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English Merchants in Safavīd Persia, 1616-1650 a Diss UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE “The Gulfe of Persia devours all”: English Merchants in Safavīd Persia, 1616-1650 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Daniel Ben Razzari August 2016 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson Dr. Fariba Zarinebaf Dr. Jonathan Eacott Copyright by Daniel Ben Razzari 2016 The Dissertation of Daniel Ben Razzari is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The journey through graduate school and the completion of this present work was long and arduous. Along the way, I have accumulated several academic debts, and it is with great pleasure that I acknowledge the people who have made it possible. Without their support, this work would never have come to fruition and the story of the Englishmen who lived in Persia left untold. First and foremost, this dissertation could never have been written without Dr. Thomas Cogswell, who I am forever indebted to for his tremendous support for my endeavor into Early Modern English history. It was through his guidance that I came to work on this adventurous, yet wildly entertaining group of Englishmen. I can only express my gratitude, but the words written here pale in comparison to the contribution he made to the pages that follow. But I hope this present work in some way honors the time and effort Dr. Cogswell generously spent towards its completion. I am deeply grateful for his patience and willingness to read and re-read numerous drafts of papers, grant proposals, and most of all the chapters contained below. No less important was his willingness to meet over coffee or a pint in London to discuss the progress and direction of my research, especially as it became overwhelming. For this, I am sincerely grateful. In addition, I am indebted to several members of the UC Riverside faculty, especially the other two members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Jonathan Eacott and Dr. Fariba Zarinebaf, who willingly read the pages that follow despite their demanding schedules. The dissertation is the culmination of several years of work in graduate school, and before I could arrive at this point I benefitted from the expertise and help of iv numerous faculty members along the way. Dr. Randolph Head has provided support, encouragement, and valuable criticism of which I am greatly appreciative. Dr. Alexander Haskell, Dr. Ray Kea, Dr. Dale Kent, and numerous lecturers, particularly Dr. Tofigh Heidarzadeh and Dr. David Gehring, have freely offered advice and criticism. I would also like to thank Dr. Francis Dutra, my former undergraduate mentor, who was more than willing to answer a few questions for a former student. Without these individuals, my progress through graduate school would have been impossible. I also benefitted from a very helpful library staff at several institutions, especially the interlibrary loan staff at UC Riverside. The staffs at the British Library, London Metropolitan Archives, the Warwickshire County Records Office, and the National Archives (Kew) were incredibly insightful. I would like to thank the British library’s curator of the East India Company’s records, Margaret Makepeace, for offering valuable assistance and insight pertaining to the collection of English manuscripts. The reference librarians at the British Library (Asian & African Studies reading room) were incredibly helpful and provided outstanding assistance in navigating the vast collection of manuscripts. Writing and research is only one part of the journey, and the History Department’s staff helped me navigate the administrative aspects with ease. For this, I must offer my deepest thanks to Deisy Escobedo, Iselda Salgado, and Susan Komura. The research for this dissertation was possible due to generous financial support from various grants and family. I would like to express my gratitude to the UC Riverside History Department, Graduate Division, and the Center for Ideas and Society for v supporting my research in London. I also thank Dr. Jacques Millaud for providing additional financial support, without which my time as a graduate student would have ended prematurely. Dr. Millaud has been most generous, and for that I am infinitely grateful. I would also like to thank several of my fellow graduate students who were (and still are) always willing to engage in casual conversation regarding this dissertation and the typical struggles associated with graduate school. For this, I humbly thank Jordan Downs, David B. Wagner, Stephen Teske, Leanna Mclaughlin, Katie Koh, Patrick O’Neill, Benjamin Esswein, Heather VanMouwerik, and Jeno Kim. Finally, I would like to thank my mother and brother for their support and encouragement through the years, and especially my brother, Michael Razzari, for taking the time out of his difficult schedule to read portions of this work. I offer my sincerest thanks to my wife Deborah, and our three minions—Eloise, Luca, and Tristan—who have endured my mental and physical absence and inspired me to keep writing and working harder. And finally, to my late father, Steve A. Razzari, who missed the completion of this work by a year, but whose support and teachings were instrumental in my academic journey. Without my father, I would never have found the strength to press on. vi To Steve Razzari, my father, whose work ethic and struggle for perfection has always motivated me to go just a little further Proverbs 13:1 vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “The Gulfe of Persia devours all”: English Merchants in Safavīd Persia, 1616-1650 by Daniel Ben Razzari Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in History University of California, Riverside, August 2016 Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson This dissertation focuses on the Englishmen residing in Safavīd Persia from 1616 to about 1652. Relying primarily on the correspondence between the East India Company’s factors, this present work will examine a series of problems, both internal and external, that eventually brought the Company’s silk trade in Persia to a sudden halt in the 1640s and well before the Company lost its monopoly on eastern trade in 1653. This dissertation is divided into two major parts. The first half is concerned with examining the development of Anglo-Safavīd relations before and after the siege of Hormuz in 1623, and how the English responded to the Safavīd’s expectations towards the quasi- military alliance against the Portuguese. The English silk trade depended on their active involvement in Shah Abbas I’s plan to eradicate the Portuguese from the Persia Gulf, but as the English lost their enthusiasm to aid Shah Abbas relations between the two began to erode. Additionally, the English leaders in Surat developed policy that greatly affected their tenuous relationship with the Safavīd State. In 1635, William Methwold’s peace with the Portuguese was a pivotal moment in the East India Company’s history, which was most noticeable in the restructuring of the international political landscape. The second major theme in this dissertation examines the English lifestyle in Persia. This viii includes diet, social interaction with their peers, their living space, the terrain, religion, mortality rates, and individual wealth. It shows how the English lifestyle affected the stability of the English factory in Persia, but also how it ultimately created a shift in attitudes in the Safavīd court towards the English factors. As a whole, the dissertation provides a social history of the East India Company’s servants in Persia, and how their experience in Persia had a significant role in the outcome of English trade. The conventional approach to the Company’s history follows the macro-economic perspective, but the pages that follow will display the importance of isolating pockets, from within the vast network of the wider English mercantile community, in order to reveal alternative explanations for the Company’s successes and failures. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments……………………………………………………….….....….....iv Dedication……………………………………………………………….…..…........vii Abstract…………………………………………………………….………..…........viii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………............x Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………......xiii List of Figures………………………………………………………………......…....xiv List of Tables and Graphs.…………...………………………………………............xv Introduction................................................…………………………….....................1 Prologue: India from arrival to dissolution and the First Anglo Dutch War, 1608-1652...............................................18 I. The First Phase, 1608-1619.........................................................................20 II. The Second Phase, 1620-1633...................................................................27 III. The Third Phase, 1634-1652....................................................................30 Chapter 1: “Strange and Wonderful News”: from Varthema to Monsieur de Montfort………………………………………………………..........38 I. “Thou must not looke for a garden of sweete English Roses”: European Travelers and Persia in English print…………………….…....40 II. “In Paradized”: Persia’s topography, climate, and people in English print, 1600-1615…………………………………......................64 III. Conclusion………………………………………………….....................87 Chapter 2: “You must resolve to follow that Trade; or Absolutly to give it over”: the beginnings of the English factory in Persia, 1613-1634…………...90 I. “I would persuade you out of this error”: the founding of the Persian
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