photographers soon settled down to record what they found and after about an hour here the group had seen species such as the Gargano form of the Early Spider Orchid (Ophrys sphegodes ssp passionis), the beautiful Sawfly Orchid (Ophrys tenthredinifera), the local form of the Late Spider Orchid (Ophrys fuciflora ssp apulica), Pink Butterfly Orchid, (Anacamptis papilionacea) Green-winged Orchid (Anacamptis morio), Man Orchid (Orchis anthropophora), and several hybrids. The air was scented with honey which came from the curious Spiny Spurge (Euphorbia spinosa), and the Cirl Buntings singing nearby were almost ignored by the orchid hunters!

We moved further along the road to another stony hillside where additional orchid species included the Milky Orchid (Neotinea lactea) and some Lady Orchids (Orchis purpurea) in tight bud. Everyone marvelled at the natural rock gardens filled with colourful flowers and we enjoyed our first picnic of local produce after a very exciting morning.

After lunch we drove a short way to the monastery at the end of the road and explored the craggy area overlooking the gorge and some of the caves once inhabited by the first hermits to settle here. We then followed the long track down into the gorge where a few more species, such as the Bumble-bee Orchid (Ophrys bombyliflora) and Apulian form of the Late Spider Orchid (Ophrys fuciflora ssp apulica) were found.

Two Italian botanists came to speak to us and it turned out that they were Giovanni Quitadamo and Angelo Rossini, the authors of the latest book on the Orchids of Gargano. They had a stock of books in their car and soon did a roaring trade in signed copies. We enjoyed searching through the books for the species we had found during the day, although we did notice that there had been some name changes of a number of species. After this very full day, we returned to the hotel for a de-briefing and our evening meal.

Day 3 Wednesday 15th April

Bosco Quarto Our day’s botanising began in the valley below Monte Sant’Angelo, alongside the road to San Giovanni Rotondo. Some cultivated fields in the valley floor had extensive splashes of yellow in them; there were hundreds of Wild Tulips (Tulipa sylvestris) flowering in the young wheat crop, as well as several other interesting species such as Italian Gladiolus (Gladiolus italica) and a yellow Star of Bethlehem (Gagea sp). A Nightingale serenaded us from the nearby hillside and there were distant calls of Cuckoos from the far hillside.

Moving on to the start of the road to the Foresta Umbra we explored an open area covered with small yellow irises (Iris lutescens) and Pink Butterfly Orchids. A few Burnt Orchids (Neotinea ustulata) were spotted here and just two Giant Orchids (Himantoglossum robertianum) were still in flower. Along a track to a small farmhouse there were single specimens of Spectacled (Ophrys argolica ssp biscutella) and Dark Orchids (Ophrys sphegodes ssp atrata (incubacea)), plus many more of the Gargano Spider Orchids. A little copse was a good site for the very local Viola heterophylla ssp graeca which was found to have several colour forms.

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Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

The next stop, after a very short drive, was by another small copse where there were many Peonies (Paeonia mascula) in tight bud, but after some scrambling through hedges and undergrowth, a few were found with perfect open flowers. We drove on through the forest on a road which became a bumpy track to a lovely picnic site in a large clearing surrounded by ancient pollarded Hornbeam trees. A quick exploration before lunch provided a few more species for the list including Coralroot Bittercress (Cardamine bulbifera), Bird-in-a-bush (Corydalis solida) and a few Roman Orchids (Dactylorhiza romana). We enjoyed our picnic in this beautiful clearing where the only sounds were bird song.

After lunch we walked further into the forest to a stony hillside where there were good displays of Irises (Iris pseudopumila and lutescens), and many more Spectacled Orchids. Holly Blue butterflies were the most common species here. Round-leaved Birthwort (Aristolochia rotundifolia) with its curious flowers was spotted here amongst other more colourful species. We returned by the same route through the forest, finding more Roman Orchids on the way and then drove back along the forest track, stopping to admire the display of Narcissus poeticus on a wooded slope.

After reaching Monte Sant’Angelo some of the group took the opportunity to explore the town before evening meal.

Day 4 Thursday 16th April

Monte Sacro We made an earlier start today, calling in at the supermarket on the way for picnic supplies. A travelling greengrocer had parked his van in a convenient stop so we were able to stock up on delicious fresh fruit and salad supplies as well. Our first stop was on a terraced hillside covered with Olive trees. The views were spectacular from here and the ground flora was very rich. A fine stand of Ploughshare Tongue Orchids (Serapias vomeracea) attracted the photographers and a Sardinian Warbler gave glimpses at times as it sang from the roadside scrub.

We drove on around Mattinata to find the road to Monte Sacro which we could see ahead of us in the very clear conditions. Despite some rather off-putting signs about road closures we managed to get to the start of the walk to Monte Sacro and spent the morning exploring this very famous botanical site. A few new species were added to the list here, including the Four-spotted (Orchis quadripunctata) and Sparse-flowered Orchids (Orchis pauciflora), and there were many fine specimens of Man Orchid, Spectacled Ophrys and Dark Ophrys. Southern Festoon butterflies were found on the slopes giving the photographers some good opportunities to get close-up views.

After our picnic we returned along the narrow road to Mattinata, pausing at one site where there were good numbers of Bertoloni’s Bee Orchids (Ophrys bertolonii) and a variety of hybrids such as Ophrys bertoloniformis. Our final site for the day was the ancient site of Monte Saraceno where we followed the dusty track to the burial chambers on the top of the limestone outcrop. The melanic form of the Yellow Ophrys (Ophrys lutea ssp melena) was found along the route, and we all enjoyed the views back to Monte Sacro and down to the extensive olive groves surrounding Mattinata. Some of the burial chambers had water in them and were seen to be teeming with Fairy Shrimps (Chirocephalus diaphanous). It was tempting to stay longer at this scenic spot, taking in the views of the coast, the herds of goats and the colourful flora, but after another very full day we returned to the hotel to rest before our evening get-together.

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Day 5 Friday 17th April

Pilgrim’s Path, Monte Calvo We began the day with a walk around the town and its historic buildings. Monte Sant’Angelo is a World Heritage Site and very popular with tourists, but early mornings are usually quiet so this was the best time to visit some of the old churches and explore the maze of narrow streets.

We then set off to explore the Pilgrim’s Path. Andrew led the group to the start of the path and set them off on the trail before driving down to the bottom and starting to walk up to meet the group. On the way many more orchids were seen, and in the sheltered conditions here it proved to be a good site for butterflies. Nightingales and Sardinian Warblers were heard on the way down, and there were plenty of signs of the feeding activities of Wild Boar. When everyone had reached the bottom of the path we rejoined the mini-bus and drove west towards the forests on the flanks of Monte Calvo.

We had our lunch at a roadside picnic site and then explored the flower-filled woodlands close by. Although heavily grazed, the woodland floor had a colourful display of Anemone appenina, Narcissus poeticus, various Allium species, and a scattering of Roman Orchids. A few Elder-flowered Orchids (Dactylorhiza sambucina) were found here, and in a more open area there were patches of Sparse-flowered Orchids and many more Spectacled Orchids.

We drove further on though the forest to an area of seemingly abandoned homes with large shady gardens where there were hundreds of Roman Orchids and almost as many Common Spotted Orchids (Dactylorhiza fuchsii), although these were still mostly in bud. Near the mini-bus was a single specimen of Ophrys exaltata and close by were some more photogenic Sawfly Orchids. As we drove back towards Monte Sant’Angelo we glimpsed patches of Roman Orchids in the fields on either side of the road, and nearing the main road, some of the fields were filled with Yellow Asphodel (Asphodeline lutea) in full bloom.

Day 6 Saturday 18th April

Foresta Umbra We left Monte Sant’Angelo today and took the road to the Foresta Umbra, planning on making several stops on the way. As we drove higher into the forest we noticed some very large specimens of Tree Heather (Erica arborea), and verges covered with Naked Mabn Orchids (Orchis italica) and Green-winged Orchids. We stopped on a little track leading into the forest where there were some excellent specimens of Ophrys sphegodes “garganica” and the distinctive “picta” form of Anacamptis morio. We had planned to stop at another site on the route where last year some unusual species had been found, but sadly, there had been some scrub clearance here and the whole area looked to have been taken into cultivation. It was not worth stopping here so we continued into the Foresta Umbra and stopped at a picnic site near the start of a walk into the forest. We followed a trail to the lake, admiring the massive Yew trees growing amongst the Beech. The ground flora was rather sparse here, but we added a few new species to our list including the British natives Ramsons (Allium ursinum), Spurge Laurel (Daphne laureola) and Coralroot Bittercress (Cardamine bulbifera). During our picnic a very confiding Nuthatch entertained us, obviously looking for scraps.

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Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

After lunch we drove down out of the forest for several miles, but stopped on the roadside to admire the Spring Cyclamens (Cyclamen repandum) which were in perfect condition; this site also provided the very fragrant shrub Daphne sericea which we could just reach on a steep bank and enjoy its strong scent. A colourful display of Annual Scorpion Vetch (Coronilla scorpioides) attracted numerous butterflies, and Firecrests were heard by some of the party.

We continued our descent out of the forest and soon reached the warmer coastal zone where olives, palms and citrus trees replaced the beeches. The “fly tip” stop proved to be very rewarding, and much of the accumulated debris from previous years seemed to have been cleared up. Several species of Serapia were found here, including some good specimens of Small-flowered (Serapias parviflora). A magnificent display of the Apulian form of the Late Spider Orchid was the main attraction here with many fine specimens in perfect condition.

The finally leg of our journey took us to Peschici where we checked in to Hotel Elisa. The group enjoyed the chance to explore the harbour and check out the local ice cream and coffee shops, and the spectacle of Alpine Swifts over the cliffs was a special treat. Our splendid evening meal of the local seafood was greatly appreciated, as were the views of the harbour from the balconies.

Day 7 Sunday 19th April

Bosco da Spina Pulci After some pre-breakfast exploration of the harbour we drove west out of Peschici to the first of several stops on our last full day. The viewpoint overlooking the Trabuco gave us views of the coastline in both directions, and we found the endemic Gargano Bellflower (Campanula garganica), Sicilian Snapdragon (Antirrhinum siculum), Apple of Sodom (Solanum sodomaeum) and Hoary Stock (Matthiola incana) here. We drove onwards to an area of olive groves where there were glimpses of Lady Orchids on the roadsides.

At our usual stopping place on a hairpin bend we were able to walk into an olive grove where dozens of magnificent Lady Orchids were in full bloom, as well as Honeywort (Cerinthe major) and Yellow-wort (Blackstonia perfoliata). After everyone had taken their fill of the largest orchids we had seen all week, we headed for the west of the Gargano massif and stopped on a stony lane where Purple Mullein (Verbascum phoenicium) was flowering amongst the incredibly prickly shrubs of Christ’s Thorn (Palliurus spina-christi). Swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria) was flowering here and we added Pyramidal Orchids (Anacamptis pyramidalis) to the list. A very obliging Hairy Dragonfly (Brachytron pratense) posed for the photographers, and a few local people came by collecting Asparagus shoots which they sell by the roadsides.

Moving on a few miles and taking another steep windy road we came to an abandoned quarry where we found some superb specimens of the Small-patterned Ophrys (Ophrys fuciflora ssp parvimaculata). Scrambling under a fence, and being watched all the time by a lone Buffalo, we found some good specimens of the Provence Orchid (Orchis provincialis), and many colour variants of the Tongue Orchid (Serapis lingua). This proved to be a good butterfly site with Cleopatra being the most frequent here.

The final stop on our day’s exploration was to be the limestone pavement above the Bosco da Spina Pulci, so we took one of the very pot-holed roads up on to the plateau. At this lonely spot we were able to explore the more open areas where the Heart-flowered Tongue Orchid (Serapias cordigera) is most common. There were many in

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

tight bud here but only a very few were showing the deep red flowers; however the whole area was covered in interesting species such as Spotted Rock-rose (Tuberaria guttata) and Small-flowered Catchfly (Silene gallica), and there were many more of the orchids which we had been enjoying earlier in the week. We had our final picnic here in these beautiful surroundings and then had to retrace our steps to Peschici.

Some of the group set off to walk down the road, spotting a single Peony in flower on the way down. We soon arrived back at Peschici where there was time for a final walk on the beach and an exploration of the cliffs where we found the large shrub-like Jupiter’s Beard (Anthyllis jovi-barbi) and more of the endemic bellflower. Our final evening meal was another splendid feast of the local seafood.

Day 8 Monday 20th April

Bari We had to make an early start today to get to Bari airport in time for the midday flight back to London. An early breakfast was set out for us and we soon loaded up and set off on the road we had taken on the previous day to reach the main Auto-route to Bari. We had our final views of some of the roadside flora as we wound our way up the steep road to the main route and then saw the Gargano peninsula from the west side as we followed the fast road back to Bari.

After a week spent in the hilly terrain of Gargano it was interesting to see the flat, intensively cultivated, agricultural land as we approached Bari. Once again the roadsides were lined with Giant Fennel and Crown Daisy and there were occasional views of Marsh Harrier and Kestrels, plus a few Hooded Crows. We arrived at the airport in plenty of time for the flight back to the UK and here we said our farewells.

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Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Species Lists

Plants (* indicates that a species is endemic) Scientific name Common name Location

PTERIDOPHYTES FERNS & ALLIES

Selaginellaceae Lesser Clubmoss Family On rocks, Monte Sacro, Bosco di Spina Selaginella denticulata Mediterranean Clubmoss Pulci

Adiantaceae Maidenhair Fern Family Adiantum capillus-veneris Maidenhair Fern In tombs, Monte Saraceno

Aspleniaceae Spleenwort family On rocks and walls, shady sites, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort widespread. Asplenium ceterach Rustyback On sunny rocks and walls, frequent. Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort On rocks and walls, shady sites, common. Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart’s-tongue Fern Shaded sites, woodlands.

Athyriaceae Lady fern Family Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Bladder-fern Foresta Umbra, on roadside rocks

Dennstaeditiaceae Bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum Bracken roadsides near Monte Sacro

Dryopteridaceae Buckler-fern Family Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern Foresta Umbra Polystichum setiferum Soft-shield Fern Cyclamen site, in deep gulley

PINOPSIDA (GYMNOSPERMS) CONIFERS

Cupressaceae Juniper Family Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress Widespread, gardens, roadsides. Juniperus oxycedrus Prickly Juniper Open, stony hillsides, common. Juniperus phoenicea Phoenicean Juniper Peschici, on roadsides

Pinaceae Pine Family Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Monte Saraceno Pinus pinaster Maritime Pine Widespread Pinus pinea Stone or Umbrella Pine Planted along roadsides, lowland areas.

Taxaceae Yew Family Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra, some very Taxus baccata Yew large

MAGNOLIOPSIDA FLOWERING PLANTS (ANGIOSPERMS)

Magnoliidae (Dicotyledons)

Acanthaceae Bear's-breech Family Acanthus mollis Bear's-breech Leaves only, Monte Saraceno area

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Aceraceae Maple Family Acer campestris Field Maple Widespread, woodlands. Acer platanoides Norway Maple Monte Sant'Angelo Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Widespread, woodlands. Acer obtusatum Bosnian Maple Monte Sacro Acer opalus Italian Maple Monte Sant'Angelo

Aizoaceae Dew-plant Family Carpobrotus acinaciiformis Sally-my-handsome Peschici, on walls, flowering freely

Anacardiaceae Sumach Family Cotinus coggygria Smoke Tree nr Peschici Pistacia lentiscus Mastic Tree Widespread in open, stony sites, hillsides Pistacia terebinthus Turpentine Tree Pulsano Gorge, Bosco di Spina Pulci

Apiaceae Carrot Family Conium maculatum Hemlock Roadsides, lay-bys. Daucus carota Wild Carrot Roadsides, lay-bys. Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo Leaves only, open ground, stony hillsides Ferrula communis Giant Fennel Widespread along roadsides, mostly coastal Laserpitium latifolium Broad-leaved Sermountain Leaves only, Pilgrim's Path Orlaya grandiflora Orlaya Widespread in open, stony areas Petroselinum crispum Parsley Monte Saraceno Sanicula europaea Sanicle Foresta Umbra Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd’s Needles Widespread, field margins, stony areas. Seseli montanum A Seseli Pulsano Monastery Smyrnium perfoliatum Perfoliate Alexanders Monte Sacro, Pulsano, nr Pechici Smyrnium rotundifolium Round-leaved Alexanders Bosco di Spina Pulci Thapsia garganica Thapsia leaves only, open stony areas Tordylium apulum Tordylium Olive grove nr Mattinata (False-tooth plant!) Torilis arvensis Spreading Hedge Parsley Roadsides, lay-bys.

Apocynaceae Periwinkle Family Nerium oleander Oleander Pulsano Monastery, planted Vinca major Periwinkle below Monte Calvo

Aquifoliaceae Holly Family Ilex aquifolium Holly Common in woodlands

Aralaceae Ivy Family Hedera helix Ivy Widespread

Aristolochiaceae Birthwort Family Aristolochia rotunda A Birthwort Bosca da Spina Pulci, Bosco Quarto Aristolochia pallida A Birthwort below Monte Calvo

Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Family Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Swallow-wort One plant flowering well on roadside

Asteraceae Daisy Family Achillea millefolium Yarrow Leaves only Andryala integrifolia Andryala Leaves and tight buds only, widespread Artemisia absinthium Wormwood Roadside stop

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Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Bellis perennis Daisy Widespread in grassy areas and fields Bellis sylvestris Southern Daisy Widespread in woodlands and hillsides Calendula arvensis Field Marigold Abundant on roadsides, field margins Carduus chrysacanthus Apennine Thistle Leaves only Centaurea diomedea A fine-leaved Knapweed Monte Saraceno Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed Monte Saraceno Cirsium eriophorum Woolly Thistle Leaves only Crepis rubra Pink Hawksbeard Widespread in sunny sites, roadsides Crupina crupinastrum Crupina Leaves and buds only Dittrichia viscosa Stink Aster coastal roadside stops, non-flowering Doronicum columnae Heart-leaved Leopard's-bane Woodlands and shady banks Evax pygmaea Evax Common on open stony sites Galactites tomentosa Galactites A few in flower, mostly in bud Glebionis (Chrysanthemum) Abundant on roadsides, field margins, Crown Daisy coronarium coastal Glebionis (Chrysanthemum) segetum Corn Marigold Local in some cultivated fields Helichrysum stoechas Curry Plant Pulsano Gorge Hyoseris radiata a 'dandelion' Widespread in grassy areas and fields Inula verbascifolia* a 'Ploughman's Spikenard' type Monte Saraceno (in leaf) Jurinea mollis a 'soft' Thistle Leaves and buds only Matricaria recutita Scented Mayweed Mullein stop area Pallenis spinosa Pallenis Mullein stop, buds just opening Phagnalon rupestre Phagnalon Pulsano Gorge Ptilostemon gnaphaloides a Ptilostemon Pulsano Gorge Reichardia tingitana - Roadside stop Rhagadolius stellatus Star Hawkbit Pulsano Gorge Scorzonera laciniata Cut-leaved Viper’s-grass Mullein stop Scorzonera villosa Hairy Viper’s Grass bosco di spina pulci Senecio gallicus - Monte Sacro area Senecio vulgaris Groundsel Tulip fields Silybum marianum Milk Thistle Widespread, roadsides, Pulsano Monastery Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle Tulip fields Taraxacum agg. a Dandelion Roadsides and labys Tragopogon crocifolius - ? Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify Mullein stop and other roadsides Tragopogon sinuatus - ? Tripleurospermum inodoratum Scentless Mayweed Roadsides and lay-bys Tussilago farfara Colt’s-foot Leaves only near Quarry stop Urospermum dalechampii Urospermum Pulsano area, olive grove stop Urospermum picroides - Orchid stop near Bosco Quarto

Betulaceae Birch Family Betula pendula Silver Birch Monte Sant'Angelo - Pilgrim's Path Corylus avellana Hazel Forest Umbra Carpinus orientalis Eastern Hornbeam Monte Calvo, Pulsano road Ostrya carpinifolia Hop Hornbeam Bosco Quarto

Boraginaceae Forget-me-not Family abundant on slopes below Monte Alkanna tinctoria (lehmanii) Dyer’s Alkanet Sant'Angelo Anchusa caerulea - Pulsano area Anchusa cretica - Bosco di Spina Pulci, Bosco Quarto Anchusa azurea (italica) Large Blue Alkanet nr Fly-tip stop Borago officinalis Borage Pulsano area

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Buglossoides (Lithospermum) Corn Gromwell Tulip fields arvense Buglossoides (L.) purpurocaerulea Purple Gromwell Pulsano area Cerinthe major Honeywort Olive groves nr Peschici, Mullein stop Cynoglossum creticum Cretan Hound's-tongue Orchid stop nr Bosco Quarto Echium italicum Pale Bugloss Roadside stop Echium platagineum Purple Viper's Bugloss Widespread on coastal sandy areas Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not Tulip fields and other grassy areas Myosotis discolor Changing Forget-me-not Pulsano area Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not Pilgrim's Path Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Onosma (lucana*) echioides Pale Goldendrops Pulsano monastery and gorge Pulmonaria montana Mountain Lungwort Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Pulmonaria officinalis Common Lungwort Bosco Quarto

Brassicaceae Cabbage Family Aethionema saxatile Burnt Candytuft Bosco Quarto iris slopes Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard roadsides and lay-bys, Cyclamen stop Aurinia (Alyssum) saxatile Yellow Alyssum widespread in open, sunny areas Aurinia (Alyssoides) sinuata Alyssoides walls of Pulsano monastery Arabis caucasica Garden Rockcress abundant on cliffs below Monte Sant'Angelo Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rockcress Pilgrim's Path Arabis turrita Tower Mustard roadsides Arabis verna Spring Rockcress Pilgrim's Path and Monte Sacro Aubrieta columnae subsp. italica an Aubrieta Monte Sant'Angelo and Pilgrim's Path Biscutella didyma Biscutella widespread Bunias erucago Bunias/Warty Cabbage nr Tulip fields Cakile maritima Sea Rocket coastal sands nr Zapponeta Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse Tulip fields Cardamine bulbifera Coralroot Bittercress Bosco Quarto and Foresta Umbra Cardamine plumieri Ivy-leaved Bittercress Bosco Quarto and Foresta Umbra Cheiranthus cheiri Wallflower Pulsano Monastery Descurainia sophia Flixweed roadsides and lay-bys Diplotaxis sp. A Wall-rocket Pulsano Monastery Eruca sativa Wild Rocket Pulsano area Fourraea alpina a small rock cress Bosco Quarto iris slopes Hirschfeldia incana Hoary Mustard common on roadsides and field margins Isatis tinctoria Woad widespread on roadsides Lepidium (Cardaria) draba Hoary Cress nr Peschici Lepidium latifolium Dittander nr Peschici Lobularia maritima Sweet Alison Pulsano area Matthiola incana Hoary Stock Peschici cliffs and Zapponeta Raphanes raphanistrum Wild Radish nr Mullein stop Sinapis alba Charlock Fields and cultivated areas Sinapis arvensis White Mustard Roadsides Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Roadsides Thlaspi praecox A Penny-cress Tulip fields

Cactaceae Cactus Family Opuntia ficus-indica Prickly Pear around Mattinata

Campanulaceae Bellflower Family Campanula garganica* a Bellflower (endemic) Peschici

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Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Lonicera etrusca Etruscan Honeysuckle nr Mullein stop Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Foresta Umbra Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder or Danewort nr Peony stop, in bud Sambucus nigra Elder woodland margins Viburnum opulus Wayfaring Tree nr Monte Calvo Viburnum tinus Laurustinus Peschici

Caryophyllaceae Pink Family Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort tulip fields Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear quarry stop Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Monte Saraceno Herniaria (cinerea) Rupturewort Monte Sacro area Minuartia serpyllifolia A Sandwort Monte Saraceno Silene colorata a catchfly widespread - open sunny areas Silene conoidea - Monte Saraceno Silene conica Sand Catchfly coastal sands nr Zapponeta Silene gallica Small-flowered Catchfly Tulip fields Silene italica Italian Catchfly Monte Saraceno Silene latifolia White Campion roadside stop Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Peschici Spergularia rubra Sand Spurrey coastal sands nr Zapponeta Stellaria media Common Chickweed Bosco Quarto Stellaria nemorum Wood Stitchwort Bosco Quarto

Celastraceae Spindle Family Euonymus europaeus Spindle Pulsano Gorge

Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family Chenopodium album Fat Hen Pulsano monastery Salicornia sp Glasswort salt pans on coast Sueda (vera) Shrubby Seablite salt pans on coast

Cistaceae Rock-rose Family Cistus creticus Pink Cistus roadsides, nr Mattinata and Peschici Cistus monspeliensis Narrow-leaved Cistus Monte Saraceno Cistus salvifolius Sage-leaved Cistus Monte Saraceno, Peschici Helianthemum apenninum White Rockrose Monte Sacro Helianthemum oelandicum subsp.incanum Hoary Rockrose Pulsano area, Monte Sacro Helianthemum nummularium Rockrose widespread Helianthemum salicifolium Willow-leaved Rockrose Monte Sant'Angelo Tuberaria guttata Spotted Rockrose Bosco da Spina Pulci

Convolvulaceae Bindweed Family Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed nr Tulip fields Convolvulus althaeoides Mallow-leaved Bindweed Roadsides and open, sunny areas Convolvulus althaeoides subsp.tenuissimus a Mallow-leaved Bindweed Roadside nr Mattinata

Cornaceae Dogwood Family Cornus sanguinea Dogwood nr Peschici

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop Pulsano Gorge, buds only Sedum rubens Reddish Stonecrop nr Monte Sacro Sedum sediforme - Pulsano Monastery Sedum stellatum Starry Stonecrop nr Monte Sacro Umbilicus rupestris Wall Pennywort Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto, Pulsano

Cucurbitaceae Cucumber family Ecballium elaterium Squirting Cucumber nr Zapponeta, coastal sands Bryonia dioica White Bryony Pulsano

Dipsacaceae Teasel Family Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel Leaves only Lomelosia crenata subsp An endemic Scabious Pulsano Gorge dalleportae* Scabiosa ochroleuca Yellow Scabious Pulsano Gorge Scabiosa sp. A Scabious roadside nr Monte Sacro

Ericaceae Heather Family Approach to Foresta Umbra, on roadside Erica arborea Tree Heather rocks

Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family Euphorbia amygdaloides Wood Spurge Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto Euphorbia biumbellata Whorled Spurge Monte Sacro Euphorbia characias Mediterranean Spurge Open, stony areas subsp.characias Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge Widespread in open, sunny areas Euphorbia myrsinites Broad-leaved Glaucous Spurge Monte Sacro Euphorbia nicaeensis - ? Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge roadsides and sands near coast Euphorbia segetalis - nr Monte Sacro a 'hedgehog' plant (Spiny Euphorbia spinosa widespread in open, sunny areas Spurge) Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury Pulsano Gorge Mercurialis perennis Dog’s Mercury Foresta Umbra

Fabaceae Pea Family Anagyris foetida Bean Trefoil Mullein stop Anthyllis barba-jovis Jupiter's Beard Cliffs at Peschici Anthyllis tetraphylla Bladder Vetch nr Fly-tip stop Anthyllis vulneraria agg Kidney Vetch scattered in open sunny areas Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Mediterranean Kidney Vetch widespread in open sunny areas praepropera (Pink) Astragalus echinatus a Milk Vetch nr Monte Sant'Angelo Astragalus hamosus a Milk Vetch Monte Sacro area Astragalus monspessulanus False Vetch Pulsano area Bituminaria (Psoralea) bituminosa Pitch Trefoil Bosco di Spina Pulci Calycotome infesta Spiny Broom scattered sites Ceratonia siliqua Carob Monte Saraceno Cercis siliquastrum Judas Tree Pulsano monastery Coronilla scorpioides Annual Scorpion Vetch scattered sites, roadsides Cytisus decumbens Prostrate Broom Widespread round Monte Sant'Angelo Cytisus spinescens a Hairy Broom Pulsano Gorge Dorycnium hirsutum Dorycnium Monte Sacro area

12 © Naturetrek

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Hedysarum coronarium roadside stop Hippocrepis comosa Horseshoe Vetch Peschici - cliff-top site Hippocrepis emerus subsp. False Senna Cyclamen stop - on steep bank emeroides Hippocrepis glauca a Horseshoe Vetch open sunny areas - scattered Hippocrepis unisiliquosa - Monte Saraceno Lathyrus aphaca Yellow Vetchling widespread in open sunny areas Lathyrus cicera a red Vetchling common in open, grassy areas Lathyrus clymenum roadsides near Peony stop Lathyrus hybridus Hairy Yellow Vetch Monte Sant'Angelo nr hotel Lathyrus ochrus - Fly-tip stop, Mullein stop Lathyrus setifolius Red Grass Vetchling roadside stop nr Peschici Lathyrus vernus Spring Pea nr Monte Calvo Lathyrus venetus roadsides Lotus corniculatus Bird's-foot Trefoil roadsides, open areas Lotus creticus Southern Bird's-foot Trefoil coastal roadside stop Lotus cytisodes a Trefoil Monte Sacro roadside Lotus edulis Edible Lotus coastal roadside stop Lotus halophilus Sea Bird's-foot Trefoil Rocks at Peschici Lupinus micranthus Hairy Lupin Bosco di Spina Pulci Medicago arabica Spotted Medick roadsides, field margins Medicago littoralis Sea Medick coastal sands nr Zapponeta Medicago orbicularis Large Disk Medick nr Monte Saraceno Medicago polymorpha Toothed Medick nr Mullein stop Medicago rigidula - Pilgrim's Path Melilotus indicus Small Mellilot roadsides and lay-bys Onobrychis alba a Sainfoin Near Monte Sant'Angelo Onobrychis aquidentata a Sainfoin Iris slopes Onobrychis caput-galli Cock's-comb Sainfoin nr Mullein stop Onobrychis crista-galli - Bosco di Spina Pulci Pisum sativum a Pea nr Peony stop Robinia pseudacacia False Acacia Roadsides, town gardens Scorpiurus muricatus Scorpiurus stony track nr Pulsano monastery Securigera (Coronilla) varia Crown Vetch Pulsano Gorge Spartium junceum Spanish Broom hillsides near coast at Peschici Tetragonolobus purpureus Winged/Asparagus Pea common in open, grassy areas Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaved Clover roadsides Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil common in stony areas Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil grassy areas Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover roadsides near coast Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover Monte Sant'Angelo nr hotel Trifolium pratense Red Clover field margins Trifolium repens White Clover field margins Trifolium resupinatum Reversed Clover roadside nr Bosco Quarto Trifolium stellatum Star Clover widespread in open sunny areas Trifolium subterraneum Burrowing Clover Iris slopes Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Trefoil Monte Sant'Angelo nr hotel Vicia barbazitae a small vetch Bosco Quarto Vicia benghalensis Benghal Vetch roadside stop Vicia bithynica Bithynian Vetch Pilgrim's Path Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch grassy areas, nr Peschici Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare field margins Vicia lutea Yellow Vetch grassy roadside areas and lay-bys

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Vicia melanops Black Vetch Pilgrim's Path Vicia narbonensis - field margins Wandering Vetch (two-tone Vicia peregrina Viola stop nr Bosco Quarto flowers) Vicia sativa agg Common Vetch roadsides, field margins Vicia villosa Fodder Vetch Fly-tip stop

Fagaceae Beech Family Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut Foresta Umbra Fagus sylvatica Beech Foresta Umbra Quercus cerris Turkey Oak Widespread Quercus coccifera Spanish Oak Monte Sacro Quercus ilex Holm Oak widespread Quercus pubescens Downy Oak Bosco di Spina Pulci

Fumariaceae Fumitory Family Corydalis solida Bird-in-a-bush Bosco Quarto Fumaria capreolata Tall Ramping Fumitory roadside stops Fumaria muralis Common Ramping Fumitory widespread Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory widespread

Gentianaceae Gentian Family Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow-wort Olive groves nr Peschici

Geraniaceae Crane’s-bill Family Erodium ciconium a Stork's-bill Field margins, stony slopes Erodium cicutarium Common Stork’s-bill tracks and paths, widespread Erodium malacoides Mallow-leaved Stork’s-bill nr Mullein stop Geranium columbinum Long-stalked Crane's-bill Mullein stop Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Crane’s-bill Monte Sant'Angelo Geranium lucidum Shining Crane’s-bill Monte Sant'Angelo Geranium molle Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill widespread Geranium purpureum Little Robin Monte Sacro Geranium robertianum Herb Robert widespread Geranium rotundifolium Round-leaved Stork's-bill widespread Geranium sanguineum Bloody Crane’s-bill Quarry stop

Hypericaceae St. John's-wort Family Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort Mullein stop

Lamiaceae Deadnettle Family Acinos alpinus Alpine Basil Thyme Pilgrim's Path Pulsano Monastery, orchid site nr Bosco Ajuga chamaepitys Ground Pine Quarto Ajuga genevensis Blue Bugle Foresta Umbra Clinopodium acinos Basil-thyme various orchid sites Lamium bifidum Bifid Dead-nettle Pilgrim's Path Lamium garganicum Large Red Dead-nettle Monte Sant'Angelo Lamium maculatum Spotted Dead-nettle Pilgrim's Path Marrubium vulgare White Horehound Monte Saraceno Marrubium alysson a pink Horehound Monte Saraceno Origanum vulgare Oregano sunny hillsides and stony slopes Prasium majus Prasium Monte Saraceno Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Cyclamen stop

14 © Naturetrek

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary common on open hillsides, roadsides Salvia argentea Silver Sage Leaves only Salvia fruticosa Three-leaved Sage Monte Sarceno Salvia pratensis Meadow Clary Widespread Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary Widespread Satureja hortensis Summer Savory nr Mattinata Sideritis romana Common Sideritis Pulsano Monastery Sideritis syriaca Syrian Sideritis sunny open areas (in bud) Stachys cretica Mediterranean Woundwort Monte Saraceno Stachys officinalis Betony nr Bosco Quarto Thymus capitatus A Thyme sunny open areas

Linaceae Flax Family Linum austriacum (narbonense) Beautiful Flax nr Bosco Quarto Linum bienne Pale Flax Iris slopes Linum catharticum Fairy (Purging) Flax widespread Linum perenne Perennial Flax Pulsano area Linum trigynum - Monte Sacro

Malvaceae Mallow Family Lavatera arborea Tree Mallow nr Peschici Lavatera cretica Cretan Mallow coast nr Zapponeta Malva cretica - roadside nr Mattinata Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow coast nr Zapponeta Malva sylvestris Common Mallow widespread along roadsides

Moraceae Mulberry Family Ficus carica Fig widely naturalised and cultivated

Oleaceae Olive Family Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash Widespread, hillsides, Bosco di Spina Pulci Ligustrum vulgare Privet Pulsano Gorge Olea europaea Olive Widespread and abundant

Orobanchaceae Broomrape Family Orobanche alba Thyme Broomrape Monte Sant' Angelo Orobanche amethystea Amethyst Broomrape Pulsano gorge Orobanche caryophyllacea Clove-scented Broomrape Monte Saraceno Orobanche minor Common Broomrape dried flower spike only Orobanche purpurea Yarrow Broomrape ? Orobanche sanguinea Monte Saraceno

Oxalidaceae Wood-sorrel Family Oxalis corniculata Procumbent Yellow Sorrel Pulsano Monastery Oxalis pes-caprae Bermuda Buttercup nr Peschici

Paeoniaceae Paeony Family Paeonia mascula A Peony copses and shady sites nr Bosco Quarto

Papaveraceae Poppy Family Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine Pulsano area Papaver apulum - nr Mullein stop Papaver hybridum Rough Poppy roadsides and field margins

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy field margins

Plantaginaceae Plantain Family Plantago arenaria Branched Plantain quarry stop Plantago coronopus Buck’s-horn Plantain widespread on paths, grassy areas Plantago lagopus Hare’s-foot Plantain coast nr Zapponeta Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain roadsides Plantago maritima Sea Plantain on cliffs, Peschici Plantago seraria - Monte Saraceno

Polygalaceae Milkwort Family Polygala nicaeensis Nice Milkwort Iris slopes Polygala vulgaris Common Milkwort widespread in grassy areas

Polygonaceae Knotweed Family Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock Cultivated areas Rumex pulcher Fiddle Dock Cyclamen site Polygonum maritimum Sea Knotgrass coastal roadside stop

Primulaceae Primrose Family Anagallis arvensis (Red & Blue Scarlet Pimpernel Field margins, stony areas forms) Cyclamen hederifolium Ivy-leaved Sowbread Leaves only, Foresta Umbra Cyclamen repandum Spring Cyclamen Woodland sites nr Bosco di Spina Pulci

Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family Anemone apennina Blue Anemone Widepread in woodlands Anemone hortensis - Open sites, widespread Clematis ficaria a Clematis leaves and buds only Delphinium peregrinum a Larkspur leaves only Eranthis hyemalis Winter Aconite Tulip fields - in seed. Ficaria verna agg. Lesser Celandine widespread in grassy areas Nigella damascena Love-in-a-mist leaves only Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup widespread in grassy areas Ranunculus arvensis Corn Buttercup nr Monte Sant'Angelo Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup field margins, nr tulip fields Ranunculus millefoliatus - Pilgrim's Path Ranunculus muricatus Rough-fruited Buttercup nr Tulip fields Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved Buttercup ditches nr Zapponeta Ranunculus velutinus - grassy areas nr Bosco Quarto

Resedaceae Mignonette Family Reseda alba White Mignonette widespread in open, stony areas Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette roadsides, verges Reseda luteola Weld Coast nr Zapponeta Reseda phyteuma Corn Mignonette field margins

Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family Palliurus spina-christi Christ’s Thorn Mullein stop Rhamnus alaternus Mediterranean Buckthorn Pulsano Gorge

Rosaceae Rose Family Aremonia agrimonioides Bastard Agrimony Bosco Quarto

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn widespread Cydonia oblonga Quince roadside stop Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort nr Mullein stop Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry widespread Geum urbanum Wood Avens Bosco Quarto Malus sylvestris Crab Apple Bosco di Spina Pulci Potentilla hirta Hairy Cinquefoil Monte Sacro area Prunus dulcis Almond widely cultivated Prunus spinosa Blackthorn roadsides Pyracantha coccinia Firethorn planted - Monte Sant'Angelo Pyrus amygdaliformis Almond-leaved Pear widespread Pyrus communis Pear nr Monte Calvo Rosa sp. A Rose Pulsano gorge Rubus fruticosus agg Bramble widespread Rubus sanctus Bramble ? Sanguisorba (Poterium) minor Salad Burnet Pulsano area Sorbus aucuparia Rowan or Mountain Ash Monte Calvo area Sorbus torminalis Wild Service Tree nr Monte Calvo

Rubiaceae Bedstraw Family Asperula arvensis Blue Woodruff Tulip field and Peony stop Cruciata laevipes Crosswort Pilgrim's Path Galium aparine Cleavers roadsides and field margins Galium mollugo Hedge Bedstraw nr hotel, Monte Sant'Angelo Galium odoratum Woodruff Foresta Umbra Galium setaceum Pulsano Monastery Galium verum Lady’s Bedstraw not in flower Rubia peregrina Wild Madder Monte Saraceno Sherardia arvensis Field Madder widespread Valantia hispida Valantia Monte Saraceno, on rocks Valantia muralis a Valantia Widespread in dry areas

Rutaceae Rue Family Ruta chalepensis Fringed Rue leaves only, Pulsano Gorge

Santalaceae Sandalwood Family Osyris alba Osyris Monte Saraceno

Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family Saxifraga bulbifera Bulbous Saxifrage Foresta Umbra Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage widespread Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage walls and rocks, widespread

Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family Antirrhinum siculum Sicilian Snapdragon Peschici - Trabucco stop Bellardia trixago Bellardia Coastal site nr Zapponeta Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax Walls, common, Monte Sant'Angelo Digitalis ferruginea Brown Foxglove leaves only Weasel Snout/Lesser Misopates orontium Mullein stop Snapdragon Parentucella latifolia Southern Red Bartsia widespread in open, stony areas Scrophularia peregrina Italian (Nettle-leaved) Figwort nr Mullein stop Scrophularia scopolii a Figwort leaves only, Monte Calvo area

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Verbascum longifolium a Mullein roadside nr Peschici Verbascum phoeniceum Purple Mullein nr Bosco di Spina Pulci Verbascum thapsus Aaron’s Rod widespread on roadsides nr Peschici Verbascum undulatum a Mullein leaves and tight buds only Veronica cymbalaria Cymbalaria-leaved Speedwell Bosco Quarto Veronica hederifolia agg Ivy-leaved Speedwell widespread in shaded areas Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell grassy areas

Solanaceae Nightshade Family Hyoscyamus alba White Henbane walls of Pulsano Monastery Solanum sodomeum Apple of Sodom cliff-top nr Peschici

Thymelaeaceae Daphne Family Daphne laureola Spurge Laurel Foresta Umbra Daphne sericea roadside Cyclamen stop

Tiliaceae Lime Family Tilia cordata Small-leaved Lime roadside Cyclamen stop

Ulmaceae Elm Family Ulmus sp. An Elm Monte Sant'Angelo

Urticaceae Nettle Family Parietaria judaica Pellitory of the Wall Common, rocks and walls Urtica dioica Nettle Cultivated areas Urtica pilulifera Roman Nettle Monte Saraceno

Valerianaceae Valerian Family Centranthus ruber Red Valerian Widespread, roadsides Valeriana tuberosa - Pulsano area Valerianella sp. A Cornsalad stony areas, Pulsano Gorge

Violaceae Violet Family Viola arvensis Field Pansy Iris slopes, Viola site Viola graeca A Pansy (purple or cream) Iris slopes, Bosco Quarto Viola odorata Sweet Violet Foresta Umbra Viola riviniana Common Dog Violet nr Bosco Quarto

Vitaceaea Grape-vine Family Vitis vinifera Grape widely cultivated

Liliidae (Monocotyledons)

Araceae Arum Family Arum italicum subsp. italicum Large Cuckoo Pint Monte Saraceno, Monte Sacro Arum maculatum Cuckoo Pint Foresta Umbra

Cyperaceae Sedge Family Carex caryophyllea Spring Sedge Quarry stop Carex divulsa Grey Sedge Quarry stop Carex sylvatica Wood Sedge Foresta Umbra

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Dioscoreaceae Black Bryony Family Tamus communis Black Bryony roadsides stops, shaded areas

Iridaceae Iris Family Crocus sp. a Crocus One or two still in flower, Bosco Quarto leaves only, but one in flower nr Bosco Gladiolus italicus Field Gladiolus Quarto Moraea (Gynandriris) sisyrinchium Barbary Nut Roadside near coast widespread, most over, but in flower nr Hermodactylus tuberosus Widow or Snake’s-head Iris Pulsano Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris Foresta Umbra, Cyclamen stop Iris lutescens* - hillsides in Bosco Quarto area Iris pseudopumilla* - Bosco Quarto

Juncacaeae Rush Family Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush Bosco Quarto Luzula forsteri Southern Wood-rush Bosco di Spina Pulci

Liliaceae Lily Family Allium neapolitanum Naples Garlic Pulsano Gorge Allium pendulinum Pendulous Garlic Bosco Quarto Allium roseum Rose Garlic Mullein stop Allium subhirsutum Hairy Garlic widespread Allium subvillosum - Pulsano Gorge Allium triquetum Three-cornered Leek nr Peschici Allium ursinum Ramsons Foresta Umbra Asparagus acutifolius Spiny Asparagus widespread, esp Bosco di Spina Pulci Asphodeline lutea Yellow Asphodel locally common Asphodelus aestivus Common Asphodel widespread Asphodelus fistulosus Hollow-leaved Asphodel Pulsano Muscari comosum Tassel Hyacinth widespread Muscari neglecta Dark Grape Hyacinth abundant in some stony areas Narcissus poeticus Pheasant’s-eye Daffodil Bosco Quarto Narcissus tazetta Bosco Quarto - a few still in flower Ornithogalum angustifolium Common Star of Bethlehem widespread Ornithogalum montanum Star of Bethlehem (yellow) Iris slopes Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Bath Asparagus Mullein stop, buds only Polygonatum multiflorum Solomon’s Seal Foresta Umbra Ruscus aculeatus Butcher’s Broom widespread, Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Smilax aspera Common Smilax Pulsano Gorge Tulipa sylvestris Wild Tulip abundant in fields below Monte Sant'Angelo Urginea maritima Sea Squill leaves only - widespread.

Orchidaceae Orchid Family Anacamptis coriophora (Orchis A Bug Orchid Monte Saraceno (week 2) fragrans) Anacamptis (Orchis) papilionacea Pink Butterfly Orchid widespread, open sunny sites Anacamptis (Orchis) morio Green-winged Orchid widespread Anacamptis (Orchis) morio subsp. a Green-winged Orchid one site , Foresta Umbra picta Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid Mullein stop Mostly in bud, but a few in flower nr Monte Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted-orchid Calvo Dactylorhiza romana Roman Orchid Bosco Quarto and other sites, common Dactylorhiza sambucina Elderflower Orchid scarce, below Monte Calvo

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Himantoglossum hircinum Lizard Orchid leaf rosettes and tight buds only. Himantoglossum robertianum Giant Orchid going over, a few plants near Bosco Quarto Neottia nidus-avis Bird’s Nest Orchid Old flower spikes, Bosco Quarto Neotinea (Orchis) lactea Milky Orchid Pulsano area Neotinea maculata Dense-flowered Orchid very scarce Neotinea (Orchis) ustulata Burnt Tip Orchid nr Foresta Umbra Ophrys apulica* Apulian Ophrys Pulsano Gorge, Fly-tip stop Ophrys bertoloniformis* - nr Monte Sacro and other sites Ophrys bertolonii Bertoloni’s Bee Orchid nr Monte Sacro and other sites Ophrys biscutella (argolica) Spectacled Ophrys Bosco Quarto and other sites Ophrys bombyliflora Bumblebee Ophrys Pulsano Gorge Ophrys fuciflora Late Spider Orchid Pulsano area Ophrys fuciflora (parvimaculata) Small-patterned Ophrys Bosco di Spina Pulci Ophrys iricolor Monte Sant'Angelo ?? Ophrys melena / numida a Yellow Ophrys MonteSaraceno Ophrys passionis var. garganica* Gargano Ophrys Pulsano area and several other sites Ophrys lutea a Yellow Ophrys scattered sites, open stony areas Ophrys promontorii* - Pulsano areas Ophrys sicula - common and widespread Ophrys sipontensis* - scarce, Pulsano area and Monte Sacro Ophrys sphegodes Early Spider Orchid widespread, seen at most orchid stops O. sphegodes ssp atrata (O. Dark Ophrys roadside stop nr Foresta Umbra incubacea) Ophrys tenthredinifera Sawfly Ophrys Pulsano area, Monte Sacro and other sites Orchis anthropophora Man Orchid widespread, seen at most orchid stops Orchis italica Naked Man Orchid widespread, seen at most orchid stops Orchis pauciflora Sparse Flowered Orchid Monte Sacro Orchis provincialis Provence Orchid Quarry stop Orchis purpurea Lady Orchid nr Peschici in olive grove Orchis quadripunctata Four-spotted Orchid Monte Sacro Serapias cordigera Heart-flowered Tongue Orchid Bosco di Spina Pulci Serapias lingua Tongue Orchid Widespread, sunny areas scarce, few plants in one olive grove, Fly-tip Serapias parviflora Small-flowered Tongue Orchid stop Serapias vomeracea Plough-share Tongue Orchid Fly-tip stop

Hybrids (a selection) Dactylorhiza sambucina x D. romana possible - nr Monte Calvo Ophrys incubacea x Ophrys garganica - possible - nr Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys incubacea x Ophrys bertolonii - roadside nr Foresta Umbra Orchis x bivonae (O.anthropophora x italica) - Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Anacamptis morio x A. papilionacea - Pulsano area Orchis purpurea x O. italica Pulsano area

Poaceae Grass Family Aegilops geniculata Aegilops Pulsano and other sites Anisantha diandra Great Brome fields and roadsides Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome scattered sites Arundo donax Giant Reed wetlands nr coast Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Bosco Quarto Avena barbata Bristle Oat Fields and grassy areas Avena sterilis Barren Oat Fields and grassy areas Avena sp. an Oat ?

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Location

Briza maxima Large Quaking Grass Mullein stop Briza media Quaking Grass Quarry stop Brachypodium (sylvaticum) False Brome Bosco Quarto Bromus hordeaceus Soft-brome Peschici cliff-top Catapodium rigidum Fern Grass rocks nr Quarry stop Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot Mullein Stop Festuca vivipera Viviparous Fescue Peschici Hordeum murinum Wall Barley nr coast Hordeum sp. a Barley widespread Lagurus ovatus Hare’s-foot Grass Fly-tip stop Melica uniflora Wood Melick Foresta Umbra Phragmites australis Common Reed nr coastal salt pans Rostraria cristata Mediterranean Hair-grass Peschici Stipa pennata a Feather Grass hillsides nr Peschici

Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria Tree Lungwort Bosco Quarato, Foresta Umbra

Birds (= recorded but not counted; H = heard only) May Common name Scientific name 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Mallard Anas platyrhyncos  2 Little Egret Egretta garzetta  3 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia  4 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus  5 Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus  6 Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus   7 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo    8 Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus  9 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus     10 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni  11 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus  12 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus  13 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus  14 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus  15 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos  16 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia  17 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis  18 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus  19 Slender-billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei  20 Mediterranean Gull Ichthyaetus melanocephalus  21 Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis    22 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus  23 Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis  24 Rock Dove /Feral Pigeon Columba livia      25 Common Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus  26 Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto   27 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus H H H H 28 Common Swift Apus apus       29 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba  30 Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops   

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

May Common name Scientific name 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster H 32 European Green Woodpecker Picus viridis H H  H 33 Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major H H H 34 Crested Lark Galerida cristata  35 Common Sand Martin Riparia riparia  36 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica        37 Common House Martin Delichon urbica   38 White Wagtail Motacilla alba   39 Yellow (Ashy-headed) Wagtail Motacilla flava cinereocapilla  40 European Robin Erithacus rubecula     41 Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos H H H 42 Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus   43 Common Stonechat Saxicola torquata  44 Song Thrush Turdus philomelos H H  45 Common Blackbird Turdus merula        46 Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius   47 Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla   H H  H 48 Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis    H 49 Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala  50 Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans     51 Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis  52 Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti    53 European Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scipaceus  54 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita H 55 Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes   56 Great Tit Parus major       57 European Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus    58 Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea   59 Short-toed Treecreeper Certhia brachydactyla  60 Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio  61 Common Magpie Pica pica        62 Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius     63 Western Jackdaw Corvus monedula        64 Hooded Crow Corvus cornix        65 Common Raven Corvus corax  H 66 Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris     67 Italian Sparrow Passer italiae         68 Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs     69 Common Linnet Linaria cannabina   70 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis      71 European Serin Serinus serinus         72 Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus   H 73 Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra       74 Rock Bunting Emberiza cia

Mammals (s = signs of) 1 Bank Vole Clethrionomys glareolus  2 Roman Mole Talpa romana S S

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

May Common name Scientific name 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Reptiles & Amphibians 1 Italian Pool Frog Pelophylax (Rana) bergeri  2 Green Lizard Lacerta viridis   3 Common Wall Lizard Podarcis muralis  4 Italian Wall Lizard Podarcis sicula    5 Stripe-necked Terrapin Mauremys caspica 

Molluscs 1 Roman Snail Helix pomatia  2 Trapdoor Snail Pomatias elegans 

Butterflies (C=caterpillar) 1 Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus malvae   2 Scarce Swallowtail Iphicides podalirius   3 Swallowtail Papilio machaon   4 Wood White Leptidea sinapis  5 Large White Pieris brassicae  6 Small White Pieris rapae  7 Green-veined White Pieris napi    8 Eastern Bath White Pontia edusa   9 Orange Tip Anthocharis cardamines    10 Berger's Clouded Yellow Colias alfacariensis   11 Cleopatra Gonepteryx cleopatra  12 Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni   13 Green Hairstreak Callophrys rubi  14 Little Blue Cupido minimus    15 Holly Blue Celastrina argiolus  16 Baton Blue Pseudophilotes baton  17 Common Blue Polyommatus icarus  18 Brown Argus Aricia agestis  19 Nettle-tree Butterfly Libythea celtis  20 Large Tortoiseshell Nymphalis polychloros  21 Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta  22 Painted Lady Vanessa cardui   23 Spotted Fritillary Melitaea didyma C 24 Speckled Wood Parage aegeria   25 Wall Brown Lasiommata megera     26 Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus      27 Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina 

Moths 1 Nine Spotted Amata phegea  2 5-Spot Burnet Zygaena trifolii  3 Brown-tail Euproctis chrysorrhoea 4 a Forester Moth  5 Cream-spot Tiger Moth Epicallia villica  6 Speckled Yellow Moth Pseudopanthera macularia  7 Silver Y Autographa gamma  

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

May Common name Scientific name 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Other Insects 1 Egyptian Grasshopper Anacridium aegyptium  2 an Ascalaphid Libelloides coccajus  3 Bee Fly Bombylius major  4 Carpenter Bee Xylocopa violacea  5 Long-horn Bee Eucera sp.  6 A Chafer Oxyria funesta    7 Yellow-haired Barbary Bug Tropinota squalida  8 Oil Beetle Meloe proscarabaeus  9 A striped Shield Bug Graphosoma lineatum   10 Forest Bug Pentatoma rufipes  11 A diamond-shaped Shield Bug Syromastes rhombeus  12 Giant Centipede Scolopendra cingulatus  Dead 13 Millipede cf Schizophyllum sabulosum  14 European Wolf Spider Lycosa tarantula  15 A Green Huntsman Spider Micrommata ligurina 