Mark B. GARRISON ; (Eds), Elam and Persia, Winona Lake : Eisenbraus, 2011, 493 P., Nombreuses Ill

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Mark B. GARRISON ; (Eds), Elam and Persia, Winona Lake : Eisenbraus, 2011, 493 P., Nombreuses Ill ÁLVAREZ-MON, Javier ; Mark B. GARRISON ; (eds), Elam and Persia, Winona Lake : Eisenbraus, 2011, 493 p., nombreuses ill. noir et blanc, pas d’index. ISBN 978-1-57506-166-5. L’origine de ce livre, qui accorde à l’Élam la première place dans l’émergence de l’empire achéménide, mérite quelques explications. Les deux éditeurs sont de ceux qui s’interrogent depuis longtemps sur les origines de la Perse achéménide et qui plus particulièrement enquêtent sur l’héritage probable reçu de la culture néo- élamite précédente ; cette dernière recouvrait plusieurs royaumes de l’ancien Élam, la plaine du Khuzistan avec Suse et les montagnes du Fars avec Tall-i Malyan, près de Persépolis, l’ancienne capitale d’Élam alors curieusement désertée au Ier millénaire. Le sud-ouest de l’Iran, la zone des montagnes en parti- culier, est le territoire d’origine des Perses, mais de leur histoire au VIIe et dans la première moitié du VIe siècle, avant Cyrus vers 560, nous ne savons presque rien par l’archéologie, et les sources textuelles, toutes extérieures aux Perses alors sans écriture, sont apparemment contradictoires. Puis est venu la découverte fortuite d’une tombe à Arjan, près de Behbahhan, en 1982, dans la zone intermédiaire entre plaines et montagnes. Dans cette tombe en fosse contenant un sarcophage « baignoire » en bronze, le riche mobilier comprenait en particulier une coupe en bronze entièrement décorée, au début comparée aux « bols phéniciens », un gros anneau ou bracelet en or décoré de deux griffons dressés affrontés, d’autres objets en bronze et des bijoux, et des restes de textiles. Cette tombe a démontré l’exis- tence d’une élite locale en contact avec les pays voisins, la Babylonie, l’Assyrie et au-delà. Des traits néo-élamites étaient évidents ainsi que des éléments annonçant l’art achéménide. Parmi l’abondante bibliographie à laquelle le contenu de cette tombe a donné lieu, on retient plusieurs articles de J. Álvarez-Mon, l’un des éditeurs du volume et une monographie de celui-ci, The Arjan Tomb (Louvain : Peeters, 2010. Acta Iranica, 49). Historiens d’art avant tout, les deux éditeurs ont organisé deux sessions spéciales de l’American School of Oriental Research à Philadelphie en 2003 avec des archéologues et un historien. Pour compléter la présentation du thème dans un livre, ils ont invité ensuite six autres chercheurs, archéologues et surtout épigra- phistes à donner une contribution. Ce livre en est le résultat, publié tardivement certes, mais dont plusieurs contributions ont été partiellement actualisées. On notera l’absence de trois des Français (un quatrième F. Vallat donne une contri- bution dans ce volume) qui s’étaient interrogés sur l’ « ethnogenèse des Perses » quelques années auparavant. L’expression est de P. de Miroschedji (« La fin du royaume d’Anšan et de Suse et la naissance de l’empire perse », Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 75, 1985) ; à la même époque, P. Briant publiait « La Perse avant l’empire (un état des questions) » (Iranica Antiqua 19, 1984). Auparavant, P. Amiet, « La glyptique de la fin de l’Élam » (Arts Asiatiques 28, 1973) avait le premier constaté la renaissance de l’Élam après le sac de Suse par l’Assyrien Assurbanipal en 646 qui n’avait rien de définitif, sinon dans sa déclaration, et avait finement observé « qu’on peut aussi bien la considérer [la glyptique de Suse dans le dernier siècle néo-élamite] comme l’ultime manifestation de la civilisation élamite que comme la première manifestation de l’art perse ». Comme le reconnaissent les éditeurs, par cet article, dès 1973, les ingrédients étaient donnés pour lancer le débat. 305 STUDIA IRANICA 43, 2014 306 C O M P T E S R E N D U S StIr 43, 2014 Enfin, le retour de l’Élam comme origine majeure de l’émergence des Perses a été favorisé par la réévaluation fondamentale du prétendu empire mède, concept hérité d’Hérodote. Un livre collectif marquant publié en 2003 – ce n’est pas une coïncidence – a montré que l’entité politique unique d’un empire mède n’avait guère de fondement (G. B. Lanfranchi, R. Rollinger, M. Roaf (eds.), Continuity of Empire(?), Assyria, Media, Persia, Padova, 2003 ; voir Topoi 15/2, 2007, p. 531- 539). « Persia is the heir of Elam, not of Media », écrit catégoriquement G. Liverani dans ce volume (p. 10). Ce constat, maintenant très largement accepté, explique le titre sobre du présent livre qui résume parfaitement son objectif : « Elam and Persia ». Ce retour de l’Élam récent comme l’origine majeure de la Perse donnait lieu par ailleurs à un petit ouvrage collectif Birth of the Persian Empire, édité par V. Sarkhosh Curtis et S. Stewart (Londres, 2005). Tel était l’état de la recherche au moment de la réunion de 2003. Les données sont clairement exposées dans l’excellente « Introduction » des éditeurs que cosigne également D. Stronach qui s’est intéressé à ces questions depuis ses travaux à Pasargades, centre du pouvoir créé de toutes pièces par Cyrus. Cette introduction, qui rend hommage aux prédécesseurs français mentionnés, et surtout à P. Amiet, est à lire impérativement avant tout autre contribution. En 32 pages, avec la bibliographie nécessaire, cette introduction est peut-être la plus importante contribution de ce volume pour comprendre son objet et son but. Sont clairement exposées en paragraphes successifs avec sous-titres, toutes les séries de données disponibles, les documents de Suse, découverts dans des conditions archéolo- giques déplorables – les auteurs le disent mais sont assez indulgents à l’égard des premiers fouilleurs français –, la série de tablettes néo-élamites dites de l’Acropole à Suse, datées maintenant de la première moitié du 6e siècle, voire aussi tard que 560-520 selon une hypothèse de Garrison, et celles dites de l’Apadana, de la même époque ; toutes deux comportent de nombreux anthropo- nymes iraniens ; les textes assyro-babyloniens ; les bas-reliefs assyriens du VIIe siècle ; le fameux sceau de « Kuraš l’Anzanite (ou d’Anšan) fils de Šešpeš » (est-il le même que le Kuraš de Parsumaš qui envoie un tribut et son fils à Assurbanipal en signe de soumission et/ou un ancêtre de Cyrus, mais lequel et à quelle époque ?) trouvé sur plusieurs empreintes des tablettes des Fortifications de Persépolis ; la question de la disparition d’Anšan ; les derniers bas-reliefs rupestres néo-élamites ; les rares inscriptions qui apparaissent sur certains d’entre eux ; la tombe d’Arjan, et, en regard, les bas-reliefs et les inscriptions royales achéménides, les textes des tablettes des Fortifications de Persépolis, de l’époque de Darius ; les empreintes de sceaux sur des centaines de ces tablettes et sur d’autres qui sont anépigraphes. Au total, un magnifique « état de l’art », rassem- blant un matériel considérable, mais d’origines et de natures très diverses, que les auteurs de l’introduction connaissent bien, mais dont l’exploitation demandait le concours d’autres spécialistes. La répartition des articles en trois parties : « Archaeology » – deux articles, « Texts » – six articles, « Images » – six articles, reflète sans doute un choix des éditeurs, mais aussi l’état des connaissances, dans lesquelles l’archéologie reste très en retrait. À noter cependant que la découverte en 2007 d’une nouvelle tombe d’un membre de l’élite près de Ram Hormuz à 100 km à l’ouest d’Arjan (inédite C O M P T E S R E N D U S 307 en Occident), datée entre 585 et 539 avant J.-C . selon une brochure publiée en persan, avec un mobilier incroyablement riche en bijoux d’or, renforce l’impor- tance des zones intermédiaires entre plaines et montagnes au cours de cette période cruciale des VIIe et début VIe siècle. L’article, très bref, de D. T. Potts (p. 35-43), « A Note on the Limits of Anšan » plaide pour un Anšan achéménide qui ne serait pas le pays mais la ville, ancienne capitale élamite, celle dont aurait été originaire Cyrus, mais délaissée par Darius, issue d’une autre lignée. Dans cette hypothèse, on s’explique encore plus difficilement l’absence sur le site de témoins archéologiques de l’époque néo-élamite et de celle de Cyrus. E. Carter, « Landscapes of Death in Susiana During the Last Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C. » (p. 45-58), est un panorama des pratiques funéraires élamites de cette époque, avec un architecture monumentale variée et l’attestation de temples hypogées royaux, qui se veulent fédératifs entre les deux zones géogra- phiques. On ne voit pas clairement le rapport de cet article avec le thème de l’ouvrage. L’article de G. P. Basello, « Elamite as Administrative Language : From Susa to Persepolis » (p. 61-88), un condensé de sa thèse, compare les formules admini- stratives de la fin de l’époque néo-élamite qu’illustrent les tablettes de l’Acropole avec celle de la chancellerie de Persépolis. Les parallèles sont évidents, et d’abord l’emploi de la langue élamite, transformée en élamite-achéménide, même si les secondes montrent de nouvelles formulations et une nouvelle terminologie adaptées au contexte politique et économique de l’empire. W. M. F. Henkelman (« Parnakka’s Feast šip in Pārsa and Elam », p. 89-167) est l’un des acteurs majeurs de la publication des milliers de tablettes inédites de Persépolis conservées à Chicago. Il avait consacré sa thèse à partir de celles-ci (The Other Gods Who Are. Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation, Leiden, 2008, Achaemenid History XIV) aux religions (pluriel) autour de Persépolis ; les rites élamites et d’autres, iraniens et perses, ou indéterminés, sont attestés à l’époque achéménide et souvent soutenus par le pouvoir royal. Les pratiques peuvent être déjà communes aux populations, élamite, iranienne, perse.
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