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Diversity Patterns of Araneae Along a Gradient of Farming Practices in Olive Groves: Linking Landscape Pattern, Management Practices, and Species Interactions

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Diversity Patterns of Araneae Along a Gradient of Farming Practices in Olive Groves: Linking Landscape Pattern, Management Practices, and Species Interactions Jacinto Benhadi Marín DIVERSITY PATTERNS OF ARANEAE ALONG A GRADIENT OF FARMING PRACTICES IN OLIVE GROVES: LINKING LANDSCAPE PATTERN, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Biociências, especialização em Ecologia, orientada pelo Professor Doutor José Paulo Sousa e co-orientada pela Professora Doutora Sónia Alexandra Paiva Santos e o Professor Doutor José Alberto Pereira e apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Janeiro de 2019 Departamento de Ciências da Vida DIVERSITY PATTERNS OF ARANEAE ALONG A GRADI ENT OF FARMING PRACTICES IN OLIVE G ROVES : LINKING LANDSCAPE PA TTERN , MANAGEMENT PRACTICES , AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS Jacinto Benhadi Marín Tese no âmbito do Doutoram ento em Biociências, especialização em Ecologia, orientada pelo Professor Doutor José Paulo Sousa e co -orientada pela Professora Doutora Sónia Alexandra Paiva Santos e o Professor Doutor José Alberto Pereira e apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vid a da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Janeiro de 2019 This research was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through national funds and the co-funding by COMPETE in the framework of the projects PTDC/AGR-PRO/111123/2009 “A utilização de indicadores biológicos como ferramentas para avaliar o impacte de práticas agrícolas na sustentabilidade do olival”, EXCL/AGR- PRO/0591/2012 “Olive crop protection in sustainable production under global climatic changes: linking ecological infrastructures to ecosystem functions”, and Centro 2020 (Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000007) through the project ReNATURE - Valorization of the Natural Endogenous Resources of the Centro Region”. Jacinto Benhadi Marín received finantial support through the Ph.D. grant SFRH/BD/97248/2013 by FCT funded by Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH) - Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (QREN) cofunded by Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) and national funds by Ministério da Educação e Ciência (MEC). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.... ... an army of heroes started contributing to this thesis and conquered my deepest gratitude. A la Dra. Sónia Santos, por confiar en mí, por ser una orientadora con mayúsculas, por una cantidad de paciencia que no cabría en un universo con límites, por obligarme sin piedad a salir de mis zonas de confort, por haberme dejado volar y haberme llevado a tierra en cada ocasión con el mejor de los criterios, por ser un ejemplo a seguir y un bálsamo de optimismo. Gracias. Al Dr. José Paulo Sousa, por confiar en mí, por facilitarme el acceso a las herramientas necesarias para sobrevivir en este mundo, por las sugerencias oportunas en los momentos oportunos, por las incansables palabras de ánimo y conseguir que cada viaje a Coimbra haya sido productivo al 300%. Coimbra nunca desilude. Gracias. Al Dr. José Alberto Pereira, por confiar en mí, por su empeño en hacerme cruzar las puertas necesarias para convertirme en lo que soy, por enseñarme que lo imposible no existe, que cualquier desafío es una oportunidad, que un desastre es apenas una forma más de llegar a un sitio, por grabar a fuego en mi cabeza la mejor medicina contra la desesperación, la caaalma. Gracias. Al Dr. Albino Bento y a la Dra. Paula Baptista por su amable acogida en mis inicios en el IPB y a la Dra. María José Miranda, por compartir su interés por todo tipo de fauna y hacer aumentar el mío. Gracias. Al Dr. José Antonio Barrientos, por su amistad, por las más que amables acogidas en su laboratorio que sirvieron para reducir a la nada el miedo a enfrentarme a la identificación de arañas. Por enseñarme a no desesperar frente a una genitalia. Por enseñarme que la prudencia no debe dejar ver demasiada heterogeneidad. Por enseñarme a disfrutar al máximo de cada linífido imposible y cada trazo dibujado en un papel arrugado. Gracias. i Al Dr. Jordi Moya Laraño, por su amistad, por hacerme entender que programar no es imposible sino divertidísimo, por compartir sus trucos y consejos, por sus incontables palabras de aliento, por sus invitaciones a la EZA y Lisboa que han supuesto un salto cualitativo en mi formación. También a toda la gente de la EZA por su acogida y amistad en cada visita y jornadas. Gracias. Al Grupo Ibérico de Aracnología, por acogerme, por convertirse en una familia y una inagotable fuente de excelentes ideas, apoyo, risas, aventuras y un colchón contra el que estrellar sin vergüenza alguna las ideas más peregrinas que uno pueda concebir pensando cómo afrontar el estudio del mundo de los arácnidos. Por convertir cada desafío en pura diversión. Javi, Raquel, Carlos, Jordi, Carles, Miquel, José Antonio, Carmen, Rafa, Antonio, Jesús, Eduardo, Miguel Ángel, Marcos y todos aquellos “arañólogos” que no han hecho sino aumentar mi pasión por estos “bichos”. Gracias. Al Dr. Nicolás Pérez, por una formación inicial y unos consejos impagables. Gracias. A los Doctores José María Salgado, Luis Felipe Valladares, Juan Manuel Nieto, Pilar Mier, Juan Antonio Régil, Francisco Purroy, Rafael Garnica, Eloy Bécares y Reyes Tárrega por inculcarme la pasión por la biología, zoología y la ecología y a Miguel Luis Calabuig y al Dr. Luis Mariano Mateos por animarme y facilitarme su estudio. Gracias. A aquellos que en el día a día se han ensuciado las manos, a menudo literalmente, durante el desarrollo de este trabajo. A Ana Dinis, Miguel, Joana, Ana Santos, María, Márcio y David. No hay nada como contar con un equipo capaz de convertir el más arduo de los trabajos en diversión infinita. Con vosotros el campo no es una segunda casa sino una residencia de lujo. ¿Dónde puede uno desayunar, trabajar, llenarse de barro, almorzar, envenenarse, merendar, destruir material, cenar, cortarse, mojarse, ser atacado por animales venenosos, tomar café, despeñarse y dormir mejor que en el campo? Fácil, en el campo con vosotros. Gracias. ii A Ana Dinis, por tu amistad, todos los momentos delirantes y freaks dentro y fuera del laboratorio, para ti no tengo palabras, ¿Xapa? Gracias. A David S. Barreales, una incansable máquina de 500 cv fabricado con alta tecnología extraterrestre capaz de muestrear tres agroecosistemas (¡estas carrinhas sobem paredes!), enseñar, aprender, tomar café, separar material y publicar un paper sin despeinarse, todo en menos de 24h; pero ante todo, un excelente y gran amigo. Gracias. A María Villa, por compartir históricos momentos viajando en pos de código (algún día conseguiremos llegar sanos a algún curso, ¡estoy seguro!), por excelentes y constructivas charlas sobre análisis de datos y momentos de un nivel de frikismo que podrían rozar casos de patología de estudio. Gracias. A Ana Santos, por tu amistad sincera, por permitirme sacarte de Vinhais para capturar arañas por la noche, por tu apoyo incondicional y palabras de ánimo, por las muchas risas en tantos momentos, por ser la más cuerda de las locas de los gatos. Gracias. Al resto de compañeros de laboratorio y de no-laboratorio que de una forma u otra han contribuido a este trabajo, Gisela, Imen, Lara, Nuno, Ricardo, Rosalina, Teresa, Valentim y todos aquellos que pueda haber olvidado. Gracias. A los agricultores que han permitido y facilitado el trabajo en sus olivares. Gracias. A mi familia, siempre dispuestos a soportar las consecuencias de mis decisiones, y en especial a mi madre, incombustible, al pie del cañón, por enseñarme que los únicos límites son los que uno mismo se impone. Gracias. A Elena Sánchez, por tu amistad. Por compartir un camino siguiendo las baldosas amarillas. Por entender un lenguaje incomprensible. Por compartir un humor afinado en la misma nota. Por saber que siempre estás ahí. Gracias. iii A Arturo, Sergio y Gemma, por convertir las noches de insomnio, los viajes interminables y los días valle en el mayor de los delirios. Gracias. A Eva Mazo y Agustí Villaronga por darme la oportunidad de solapar dos pasiones, las arañas y el cine, y brindarme una aventura inolvidable en pos de una Incierta glòria. Gracias. A Gonzalo de Mosteyrín, por haber sido no solo un amigo, sino un hermano. Por tu apoyo incondicional e inquebrantable. Por haber dado un significado diferente al proletariado y al parasitismo. Gracias. A Lis, por acompañarme en esta aventura. Por ser el soporte constante que hace que cada segundo no tenga precio. Por ser un ejemplo de buen hacer. Por tus consejos. Por tus incansables palabras de ánimo. Por tus infinitos actos de apoyo. Por atreverte a cuidar de un inconsciente. Por tu capacidad de desvanecer las nubes negras con tan solo una sonrisa. Por tus Lisadas. Gracias. Y por último, aunque en primer lugar, a las más de 8.300 arañas que han dado su vida para que este trabajo vea la luz. Espero que no haya sido en vano. Gracias. iv A Churra v ABSTRACT The olive crop ( Olea europaea ) is a significant land use type with high importance in the Mediterranean countries. The olive tree is susceptible to the attack of pests that can cause significant losses. Among the community of arthropods of the olive grove, spiders are predators occupying the highest trophic level, hunting mainly insects in all their instars. Thus, they can be useful natural control agents of olive pests; however, the intensification of farming practices can affect their abundance and effectiveness. Aspects such as the conservation of a heterogeneous agricultural landscape and the maintenance of ecological infrastructures can be seen as part of a strategy to achieve sustainability and promote conservation biological control. The main objectives of this thesis were to study the diversity patterns of Araneae through an increasing gradient of olive grove farming practices, study the effect of ecological infrastructures as sources of non-prey foods on the survival and behavior of Araneae, study the mechanisms of foraging of Araneae, and develop tools that aim at promoting the diversity of Araneae in the olive grove agroecosystem.
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