BIBLIOGRAPHY

FOR OKLAHOMA HISTORY WITH

Lesson Assignments

BY E. FULLERTON Northeastern State Teachers College EQUAH, OKLAHOMA Nvcn

FOREWORD

This little booklet is an attempt to present to the student a topical outline and analysis of Oklahoma History with refer­ ences and suggestions for studying. The material suggested for study is found in the Northeastern College Library and is available to all students. There is a wealth of material that has never been classified and also some that is not on the shelves at Northeastern that is of great value and it is suggested that whenever possible a student will avail himself of the opportuni­ ty to study this other material.

So far as possible the student should select those books and articles which are most interesting to him. Strive for a thorough knowledge and understanding of the subject rather thai; primarily to cover a certain number of pages. If interest cannot be developed in the study of the government and history of your state, and of the men and women who have helped to make it what it is, there is something wrong. To learn' history requires much reading. Get the habit.

EULA E. FULLERTON

Department of History Northeastern Teachers College Tahlequah, Oklahoma August, 1933 Printed and Bound By CHEROKEE COUNTY DEMOCRAT-STAR Tahlequah, Oklahoma September, 1933 BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR OKLAHOMA HISTORY

A15301 2&32^ INTRODUCTION References Chronicles of Oklahoma Vol. 4, pp. 143-148, Oklahoma Archaeological Expedition in 1925-26. Thoburn, Joseph B. Vol. 5, pp. 42-57, Sources of Oklahoma History, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 5, pp. 407-413, An Important Archaeological and Historical Discovery Thoburn, Joseph B. Vol. 6, pp. 181-185, Naming the Canadian River, Thoburn, Joseph B. Vol. 6, pp. 528-531, The Meaning of the Name of the Mississippi River, Wright, Muriel H. Vol. 7, pp. 211-41, Prehistoric Cultures of Oklahoma, Thoburn, Joseph B. Vol. 7, pp. 341-342, Lost Gold Mines o f Oklahoma, Phipps, B. L. Vol. 9, pp. 56-62, (Ancient Irrigation Ditches on the Prairies, Thoburn, Joseph B. Thoburn, Joseph B. and Wright, Muriel H.. Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 1, chs. 1, 2, 3. Oklahoma may properly be classed as one of the midland states In this union of ours, being located about one hundred miles frcm the geograph­ ical center of the United States. It is not incorrect to class Oklahoma as a middle western state or as a southern state, and until the last quarter of the nineteenth century it was a part of the Great Frontier. In its greatest longitudinal extent, Oklahoma is 464 milest long, extend­ ing from 94o 29' to 103o West Longitude. Its width varies from 222 miles in the eastern part to 34 miles in the panhandle. The mean elevation is about 1,300 feet. The area of Oklahoma is 70,057 square miles or nearly 45,000,000 acres. The altitude varies from 325 feet on the bank of the Red River in the extreme southeastern corner to 5,000 feet on the Black Mesa in the north­ western corner. Oklahoma is drained by two of the five tributaries to the Mississippi River, namely the Arkansas and Red Rivers; other rivers are the Canadians, North and South; the Neosho; the Verdigris; the Washita; the Nescatunga or Salt Fork and the Cimarron. The beds of the streams^ vary from quick sand formation in the western part of the state to gravel or solid rock in the eastern part. There are four mountain systems in Oklahoma, the Ozarks in the Neosho and Arkansas River section; the Ouachitas in the southeastern part of, the state; the Arbuckle range in the south central part of the state and the Wichitas in the southwestern part of the state. Various minerals are found; lead and zinc in the northeastern part of the state; coal in the south central; gypsum deposits in the north central and north west; glass sand in various parts and oil and gas in practically all sections. The soil is of such a nature that the vegetation "paries widely in different parts of the state, affected somewhat by altitude and rainfall as well as soil. This variation in altitude, climate, rainfall and soil gives to the state various resources which gives Oklahoma first rank among the states of the Union in the production of oil although our principal income is from agri­ culture and live stock. In studying. Oklahoma History it Is necessary to study it first, as a part of European History and second, as a part of the United States History. In many ways the history of Oklahoma duplicates the history of neighboring states having passed through the ordinary stages of settlement and develop­ ment, but In at least two ways the history of Oklahoma differs from that of every other state, namely in the manner of settlement and the fact that at one time it was truly an Indian Empire. The pages of Oklahoma History are filled with people and events who and which have contributed stirring drama, tragedy, stark and grim, exciting adventure and thrilling romance to our history and have made of it a story of romance and adventure that cannot be surpassed in history, ancient and modern. PROBLEM 1

The Spanish in the Southwest and in the Mississippi Valley Bolton, H. E., The Spanish Borderlands, ch. 11. Bolton, H. E., Spanish Explorations in the Southwest, Part 2—pp. 135-161; 197-206; 223-265; 425-465. Bourne, E. G., Spain in America. Channing, Edward, History of the United States, Vol. I, ch. 3. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 3, pp. 45-58, Oklahoma as a Part of the Spanish Dominion, Lewis, Anna. Vol. 6, pp. 186-213, Spanish Explorations in Oklahoma, 1599-1792, Thomas. A. B. Vol. 8, pp. 89-93, Entertainments of the Spanish, Explorers, Johnson, Winifred. Vol. 9, pp. 286-298, When Spain Settled, Nesbitt, Paul. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 1. Dobie, J. Frank, Coronado's Children, ch. 17. Don Coronado Through Kansas. Hart, A. B., American History as Told by Contemporaries, Vol. 1. Nos. 24 and 43. Hosmer, J. K., Short History of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 20-30. Johnston, Charles H. L., Famous Discoverers and Explorers of America, pp. 251-273. Jones, Paul. A., Quivira' (All) Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. 1, pp. 332, Alvar Nunez Cabeca De Vaca, Moody, Joe. Malone, James H., The Chickasaw Nation, chs. 3-7. Ogg, F. A., The Opening of the Mississippi, ch. 2. Old South Leaflets, Vol. II. Nos. 33, 35, 36, 39. Original Narrations of American History, Spanish Explorations in the South­ west, 1528-43. pp. 281 to close of volume. Richmond, J. B., The Spanish Conquerors, ch. 4. Thoburn, Joseph B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 1, ch. 4. The Spanish were perhaps the first Europeans to come to the New World with a definite purpose in view. There were several reasons for their coming. During the latter part of the fifteenth century and the first three quarters of the sixteenth century Spain was the unquestioned leader of the Christian world. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille in 1469 united two powerful kingdoms which soon dominatsd the surrounding country. The religious zeal of these two rulers gave the first reason for exploring the New World. After subduing the last of the Moslems, the Moors, these: monarchs found themselves with many restless soldiers in the country. To give employment to them and to find new converts for Christianity expedi­ tions were sent to the country so recently discovered by Columbus. The second impetus was given by the stories of immense wealth which was to be had for the mere taking. Thus within half a century after the great discovery of Columbus two great wings of Spanish exploration had swept from the coast northward toward the interior of the North American continent, until they had almost met on the plains of eastern Kansas. Corcnado had moved north and east from Mexico City through Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, and DeSoto had come from Spain to the coast of Florida and had traveled north and west through the Gulf States, crossed the Mississippi River, then through Arkansas, and perhaps Missouri. By virtue of these explorations for converts, gold and lands, Spain laid claim to the entire Mississippi Valley which included Oklahoma. But the Spanish made little effort to follow these explorations with settlement with the result that another nation, France, came into this valley to dispute with Spain for the possession of that region.

PROBLEM 2

The French in the Mississippi Valley Chambers, Henry E., The Mississippi Valley Beginnings, chs. 2-6. Chaining, Edward, History of the United States, Vol. 2, ch. 5. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, pp. 253-268, French Interests and Activities, Lewis, Anna. Vol. 2, pp. 331-349, Journal of La Harpe's First Expedition in Oklahoma, Lewis, Anna. Vol. 3, pp. 319-322, De Tissne's Expedition into Oklahoma 1719, Lewis, Anna. Vol. 6, pp. 529-531, The Naming of the Mississippi River, Wright, Muriel H. Vol. 7, pp. 188-193, Some Geographic Names of French Origin, Wright, Muriel H. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L. Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 2. Foreman, Grant, Indians and Pioneers, ch. 1. Hosmer, James K, A History of the Mississippi valley, pp. 30-51. Johnston, Chas. H. L., Famous Discoverers and Explorers of America, pp. 363-411. Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. 4, pp. 276-280, The Discoverer of Kansas, Jones, John P. Kenton, Edna, Indians of North America, Vol: 2, ch. 43. Repplier, Agnes, Pere Marquette, chs. 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13. Mare Marie of the Ursulines (any part) Schlarman, J. H., From Quebec to New Orleans, chs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17. Thoburn, Joseph B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 1, ch. 5. Thwaites, R. G., Father Marquette, chs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Vandiver, C. A., The Fur Trade, pp. 57-65, 65-75. The French did not enter the Mississippi Valley for more than a century after the Spanish. Instead of coming from the south as did both groups of Spanish explorers the French came from New France, that area in and around Quebec, Montreal and the Great Lakes region, where French fishermen had been since a few years after the discovery of America. Unlike the Spanish there was no idea of making converts to the Christian religion when the first French came but it is interesting to note that the French Jesuits made much better missionaries than the Spanish soldiers. The principal reason for the French settlements however was for the purpose of trade with the Indians and to establish stations where the fish might be cured for transportation to the mother country. From the first posts established along the St. Lawrence in the early part of the seventeenth century there gradually grew up a hardy, adventurous class of men who established stations along the streams and engaged in the fur trading business. Thus the fur-traders and Jesuits became the agents of France in the New World. The desire to find an outlet to the west led to explorations west and south until Marquette and Joliet had explored the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas and a few years later the intrepid La Salle had explored the' great river to its mouth. Because of these explorations, France laid claim to the entire Mississippi Basin—and proceeded to make their claim good by establishing settlements at various places throughout the valley. It is easy to see that France con­ trolled the gateways to the North American Continent, the mouth of the St. Lawrence and the mouth of the Mississippi. The attempt of La Salle to found a settlement at the mouth of the Miss­ issippi met with failure but others took it up and in the closing years of trie seventeenth century and the first two decades of the eighteenth century settlements were made at Biloxi and New Orelans. From these settlements traders worked north and west and explored the many tributaries of the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers. Some of these traders and explorers were in eastern Oklahoma as we know from names of rivers and mountains.

PROBLEM 3

Evolution of the Louisiana Territory to 1803 Adams, Henry, History of the United States, Vol. 1, pp. 344-423 Vol. 2, pp. 1-50. Alsopp, Fred W., Folklore of Romantic Arkansas, Vol. 2, pp. 270, (Lafitte the Pirate) Vol. 1, pp. 312-314. Branch, E. Douglas, Westward, chs. 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Chambers, Henry E., Mississippi Valley Beginnings, chs. 7-22, Channing, Edward, History of the United States, Vol. 4, ch. 11. Chitwood, Oliver P., A History of Colonial America, ch. 29. Cox, Isaac J., The Early Exploration of Louisiana, chs. 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15. Dale, E. E., Territorial Acquisitions of the United States, ch. 1. Goodwin, Cardinal, The Trans-Mississippi West. (1803-1853) ch. 1. Hermann, Binger, The Louisiana Purchase, pp. 11-48. Hosmer, J. K., The Louisiana Purchase, chs. 1-8. Miller, Hunter (Ed), Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States (Required) San Lorenzo or Purchase Treaty. Ogg, F. A., The Opening of the Mississippi, chs. 9, 10, 11. Saxon, Lyle, Fabulous New Orleans, chs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Schlarman, J. H., From Quebec to New Orleans, chs. 9, 13, 15, 20, 28, 34. Wrong, Geo. M., The Conquest of New France, ch. 6. The attempt of the French to extend their settlements south from Canada bo the Ohio valley brought them into conflict with the English. Spain, according to the famous "Family Compact" became the ally of the French upon receiving assurances from the latter nation that she would be reimbursed for any territory she might lose because of her part in tjhe struggle. The English captured Havana and Manila from the Spanish and, Spam ceded Florida to the English in exchange for these two possessions. France in accordance with her promise to Spain, gave to that country, as indemnity for the loss of Florida, the French claim to all territory west of the Miss issippi and "New Orleans and the island on which it stands;" east of that river. France then ceded to England, Canada and all French claims to territory east of the Mississippi except the two small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland and the Island of Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi. France was thus eliminated from the main­ land of North America. The Revolutionary War came In a few years and a new nation, the United States, succeeded to the claims of England respecting the country between the Appalachians and the Mississippi. Even before the Revolution there were scattering settlements in this trans-Alleghany region and at the close of the war a stream of pioneers poured westward to people Kentucky, Tennessee, and the region north of the Ohio. The climate, fertility of the soil and industry of the settlers soon produced a surplus of such commodities as wheat, corn, fruit and live stock, and it was inevitable that a market must be found for those products, hence the negotiations with Spain for the free navigation of the Mississippi River which was secured by the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795. The treaty agreement was for a period of three years but at the end of that time Spain made no attempt to curtail the privileges given by the treaty, but in 1800 (1801) by the secret treaty of San Ildefonso Spain retroceded Louisiana to France in exchange for Etruria, a province of northern Italy. i Rumors of this treaty reached the United States and the people of the West were much disturbed by the prospect of losing their markets if they were to have France rather than Spain for a neighbor. President Jeffer­ son instructed our minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, to purchase the Island of Orleans, and in order to quiet the West sent James Monroe as special envoy to Paris to assist in bringing about an understanding with Napoleon, and in February, 1803 a resolution was introduced into the senate requiring the President to take immediate possession of New Orleans by an armed force. In the meantime, however, Napoleon's plans of an American empire had been rudely shaken by the revolt of the natives in Santo Domingo. Within a year fifty thousand French soldiers had perished on that island. To abandon the project without making it evident trlat defeat had forced the move Napoleon startled the world by demanding of England "either Malta or war," and offered to sell Louisiana in order to raise money to prosecute this plan. The offer fro sell the territory was most unexpected to both Livingston and Monroe, however, after negotiations lasting several weeks the United States bought Louisiana for approximately fifteen million dollars. Thus the present state of Oklahoma becomes, for the first time, a part of the United States and its present southern and western boundaries became the bound­ aries of the United States. 10

PROBLEM 4.

American Explorers, Traders and Military Posts American Historical Review, Vol. 37, No. 4, John Howard Payne and The Cherokee Indians, Foreman, Grant. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, pp. 120-121, Centennial of Fort Gibson, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 2, pp. 311-318, Diary of John Hobart Heald, Wright, Muriel H. Vol. 3, pp. 99-119, Early Trails Through Oklahoma, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 3, pp. 175-215, The Journal of Hugh Evans, Perrine, Fred. Vol. 4, pp. 333-337, A Journey Across Oklahoma Ninety Years Ago, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 4, pp. 216-222, Fort McCulloch, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 5, pp. 414-421, Fort Towson Road, Culbertson, James. Vol. 5, pp. 380-390, Journal of Douglas Cooper, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 5, pp. 215-258, Fort Washita, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 5, pp. 196-220, Extracts from the Diary of Major Sibley. Vol. 5, pp. 4-17, Old Boggy Depot, Wright, Muriel. Vol. 6, pp. 129-139, Some Adventures of Captain Booneville, Ford, Annie. Vol. 6, pp. 139-144, Military Discipline in Early Oklahoma, Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 6, p. 26ff. Fort Arbuckle, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 7, pp. 58-105, Captain Nathan Boone's Journal, Fessler, W. J. Vol. 7, pp. 175-179, A Visit to Old Fort Washita, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 7, pp. 180-182, First Explorer of Red River, Phipps, B. L. Vol. 8, pp. 226-232, Fort Towson, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 8, pp. 65-88, Early Navigation and Commerce Along the Arkansas and Red Rivers, Wright, Muriel. Coues, E., Expedition of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. 2, ch. 5, Journal of Jacob .Fowler, pp. 1-14. Foreman. Grant Pioneer Days in the Early Southwest, (any part) Indians and Pioneers, chs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14. A Traveler in Indian Territory (any part) Inman, Henry, The Old Santa Fe Trail (any part) Irving, Washington, A Tour on the Prairies James, Marquis, The Raven, chs. 8-14. Magoffin, Susan, Santa Fe Trail (any part) Parrish, Randall, The Great Plains, pp. 61-79. Paxson, F., History of the American Frontier, ch. 4. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel, Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 2, Appendix 81—p. 783;' 82—p. 784; 84—p. 787. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 7-10. Thwaites, R. G. Early Western Travels, Vol. 16 and 17, Expedition of S. H. Long, Vol. 3, chs. 8-14, Vol. 4 chs. 1, 2, 3. 11

Early Western Travels, Vol. 13, Nuttall's Journal, chs. 7-15. Rocky Mountain Explorations, ch. 11. Webb, W. P., The Great Plains, ch. 5. Willams, A. M., Sam Houston, ch. 4. The purchase of Louisiana gave the United States possession of a vast region, much of which had never been explored. Even the boundaries were indefinite. President Jefferson, eager to know something definite about this new acquisition, sent out several exploring parties. The first and perhaps the greatest of these, that of Lewis and Clark, traversed the northern part of the Louisiana territory and did not touch Oklahoma. About the same time a second expedition under Zebulcn Montgomery Pike, left St. Louis and traveled west through Kansas, and one of his officers, Lieutenant Wilk­ inson, followed the Arkansas River across northeastern Oklahoma. Other exploration followed and a few years later the United States es­ tablished military posts in this territory in order to prevent strife among the different Indian groups and to protect the white traders who had establish­ ed trading posts here even before the purchase. The early forts became the center of activities in the Louisiana country. Forts Smith, Towson and Gibson were the most important ones in our region, and many were the visitors and explorers who spent some time at these various forts. These visit­ ors have left us many and varied accounts of conditions in this section of the country. To Ft. Gibson came Washington Irving who has given his account in "A Tour on the Prairies"; Sam Houston, of Tennessee and Texas fame; Thomas Nuttall, the Harvard botanist; John Howard Payne, the author of "Home Sweet Home"; Jefferson Davis as a young army officer; Geo. Catlin, the artist and many others. There were also many traders, Jacob Fowler, and the Choteaus, perhaps being th*e best known. Within thirty or forty years after the United States had purchased the Louisiana country Oklahoma had been thoroughly explored. The next phase in Oklahoma history was the removal of several Indian groups from east of the Mississippi to this region.

PROBLEM 5.

The American Indian Bandelier, The Delight Makers (any part) Catlin, George, North American Indians, Vols. 1 and 2. Coolidge, Mary R., The Rain ,Makers (any part) Crane, Leo, The Indians of the Enchanted Desert. Cushman, H. B., A History of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians (any part) Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L. Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 5. Dale E. E., Tales of the Tepee. Dodge, R. I., Our Wild Indians (any part) Farrand, Livingston, The Basis of American History, chs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,. 15, 16. Fiske, John, The Discovery of America, ch. 1. Goddard, P. E., Indians of the Southwest. Gotschet, Albert S., A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians, pp. 53-198. 12

Grinnell, G. B., Blackfoot Lodge Tales. Grinnell, G. B., The Story of the Indian (any part). Harrington, M. R., Cherokee and Earlier Remains on the Upper Tennessee River (any part) Heye, Geo. G. and others, The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia. Hodge, F. W., Handbook of American Indians, Vols. 1, 2. (Indian Tribes represented in Oklahoma.) Huntington, Ellsworth, The Red Man's Continent, ch. 5. Lindquist, G. E„ The Red Man in the United States, chs. 8, 10. Leupp, Francis, The Indian and his Problem, chs. 1-3. McLaughlin, James, My Friend the Indian (any part) Malone, J. H., The Chicksaw Nation, chs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Merriman, Lewis, et. al, The Problem of Indian Administration. Mitchell, S. H., The Indian Chief—Journeycake. Mooney, James, Myths of the Cherokee (19th Report of Bureau of Ethnology) Moorehead, H. K., The American Indian (see index) Murray, Wm. H., Essay on Pushmataha. Parkman, Francis, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, ch. 1. Parsons, Elsie Clews, American Indian Life (any part) Paxson, P. L., The Last American Frontier, ch. 2. Reports of Commissioner of Indian Affairs Royce, C. C,History of the Cherokee (5th Report of Bureau of Ethnology) Schoolcraft, H. R., Indian Reports, 4 volumes. Seymour, Flora Warren, The Story of the Red Man, chs. 1, 6, 9,10,14, 15, 18, 19, 20. Seymour, Flora Warren, Women of Trail and Wigwam (any part) Smith, W. R. L„ The Cherokees, chs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Speck, Frank G, Decorative Art and Basketry of the Cherokees Starr, Emmet, History of the Cherokee Indians, pp. 21-27. Thoburn, J. B., and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 1, chs. 11, 12. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, ch. 2. Verrill, A. H., The American Indian, chs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15. Wise, J. G. The Redman in the New World Drama, Appendix 1, pp. 593-607. The word Indian in its correct meaning can apply only to the natives of India. Its use in referring to the people, whom the Europeans found liv­ ing in the Americas is due to the fact that Columbus believed he had reach­ ed India. Some modern writers limit the word Indian by the adjective 'American' when referring to the early peoples of the Americas. Lathrop Stoddard, Madison Grant, and others prefer the word Amerind. Which ever term is used it is well to remember the confusion which may arise from the indiscriminate use of the word Indian. It is estimated that at the time of the discovery of America there were some 700,000 Indians' within the present limits of the United States. Accord­ ing to the fifteenth (1930) census there were only 332,397, and of this num­ ber 92,725 live in Oklahoma. Ethnologists group the Amerinds according to languages, such group­ ings being known as linquistic stocks. Some of these groups contain only one tribe while others include several tribes. The principal linquistic stocks re- 13 presented in Oklahoma are the Iroquoin by the Senecas and Cherokees; the Algonquin stock including the Shawnee, Pottawatomie, the Sac and Fox, the Delaware, the Iowa, the Kickapoo, the Cheyenne, the Arapahio; the Muskogeon stock including the Creeks, the Seminoles, the Chickasaw, the Choctaw; the Siouan stock, including the Osages, the Kaws, the Poncas and the Quapaws; the Caddoan stock including the Wichita, the Caddo, and the Pawnee; the Shoshonean stock represented by the Comanche; the Athapascan group represented by the Apache. Oklahoma itself was not originally the home of any great Indian stock or tribe but the hunting parties of many groups visited it, and perhaps a few Wichitas may have lived near the Wichita mountains. Yet Oklahoma was to become "The Indian Country," furnishing homes for some of the largest tribes in the United States and for many smaller groups. At present there are representatives of some sixty or seventy tribes living within our state.

PROBLEM 6.

The. Removal of the Indians to the Indian Country American Historical Association, Report for 1906, Vol. 1, Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi, Abel, A. H. Report for 1901, Vol. 2, chs. 2, 3. Anderson, Mabel W., Life of Stand Watie, ch. 1. Berry, Ada Loomis, Yunini—The Trail of Tears. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, pp. 121-130, The Paternity of Sequoyah, Goodpasture, Albert V. Vol. 5, pp. 287-296, Oklahoma Boundaries, Wardell, M. L. Vol. 6, pp. 103-108, The Removal of the Choctaws to Oklahoma, Wright, Muriel H. Vol. 11, pp. 786-797, The Chouteaus. Ccioley, David L., America's First Big Parade (any part) Dale, E. E., History of the Ranch Cattle Industry in Oklahoma, ch. 1. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History, chs. 6, 7. Eaton, R. C, John Ross and the Cherokee Indians, chs. 1-15. Foreman, Grant, Pioneer Days in the Southwest (any part) Indians and Pioneers, chs. 4, 5, 15, 16, 20, 21. Indian Removal (any chapter—required) Foster, George E., Sequoyah (any part) Gittinger, Roy, Formation of the State of Oklahoma, chs. 1-5. Hill, Luther B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 4-7. James, Marquis, The Raven, chs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Kappler, C. J., Indian Laws and Treaties, Vol. 2, Removal Treaties (outline one treaty). Lumpkin, Wilson, Removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia 1827-33. Vol. 1-2 (any part) Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, Journey of a Party of Cherokee Emigrants, Foreman, Grant. 14

Mooney, James, Myths of the Cherokee (19th Report Bureau of American Ethnology.) Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 1, (Removal Treaties) Oskison, John M., The Texas Titan (See Index)' Parker, Thomas Valentine, The Cherokee Indians (any part) Paxson, Frederic; History of the American Frontier, ch. 31. Rioyce, C. C, History of the Cherokee (5th Report Bureau of American Ethnology.) Smith, W. R., Story of the Cherokees Starr, Emmett, Early History of the Cherokee Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 11-18. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel, Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 1, chs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; Vol. 2, pp. 792-796; p. 812-Treaty between the Creeks and Seminoles. p. 819-Cherokee Murders p. 821-Letter of General Arbuckle pp. 820-821-Amnesty Decree Williams, Alfred M., Sam Houston, ch. 4. Wisconsin Academy Transactions, Vol. 20, The Settlement of Oklahoma, Buck, Solon J. When Coronado made his memorable journey in 1541-42 there were no large groups of Indians living within the limits of the present state of Oklahoma. Many groups roamed over these lands as hunting grounds, and the Wichitas, a small group, may have had permanent dwelling places at the base of the Wichita Mountains. Due to trouble and misunderstandings between the authorities of cer­ tain eastern states and the Indians living within the boundaries of those states, the federal government decided to remove the Indians to the newly acquired lands west of the Mississippi River. Broadly speaking this removal of the Choetaws, Chickasaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles occurred during the period between 1820 and 1840. These five groups were given title to the entire present state of Oklahoma, exclusive of the region known as the Panhandle. This grant of territory was retained by these Indians until treaties of 1866-67 when they gave up parts of their lands as a home for other friendly tribes. The story of this "removal" is net a pleasant one but in effect was merely a repetition of a phase of history that often has been repeated; the story of an agressive and progressive nation of superior numbers ruth­ lessly driving before it a less aggressive and less progressive nation of in­ ferior numbers. The Indians of the so-called Five Civilized Tribes had made considerable progress in civilization when De Soto first came in contact with them. They lived in log cabins, cultivated the soil in a very crude way and with rather primitive implements, made baskets and pottery and were more advanced than any of the neighboring tribes.' As a result of the strategic position of the region occupied by these Indians they early came in contact with the French, Spanish and English. The peoples of these nations constantly intrigued with the Indians and cease­ lessly sought to win their favor, and, in this way the tribes received train­ ing in the parts of diplomacy and intrigue which later made them form­ idable antagonists in their diplomatic relations with the United States. The first step in removal was the Georgia Compact, 1802, an agreement between the United States and Georgia, by which Georgia agreed to cede her western lands to the national government on condition that tha latter, at its own expense, extinguish the Indian titles to lands within Georgia as 15 soon as It could be done peacefully and on favorable terms'. The United States made several unsuccessful attempts to carry out her part of the agreement but it was not until 1817 that the first removal treaty was signed. This treaty with the Cherokee was followed by other treaties in 1819, 1828 and 1835. As a result of these treaties two thirds of the mem­ bers of the tribe were moved to Oklahoma by 1838 and located on a large tract of land in the northeastern part of the state. In addition to this tract of land they were given a perpetual cutlet one degree in width extend­ ing west to the one hundredth meridian, which was at this time the western boundary of the United States. Treaties were made with the other tribes as follows; Choctaw, 1820, 1825 and 1830; Chickasaw, 1832, 1837 and 1855; Creek, 1825, 1826 and 1832; Seminole, 1832, 1833 and 1856. By these treaties all of the Five Civilized Tribes were removed to Oklahoma and each tribe was given its own terri­ tory. Owing to lack of proper preparation on the part of the United States, to the failure of the Indians to cooperate, and to the fact that military rule is ever harsh and ruthless the removals were attended by much suffering on the part of the Indians, and factions were created and feuds engendered that were later to cause disorder, strife and even murder in the various tribes.

PROBLEM 7

Missions and Missionaries in the Indian Empire. Chronicles of Oklahoma Vol. 2, pp. 366-380, Bloomflield Academy and Its Founder, Carr, Mrs. Susan J. Vol. 2, pp. 152-158, Diary of Rev. Cyrus Kingsbury, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 2, pp. 392-395, Shawnee Friends Mission, Thompson, S. Carrie. Vol. 2, pp. 285-298, Protestant Missions Among the Osages, Warden, M. L. Vol. 4, 56-69, Rev. Willis F. Folsom—A -Biographical Sketch, Brewer, Phil D. Vol. 4, pp. 232-240, Early Day Operations in Indian Territory by Methodist Church South, Bryce, J. Y. Vol. 4, pp. 194-197, Death of Oak-chi-ah, A Missionary, Jryce, J. Y. Vol. 4, pp. 156-161, Life Among the Choctaws, Benson, Henry C. Vol. 4, pp. 222-228, Hillside Mission, Miller, Floyd E. Vol. 4, pp. 166-183, The Choctaw Mission of the A. B. of C. for F. M., Morrison, W. B. Vol. 4, pp. 295-298, An Early Day Baptist Missionary, Taylor, Baxter. Vol. 5, pp. 166-180, Reminiscences of Life Among the Indians, Methvin, Rev. J. J. Vol. 5, pp. 234-251, Sacred Heart Mission and Abbey, Laracy, John. Vol. 7, pp. 475-486, Beginning of Methodism in Indian Territory, Bryce, J. Y. Vol. 7, pp. 242-259, The Foreign Mission School at Cornwall, Connecticut, Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 7, pp. 260-265, A Reminiscence of a Methodist Minister's Daughter, Eichenbarger, Mrs. Flora Paine. 16

Vol. 8, pp. 291-314, pp. 407-440, A History of the Cherokees, Cunningham, H. T. Vol. 10, The Quaker Indian Agents of the Kiowa, Comanche and Wichita Indian Reservations, Buntin, Martha. Vol. 10, pp. 219-256, Journal of a Tour in the Indian Territory, 1844, Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 10, pp. 267-286, A Brief Review of the Life of Doctor Eliphalet, Nott Wright, Wright, Muriel H. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 1, ch. 17. Vol. 2, Appendix 15, p. 719, Letter of Rev. Alexander Talley. Appendix 17-1, p. 798, Early Description of Dwight Mission. Appendix 17-3, p. 800, A Visit to Fairfield and Dwight Missions, 1844. Appendix 17-4, p. 801, Report of Moravian Mission, 1844. Appendix 17-5, p. 802, Tallahassee Mission, Rev. R. M. Lougbridge. Appendix 17-6, p. 802, Mission Publishing House at Park Hill. Appendix 17-10, p. 805, Report of Crawford Seminary, 1848. Appendix 17-11, p. 806, Report of Baptist Mission, 1848. Walker, Robert Sparks, Torchlights to the Cherokees. Long before the American Revolution, Christian missionaries had been working among the Indians. During the Revolution this work was practic­ ally suspended but as the new Nation began to recover from the effects of the war, the missionary work was continued with renewed vigor. In 1817 the New York, the Northern and the Western missionary societies were combined into one called the United Foreign Missionary Society. This organization was the work of representatives of the Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed Churches, and was the first to begin work among any of the native tribes within the present bounds of Oklahoma. Previous to the organization of the United Foreign Missionary Society some young men in eastern colleges hati sponsored a movement which ended in the formation of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis­ sions in June 1810. The work of this organization was supported jointly by the Presbyterian and Congregational denominations. In later years it played an important part in early missionary efforts in Oklahoma. Two years after its organization the United Foreign Missionary Society sent Reverend Epaphras Chapman and Mr. job Vinal to select a site for a proposed mission station among the Cherokees. Finding that the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was planning to occupy that field they pushed on up the Arkansas River to the Osage country and, acting on the advice of Nathaniel Pryor, selected a site on the west bank of the Neosho River, some five or six miles from the present town of Mazie. Here some few years later the Reverend Chapman died, and his grave and those of a few of his fellow workers, together with the crumblings ruins of the buildings are all that are left to tell the story of the first mission in Oklahoma. Other missions were established from time to time among the various tribes and the missionaries who worked at the different stations have made a valuable contribution to the history of cur state. , 17

PROBLEM 8 Oklahoma as an Indian Empire 1828-1860 Abel, A. H., The Indian as a Secessionist and Slave Holder (any part) American Historical Review, Vol. 37, No. 4, John Howard Payne and the Cherokee Indians—Foreman, Grant. Chronicles of Oklahoma. Vol. 1, pp. 179-226, The Last of the Cherokees in Texas and the Life and Death of Chief Bowles—Woldert, Dr.' Albert. Vol. 1, pp. 9-30, The Separation of Nebraska and Kansas from Indian Territory—Gittinger, Roy. Vol. 1, pp. 90-98, The Cheyenne Dog Soldiers—Campbell, W. S. Vol. 1, pp. 117-121, Wheelock Seminary, Wright, Allen. Vol. 2, pp. 63-75, Courts of the Cherokee iNation, Thompson, W. P. Vol. 2, pp. 380-392, Horace P. Jones, Scout and Interpreter, Thoburn, J. B. Vol. 3, pp. 99-120, Early Trails Through Oklahoma, Foreman, Grant Vol. 4, pp. 251-254, The Keetoowah Society, Duncan, J. W. Vol. 4, pp. 312-321, John Rollin Ridge, Dale, E. E. Vol. 4, pp. 322-328, First Oil Produced in Oklahoma 1859, Wright, Muriel H. Vol. 4, pp. 329-332, Sapulpa, Sapulpa, W. A. Vol. 4, pp. 333-337, A Journey Across Oklahoma Ninety Years Ago, Morrison, W. B. Vol. 4, pp. 340-355, David Folsom, Conlan, Czarina. Vol. 4, pp. 356-65, Certain Nathan Boone's Survey of Cherokee-Creek Boundary Line, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 5, pp. 221-234, Some Historic Spots and Actions in the Washita Valley, Allgord, Samuel Y. Vol. 5, pp. 333-348, Report of Capt. John Stuart on Construction of Road from Fort Smith to Horse Prairie, Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 5, pp. 322-328, Lynch's Mill was Spavinaw's name in Early Day History, Tulsa World. Vol. 5, pp. 371-381, Malmaison, Palace in a Wilderness, Home of General Greenwood LeFlore, Langley, Mrs. Lee J. Vol. 5, pp. 414-421, The Fort Towson Road, Culbertson, James. Vol. 6, pp. 75-88, Colonel Forbis LeFlore, Perry, Mrs. A. E. Vol. G, pp. 328-347, Letters of the Two Boudinots, Dale, E. E. Vol. 6, pp. 348-353, The Fly Leaf, Methvin, J. J. Vol. 6, pp. 354-394, About Some of Our First Schools in the Choctaw Nation, Bryce, J. Y. Vol. 6, pp. 449-452, Elizabeth Fulton Hester, Bostic, E. McCurdy. Vol. 6, pp. 453-480, The Choctaw Academy, Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 7, pp. 152-163, Nathaniel Pry or, Foreman, Grant: Vol. 7, pp. 323-328, Site of Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty Preserved, Conlan, Czarina. Vol. 7, pp. 364-374, A Cherokee Pioneer, Foreman, Canolyn T. Vol. 7, pp. 389-413, Brief Outline of Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations in the Indian Territory, 1820-1860, Wright, Muriel H. and Hudson, 18

P. J. Vol. 7, pp. 475-486, Beginning of Methodism in Indian Territory, Bryce, J. Y. Vol. 8, pp. 42-64; pp. 189-225; Vol. 9, pp. 17-26, Government of the Creek Indians, Morton, Ohland. Vol. 8, pp. 65-88, Early Navigation and Commerce Along the Arkansas and Red Rivers in Oklahoma, Wright, Muriel H. Vol. 8, pp. 291-314; pp. 407-440, History of Cherokee Indians, Cunningham, Hugh T. Vol. 8, pp. 369-379, The Legend of Battle of Claremore Mound, Eaton, Rachel Caroline. Vol. 8, pp. 389-406, General John Nicks and His Wife, Sarah Perkins Nicks, Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 9, pp. 233-263, The Cherokee War Path, ,Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 9, pp. 300-317, The California Overland Mail Route Through Oklahoma, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 9, pp. 139-152, Some New Light on Houston's Life Among the Cherokee Indians, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 9, pp. [155-165, Memories of My Childhood Days in the Choctaw Nation, Christian, Emma. Vol. 9, pp. 166-170, Early History of Spavinaw, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 9, pp. 180-194, Tryphena, Wright, Muriel H. Vol. 9, pp. 380-411, The Choctaw Academy, Thomas, Carlyn T. Vol. 9, pp. 439-453, Chief Opothleyahola, Meserve, John B. Vol. 9, pp. 382-411; Vol. 10, pp. 77-114, The Choctaw Academy, Foreman, Carolyn T. Vol. 10, pp. 219-256, Journal of a Tour in the Indian Territory, Foreman, Caroline T. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 8. Eaton, R. C, John Ross and the Cherokee Indians, chs. 15-18. Foreman, Grant, Indians, and Pioneers, chs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. Foreman, Grant, A Traveler in Indian Territory (any part) Fullerton, Eula E., Some Social and Political Institutions of the Cherokees 1820-1907. (any part) Gittinger, Roy, Formation of the State of Oklahoma, chs. 1-5. Hill, Luther B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, ch. 7. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 1, (Constitution of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw and Chickasaw) Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. (Prior to 1860) Stanley, Henry M., My Early Travels and Adventures, Vol. 1, pp. 41-90. Starr, Emmitt, Cherokee West. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 1, chs. 17, 18, 19. Vol. 2, p. 815, Inter-Tribal Council 1843. p. 818, Letter of John Ridge, pp. 819-20, Biographical Sketch of Ridges and Boudinot, p. 820, Amnesty Decree, p. 821, Decree of Oblivion, pp. 821-22, Letters of General Arbuckle, p. 826, A Runaway Slave in the Cherokee Nation, p. 827, A Missionary's Attitude Toward Slavery, 19

p. 827, The Corn Scandal in the Choctaw Nation. Little material is available for the study of this topic outside of certain manuscripts which are available only for research purposes. The Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and Cherokees had national governments based upon a written constitution. The Seminoles had a national government but no written constitution. The governments in all cases were modeled after the nations were divided into districts, each of which had its special district officers. These nations were, broadly speaking, not under the United States government but each was an independent republic with its own social and political institutions and the power of life and death over its citizens. There were factions and feuds in these nations as a result of the removal treaties which easily merged into factions over the question of slavery. Some members of each of these tribes owned slaves and as this question de­ veloped in the United States the Indian nations were more or less affected. The missionaries usually favored the anti-slavery group. Near the end ot this period the two groups were organized for more effective work. The Knights of the Golden Circle extended their organization into the Indian country and those who were opposed to slavery used the Keetoowah, a religious group, as the basis for their organization. Yet in spite of dissensions, factional disputes, and general disorder these Indians rapidly adjusted themselves to their new surroundings and envir­ onment. Large fields were cultivated, schools were established and main­ tained, large herds of live stock roamed the commons and some handsome dwellings were erected. But an evil genius seemed to pursue them and when the first period of pioneering hardships had passed and "prosperity was beginning to smile upon them," they became involved in the War Between the States. This was inevitable, considering their location between the belli­ gerent nations, as they were, neutrality was impossible; and again we see ruin, devastation and death staring them in the face. The scattering tribes to the west had been the cause of numerous out­ breaks and the United States military forces were often called to quell dis­ turbances. None of these western tribes had a constitutional government but lived under a strictly tribal plan, roaming about from place to place as nature seemed to provide for their ccmforts. The horrors of the War Between the States did not affect them as it did the nations to the east.

PROBLEM 9 The Indian Empire as a Participant in the War Between the States. Abel, A. H., The Indian as a Secessionist and Slave Holder (any part) Abel, A. H., The Indian as a Participant in the Civil War (any part) American Historical 'Review, Vol. 15, pp. 281-296, The Indians in the Civil War, Abel, A. H. Anderson, Mab.le, Life of General Stand Watie, ch. 9, 11. Britton, Wiley, The Civil War on the Border, Vol. 1, chs. 13, 20, 22, 27; Vol. 2, chs. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 16. Britton, Wiley, The Union Brigade in the Civil War. (any part) Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, pp. 30-59, 131-149, Some Letters of General Stand Watie, Dale, E. E Vol. 1, pp. 150-156, The Flight of the Kickapoos. 20

Vol. 2, pp. 141-242, The Cherokee Question, Thoburn, Joseph B. Vol. 2, pp. 380-392, Horace P. Jones, Scout and Interpreter, Thoburn, J. B. Vol. 4, pp. 34-44, A Nearly Forgotten Fragment of Local History, Ream, R. L. Vol. 5, pp. 221-234, Historic Spots and Actions in the Washita Valley to 1870 (Leavenworth Dragoons, etc.), Allgood, Samuel Y. Vol. 5, pp. 311-322, A Day with Colonel W. F. Cloud, Britton, Wiley. Vol. 6. pp. 328-347, Letters of the Two Boudinots, Dale, E. E. Vol. 6, pp. 348-353, The Fly Leaf, Methvin, J. J. Vol. 6, p. 449, Elizabeth Fulton Hester, Bostic, E. McCurdy. Vol. 7, pp. 170-171, Alvin Woods' Retreat from Prairie Grove, Phillips, Charles J. Vol. 8, pp. 35-41, The Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky Mountains, Thoburn, J. B. Vol. 9, pp. 359-364, Camp Napoleon, Lewis, Dr. Anna. Dale, E. E., A History of the Ranch Cattle Industry in Oklahoma, ch. 3. Dale, E. E., Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 9. Eaton, R. C, John Ross and the Cherokee Indians, chs. 19, 20. Fullerton, Eula E., Some Social and Political Institutions of the Cherokees 1820-1906, (Appendix—The Constitution of the Knights of the Golden Circle; Constitution of Keetoowahs.) Gittinger, Roy, Formation of the State of Oklahoma, ch. 5. Hill, Luther B., History of Oklahoma, Voi. 1, chs. 8, 9, 10. Malone, James H., The Chickasaw Nation, pp. 402-415. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 35-40. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History. Vol. 1, chs. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Vol. 2, Appendix 24-2, p. 828, Resolutions of Choctaw Council February 7, 1861. Appendix 24-3, p. 828, Resolutions of Chickasaw Council, February 8, 1861. Appendix 24-4, pp. 828-829, Report of Texas Commissioners, April 23, 1861. Appendix 24-5, p. 830, Reply of John Ross to the Confederate Com­ missioners, June 17, 1861. Appendix 24-6, p. 831, Act of Chickasaw Council, May 25, 1861. Appendix 25-1, pp. 832-834, Activities of the Vigilance Committee, Ed­ wards, Rev. John. Appendix 25-2, p. 834, Report of S. Orlando Lee. Appendix 25-3, p. 834, Opothleyahola's Attitude Toward the Confed­ erate Alliance. Appendix 26-1, p. 835, Tandy Walker's Letter, August 1, 1861. Appendix 26-3, p. 836, Address of Chief John Ross 1861 (1862). Appendix 26-4, p. 837, Report of Superintendent Coffin, February 13. 1862. Appendix 26-5, p. 838, The Indian Home Guard Regiments. Appendix 27-1, p. 838, Confederate Indian Forces in the Indian Ter­ ritory, May 4, 1862. Appendix 27-2, p. 838, Engagement at Locust Grove. 21

Appendix 27-3, p. 839, Colonel Salomon's Address, July 18, 1862. Appendix 27-4, p. 840, The Indian Expedition, August 1862. Appendix 27-5, p. 841, General Pike in the Civil War. Appendix 28-1, p. 841, The Return of the Refugees, 1863. Appendix 29-1, pp. 842-843, How Indian Troops were Regarded in The Two Armies. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History. Vol. 2, Appendix 29-4, pp. 845-847, Cattle Rustling in the Indian Territory Appendix 29-5, p. 847, Peter P. Pitchlyn. Appendix 29-6, p. 848, Tandy Walker. Appendix 29-7, p. 848, Stand Watie. Appendix 29-8, p. 849, Camp Napoleon Council and Compact, May 2d, 1865. Located as it was between two warring nations the Indian Territory could not escape entirely the unrest and general excitement apparent in the United States during the years just preceeding the outbreak of the War be­ tween the States. In the Cherokee Nation the disorder was most acute due largely to the feuds and factions which had existed among them since before the 'Removal.' The pro-slavery secret organization, the Knights of the Golden Circle, formed chapters in the Cherokee nation while the anti- slavery sympathizers used a group which was already organized, the Kee- toowahs or Pin Indians. At the outbreak of the war the Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes were under the Southern Superintendency, with headquarters at Fort Smith. When war began the Superintendent, Elias Rector, and all the agents under his direction went with the Confederacy and were retained by the Confed­ erate government for service. The United States withdrew its troops from the Indian country and also refused to forward funds to pay annuities on the plea that such monies and supplies might fall into the hands of the Confederates. This increased the dissatisfaction among the Indians and when the Confederate government sent General Albert Pike and Lieutenant Ben McCullough to make treaties of alliance, the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole were easily per­ suaded to sign. The Cherokees, under the leadership of John Ross, at first refused but in October 1861 they made an alliance with the Confederacy which was repudiated by Ross in February of the following year. Regardless of the fact that the tribes made treaties with the Confereracy there was a strong union element among the Creeks, Seminoles and Chero­ kees and the two factions soon came to war, a war more devastating and destructive than that waged by the two armies. The union sympathizers were driven into Kansas to seek shelter, food and clothing from the United States forces stationed there. The scarcity of supplies among the Union forces pre­ vented the giving of much assistance to the refugees with the result that many died from exposure and starvation. Then came invasions of the north­ ern armies into the Indian country and the Confederate sympathizers were in turn forced to flee from their homes to the Confederate camps in Texas where for the next two years they endured the miseries of cold, hunger and disease. Their property was in turn seized by the Union Indians or con­ fiscated by troops from the United States armies. In addition to the in­ vasion by the two armies and the strife engendered by the factions, the guer­ illas made a rendezvous of the Indian country leaving ruin in their wake. As a result much property belonging to both sides was destroyed and the war ended leaving the Indian country in a deplorable condition. 22

PROBLEM 10 Reconstruction in the Indian Empire and The Coming of the Plains Indians Anderson, Mabel, Life, of General Stand Watie, ch. 3. Beatty, Thomas C, Life and Adventures of a Quaker Among the Indians. Beckett, A. L., Know Your Oklahoma, ch. 3. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, pp. 243-252, Comanche Civilization, A History of Quanah Parker, Becker, Daniel A. Vol. 1, pp. 259-278, Reminiscences of the Washita Campaign, Murphy, John. Vol. 2, pp. 9-37, Military Reminiscences of Captain Richard T. Jacob. Vol. 2, pp. 98-119, Medicine Lodge Peace Council, Taylor, Alfred A. Vol. 2, pp. 141-253, The Cherokee Question, Cooley, D. N. Vol. 2, pp. 350-356, The Nineteenth Kansas' Cavalry in the Washita Campaign, Moore, Colonel H. L. Vol. 3, pp. 3-33, Battle of the Washita, Nesbitt, Paul. Vol. 3, pp. 33-45, 120-141, Journal of the General Council of the Indian Territory. Vol. 3, pp. 59-75, My Experience with the Cheyenne Indians, Keeling, H. C. Vol. 3, pp. 216-229, Okmulgee Constitution (1870) Vol. 3, pp. 229-253, History of the Construction of the Frisco Railway Lines in Oklahoma, Allhands, J. L. Vol. 3, pp. 253-289, Reminiscences of a Range Rider (1874) Henderson, J. C. Vol. 4, pp. 34-44, A Nearly Forgotten Fragment of Local History—Reams, R. L. Vol. 4. pp. 16-33, Life in the Cherokee Nation a Decade After the Civil War, Travis, V. A. Vol. 4, pp. 255-275, The Indian Territory in 1878, Adair, W. P. Vol. 5, pp. 79-95, Appendix 37—Report of Indian Commissioners (1870) Vol. 5, pp. 149-166, Early Telephone History of Oklahoma, Nobel, John M. Vol. 5, pp. 297-311, A Version of a Famous Battle, Lockard, F. M. Vol. 5, pp. 311-322, A Day With Colonel U. F. Cloud, Britton, Wiley. Vol. 5, pp. 397-400, The Peace Council Celebration at Medicine Lodge, Thoburn, J. B. Vol. 5, pp. 400-405, Chickasaw Courts—Conlan, Czarina. Vol. 6, pp. 60-68, The Work of the Early Choctaw Legislature, Fessler, W. J. Vol. 6, pp. 163-177, Some Reminiscenes of the Cherokee People Returning to their Homes, Britton, Wiley. Vol. 6, pp. 177-180, Interesting Anti-bellum Laws of the Cherokee Nation, Duncan, J. W. Vol. 6, pp. 260-270, Tradition of Cheyenne Indians, Seyes, J. H. Vol. 6, pp. 299-327, Intermarried-Whites in the Cherokee Nation, Murchison, A. H. Vol. 6, pp. 335-347, Letters of the Two Boudinots, Dale, E. E. 23

Vol. 6, pp. 445-448, Risks of Army Desertion on the Frontier, Thoburn, J. B. Vol. 6, pp. 481-528, Resolution from State Capitol, Mississippi Pioneer School Teaching at the Comanche-Kiowa Agency School, 1870- 73, Butler, Joseph. < Vol. 7, pp. 168-171, Cimarron Territory, Beck, T. E. Vol. 7, p. 331, A Historic Letter, Old Files. Vol. 8, pp. 272-281, The Battle of the Washita, Tahan. Vol. 9, pp. 171-179, Reconstruction in the Creek Nation, Morton, Ohland. Vol. 10, pp. 21-34, Events Among the Muskogees, Turner, C. W. Vol. 10, pp. 52-76, Chief Isparhecher, Meserve, John B. Collins, Hobert, Warpath and Cattle Trail, ch. 20. Conover, G. W., Sixty Years in Southwest Oklahoma. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L. Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 10. Dixon, Olive K., The Life of Billy Dixon. Eaton, R. C, John Ross and the Cherokee Indians, ch. 21. Gittinger, Roy, Formation of the State of Oklahoma, ch. 6. Hill, Luther B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. I; ch. 11. Kappler, C. J., Indian Laws and Treaties (Treaties of 1866 and 1867) (Required) Malone, J. H., The Chickasaw Nation, pp. 415-420. Methvin, J. J., In the Limelight. Office of Indian Affairs, No. 48, pp. 101-131. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 1, (Treaties 18G6-1867). Reports of Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1866-86. Seger, J. H., Early Days Among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 41, 42, 44, 45; Vol. 2, chs. 51-53; 55, 56. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History. Vol. 1, chs. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. Vol. 2, Appendix 30-1, pp. 850-851, Condition of the Freedmen at the End of the Civil War. Appendix 30-2, IX 852, Personnel of the Peace Commission. Appendix 30-3, P- 852, The Fort Smith Protocol. Appendix 30-4, P- 852, Inaugural Address of Governor R. J. Walker. Appendix 30-5, P- 853, Loyal Choctaws and Chickasaws. Appendix 30-6, P- 853, Faulty Government Indian Policy. Appendix 31-1, P- 854, Condition of the Seminoles at the End of the War. Appendix 31-3, P- 855, The Freedman Question Among the Choctaws and Chickasaws. Appendix 32-A, P , 85785' , The Medicine Lodge Peace Council. When the War between the States closed by the surrender of Robert E. Lee in the East and of E. Kirby Smith in the West, the Indians who had made treaties with the Confederacy were anxious to know their relation and standing with the United States government. They were asked to send commissioners to Fort Smith to meet with representatives from the United States and to arrange terms of peace. At this council the Indians were told that all former treaties were for- 24

feited by virtue of their having joined the Confederacy and having had a part in the rebellion. The Indians were asked to make new treaties including the following terms: slaves must be freed and granted tribal rights, and a share in tribal lands; the Indians must grant right of ways to railroads to cross their lands; and each nation must give up a portion of its lands to furnish homes for other Indians. The Indians refused to accept these terms and no definite action was taken at this time, but the following summer (1866) Commissioners were sent to Washington to conclude treaties of peace. These treaties included all the provisions mentioned above and several others of lesser importance. The Choctaw and Chickasaw made a joint treaty with the United States by which they released to the United States the district known as the 'leased lands' for a consideration of $300,000. The Cherokees agreed to allow the United States to settle friendly Indians in the Outlet. The United States did not pay the Cherokees but each group to be settled in the Outlet was to make its own agreement with the Cherokees; should they be unable to reach an agreement the United States was bo fix the price. The title to the Outlet remained with the Cherokees until a satisfactory price was paid to them. The Creeks released the western half of their lands to the United States as a home for friendly Indians receiving in payment the sum of thirty cents an acre. The Seminoles gave up all their lands for a considera­ tion of fifteen cents an acre and agreed to purchase new lands from the United States for fifty cents an acre. Their new lands were in the area re­ cently ceded by the Creeks to the United States. During the next two decades some twenty tribes of Indians were located upon these ceded lands. In the Cherokee Outlet were settled the Osage, Kaw, Ponca, Otoe and Missouri, Pawnee and Tonkawa, leaving some six million acres still unoccupied and consequently belonging to the Cherokee. The Shawnee, Pottawatomie, sac and Fox, Kickapoo were settled in lands ceded by the Creeks and Seminoles. The Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita, Caddo, Cheyenne and Arapho were located on the lands ceded by the Choctaw and Chickasaw leaving unoccupied some two and a half million acres, ceded by the Creek and Seminole, in the very center of the Indian Country. This tract of land was called the "Unassigned Lands" and later "Old Oklahoma."

PROBLEM 11 The Era of the Cattlemen Adams, Andy, Cattle Brands (any part) The Log of a Cowboy, chs. 9-13; Reed Anthony, Cowman (any part). Agricultural History Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 167-184, Those Kansas Jayhawkers, Dale, E. E. ' American Historical Association Report 1920, pp. 307-322. American Historical Review, Vol. 22, pp. 65-82, The Cow Country, Paxson, F. L. Beckett, A. L., Know Your Oklahoma, ch. 4. Branch, Douglas, The Cowboy and his Interpreters. Chittenden, W. L., Ranch Verses. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 3, pp. 253-289, Reminiscences of a Range Rider, Henderson, J. C. 25

Vol. 5, pp. 58-79, Cherokee Strip Live Stock Association, Dale, E. E. Vol. 6, pp. 35-59, Ranching on the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation, Dale, E. E. Vol. 7, pp. 188-187, Banking in Indian Territory During the 80's, Phipps, B. L. Vol. 9, pp. 153-154, The Cowboy, Orner, Frank C. Clark, Badger, Sun and Saddle Leather. Dale, E. E., A History of the Range Cattle Industry in Oklahoma. Dale, E. E., and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 11. Greer, Hilton R., Voices of the Southwest. Goodnight, Chas., Dubbs, E. and Hart, J. A., Pioneer Days in the Southwest. Hill, Luther B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1 ch. 13. Hough, Emerson, The Passing of the Frontier, chs. 2, 3, 4. North of 36. The Story of the Cowboy. Hunter, J. Marvin, Trail Drivers of Texas. 2 volumes. James, Will, The Lone Cowboy: Sand; Oow Country; The Drifting Cowboy; Cowboys, North and South. Lomax, John A., Cowboy Songs. McCoy, Joseph G., Historical Sketches of the Texas Cattle Trade (any part) Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. If), Fifty Years on the Old Frontier, Cook, James H. Nimmo, Joseph, Range and Ranch Cattle Traffic. Osgood, F. S., The Day of the Cattleman. Parris, Randall, The Great Plains, pp. 314-325. Post, C. C, Ten Years a Cowboy. Raine, W. M. and Barnes, W. C, Cattle. Reports of Committee on Indian Affairs, Parts 1, 2, and 3, 49 Congress 1 Sossion. Rster, Carl Coke, The Southwestern Frontier, pp. 127-144, The Jacksboro Indian Affair of 1871 pp. 221-241, The Buffalo as a Factor in the Development of the ISouthwest pp. 241-267, Problems of Frontier Life pp. 267-295, Influence of the Cattle Industry on the Frontier pp. 295-311, Building of Railways. Rollins, P. A., The Cowboy (any part) Senate Executive Documents, No. 17, 48 Congress, 1 Session, Vol. VIII, Serial No. 23 62; No. 54, 48 Congress, 1 Session, Vol. IV, Serial No. 2165. Senate Report 1278, 49 Congress, 1 Session, Vol. VIII Serial No. 2362. Stansbury, Lon, Passing of the Three D. Ranch. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, ch. 43; Vol. 2, chs. 54, 55, 56. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 2, chs. 38, 39. Townsend, Lee, Open Range (any part). 26

Wheeler, Colonel Homer W., The Frontier Trail, or From Cowboy to Colonel. Wright, Robert, Dodge City, The Cowboy Capital. The settlement of Oklahoma may be roughly divided into three periods with approximate dates as follows: 1820-1880—settlement by Indians; 1880- 1889—settlement by both Indians and whites; 1881 to present—settlement by white men. The date, 1880, marks th© coming of the last tribe of plains Indians, and incidentally the end of the Indian Empire. The next decade is a transitional period, a peculiar overlapping of the first and third periods and is the pastoral stage of development in our state history. The ranch cattle Industry has existed in the United States from earliest colonial times but only on a small scale; its real beginning may be said to date from the close of the War between the States. When the Texas soldiers returned home after 1865 they found immense herds of cattle roaming the vast plains, and the problem of a market for this surplus stock became the leading issue among the Texas people. About 1870 some, more daring than the others, began the 'northern drive' in an attempt to get their cattle to market or to new ranges in the northwest. Texas, because of its warm climate, became the breeding grounds while the northern ranges became the feeding grounds. Between these two ranges lay the great Indian Territory with its acres of untouched but inviting pasture lands. Perhaps the first herds to cross the Indian country were small, straggling herds, but not for long, however. The beef contractor pastured his herds on these grounds and soon immense herds were moving across the Indian Country, with or without permission of the Indians or the United States officials. Ranchmen now sought to arrange for permanent pastures in the Indian country. These requests were refused by the government officials but in spite of this large areas were soon occupied by the ranchman with his herds. Often the Indians themselves leased their lands to the cowmen as in the case of the Cherokee who leased the entire remaining portion of the Outlet, some six million acres, to the Cherokee Strip Live Stock Association. The "Oklahoma Country" and the Cheyenne-Arapaho, and Kiowa-Comanche re­ servations also were occupied. There were three principal trails across the present Oklahoma: the Western Trail, crossing the Red River at Doan's Store and moving north to Dodge City; the Chisholm Trail crossing the river near present site of Wichita Falls and going north through Fort Reno to Abilene; the Shawnee Trail crossing the river north of Fort Worth, where it divided, the western branch was known as the Shawnee West and had as its destination Junc­ tion City, the eastern branch connected with the1 railroad at Baxter Springs, however, many herds were driven on through Missouri either to Kansas City or St. Louis. As might be expected there was much dissatisfaction and trouble be­ tween the Indians and the cattlemen particularly in the Cheyenne-Arapaho country and the United States sent General Phil Sheridan to remove the cattlemen and their herds and restore order and quiet among the Indians. This was done but the cattlemen were soon back again. In the meantime a new movement had begun; as good homesteads became scarce the farm­ ers along the border began to demand the opening of the Indian lands to settlement. They argued that if the Indian lands were available for the cowmen they should also be open for homesteaders. Thus the prospect at the ranchmen and their herds in the Indian country helped foster the "Boomer Movement" and at a later date had a powerful influence upon the question of opening Oklahoma to white settlement. £7 PROBLEM 12 Struggle for Opening to the Settlement and The First Opening Adams, Andy, In the Hands of His Friends (In Cattle Brands) Beckett, A. L., Know Your Oklahoma, chs. 5, 6. Byington, Le Grand (Compiler), Laws of Oklahoma 1890, pp. 979-983. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, pp. 48-62, A Pioneer Railroad Agent, Durham, Arthur W. Vol. 3, pp. 75-81, Early Days in Payne County, Guthrey, E. Bee. Vol. 4, pp. 200-201, April 22, 1889, Gaines, Ina (poem) Vol. 7, p. 57, Tribute to the Old Settlers of Oklahoma, An 89er, Orner, J^rank C. Vol. 7, pp. 266-277; pp. 375-387; Vol. 8, pp. 13-34, A Tribute to D. L. Payne, Osburn, W. H. Vol. 8, pp. 1-12, Early Day Courts and Lawyers, Bierer, A. G. C. Custer, Elizabeth, Tenting on the Plains. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History, chs. 12, 13. Gittinger, Roy, Formation of the State of Oklahoma, ch*. 7, 8, 9. Hill, Luther B., History of the State of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs, 17, 18, 20, 21. Homestead Act, 1862, Any Economic History of United States. Kay County Oklahoma 1890, pp. 979-983. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 1, pp. 423-425, President's Proclamation. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, chs. 63, 64. Thoburn, J. L. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History. Vol. 2, chs, 40, 41, 42. Vol. 2, Appendix 40-1, pp. 887-888, Colonel Boudinot's Letter (Concerning lands in Indian Territory.) Appendix 40-2, p. 888, David L. Payne. Appendix 40-3, p. 889, General John Pope's Report on Payne. Appendix 40-5, p. 890, War Chief's Charges. Appendix 40-6, p. 890, Colonel Boudinot's Recommendation. Appendix 40-7, pp. 890-891, Comments of General Miles and Sheridan en the Indian Territory. Appendix 41-1, p. 891, Croker's Account of the Oklahoma Delegation in Washington. Appendix 41-2, p. 892, The Indian Delegations at Washington. Appendix 41-3, p. 892, Proposed Purchase of the Cherokee Outlet. Appendix 42-1, p. 893, The Opening. Appendix 42-2, p. 893, Business Summary of a New Town (Oklahoma City) Appendix 42-3, pp. 893-894, Lost His Claim but Saved His Honor. Appendix 43-1, p. 894, Sooners Dispossessed. Appendix 43-3, pp. 894-896, Horses that Helped to Make History. (Read the 1862 Homestead Act) According to one provision of the treaties of 1866 and 1867 the Indians 28 of the Five Civilized groups agreed to allow railroads to build through their countries, and very soon charters were granted to several railways to con­ struct lines' across the present state of Oklahoma. All the charters carried land grants provided the Indian Territory lands were opened to settlement and ever became a part of the public domain of the United States. As a result of this provision the railroads early began to urge the opening of the Indian lands to white settlement. In the agitation for opening the railroads were soon joined by the pioneer farmers who were advancing westward on either side of Oklahoma. The Kansas border towns and St. Louis, Chicago and Kansas City joined with the railroads and farmers. The opposition group was led by the ranchmen, ably seconded by the Indians and the missionaries. Also with this group were the whiskey ped­ dlers, the outlaws and fugitives who were in hiding in this country, and the intermarried whites who feared that white settlement might interfere with some of their operations and activities. There were certain charitable or­ ganizations -in the east who objected to the opening on the grounds that the treaty rights of the Indians were being violated. It was in 1879 that a Chicago paper called attention to the fact that the region known as Old Oklahoma was public domain and as such subject to homestead entry. This article was written by Elias Cornelius Boudinot, a Cherokee lawyer, and T. C. Sears, a railroad attorney. An attempt was made to settle this land according to the Homestead Law of 1862 but the federal government stationed troops here to prevent such settlement. The following year, 1880, David L. Payne led his first Boomer invasion into Oklahoma. This invasion was followed by a second and a third in­ vasion but each time the invaders were removed by soldiers. Payne was arrested and taken to Fort Smith for trial but no charges were preferred against him so he was released. Payne died in 1884 and the Couch Brothers became the leaders of the Boomers. Finally the United States made an agreement with the Creeks and Seminoles by which the latter surrendered any claim to their former holdings and the United States was free to settle whites there instead of friendly Indians as provided by the treaties of 1866-67. In 1889 a rider attached to the Indian Appropriation Bill provided for the opening of "Old Oklahoma" or the "Unassigned Lands" to settlement. President Cleveland signed this bill but it remained for the new president, Benjamin Harrison, to issue the proclamation for the opening. This pro­ clamation was signed March 23 and the opening was for April 22. During the thirty days people gathered from all parts of the United States hoping to secure homes. Promptly at 12 o'clock noon the soldiers in charge gave the signal and fifty thousand people began the race for homes. The white settlement of Oklahoma had begun.

PROBLEM 13 Later Openings Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 1. pp. 60-90, History of No Man's Land, Wardell, M. L. Vol. 2, pp. 298-310, Red River and The Spanish Boundary in the Supreme Court, Foreman, Grant. Vol. 2, pp. 395-397, Oklahoma City's Indian Scare, McNabb, Chas. 29

Vol. 3, pp. 141-152, Pioneers and Pioneering in Woods County, Dunn, J. J. Vol. 3, pp. 289-295, An Incident in the Early History of Dewey County, Northup, Frank D. Vol. 4, pp. 89-100, No Man's Land, Brown, E. E. Vol. 5, pp. 287-297; Southwest's History Written in Oklahoma's Boundary Story, Wardell, M. L. Vol. 7, p. 57, Tribute to the Old Settlers of Oklahoma, Orner, Frank C. Voi. 9, pp. 365-381, The Great Lottery, Estill, Emma. Vol. 9, pp. 268-286, 454-475; Vol. 10, pp. 115-139, Opening of the Cherokee Outlet, Milam, J. B. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L. Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 13. Gittinger, Roy, Formation of the State of Oklahoma, ch. 10. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 1, Opening Proclamations, Old Oklahoma, p. 423, Pottawatomie, p. 437, Iowa, p. 449, Sac and Fox, p. 459, Cheyenne and Arapaho, pp. 473-475, Cherokee Outlet, p. 486. Rainey, Geo., The Cherokee Strip. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 2,' chs. 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 70. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 2, No Man's Land, pp. 522-526, ch. 43. The people who made the race for homes that memorable April day 1889 were a most cosmopolitan group, coming from almost every state in the union, from all walks in life, from vocations ranging from preacher to saloon keeper, gamblers, horse thieves and bankers, some bent on securing homes, others in making a living by scheming and filching the unsuspecting hcmtsteaders'. Nevertheless this group had certain traits in common, they were young, active and energetic, determined to conquer the prairies, the wilderness or whatever other obstacle might present itself. No one knows with any degree of accuracy how many people came into Oklahoma that first day, various estimates place the number from twenty-five to seventy thousand. The picturesque and romantic accounts of the "Run" which appeared in newspapers and magazines created a widespread interest in Oklahoma with the result that Oklahoma became the land of romance and adventure. This interest was fostered and sustained by other openings during the next decade and a half until the entire area west of the Five Civilized groups was in­ cluded within the limits of Oklahoma Territory, the organization of which is discussed in the next problem. Below is a complete list of openings, dates and methods. 1. Old Oklahoma 1889 Run 2. Panhandle (No Man's Land) 1890 Organic Act 3. Sac and Fox, Iowa, Shawnee and Pottawatomie 1891 Run 4. Cheyenne-Arapaho 1892 Run 5. Cherokee Outlet (Strip) Pawnee and Tonkawa 1893 Run 6. Kickapoo 1895 Run 7. Greer County 1896 Supreme Court Decision 8. Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita. 1901 Lottery 9. Ponca, Otoe and Missouri 1904 Allotment 10. Big Pasture 1906 Auction 11. Osage and Kaw 1906 Allotment 30

By far the most exciting plan was the Run, and the largest area opened at any one time was the Cherokee Outlet. But there was a spirit of daring and adventure, in the lottery plan that made of this scheme something new in history. Thus within a period of seventeen years an area of millions of acres changed from hunting grounds, ranches or barren prairies into a well organized territory; farms were improved, roads and bridges built, school houses and churches erected, cities sprang up as if by magic and the resi­ dents of this country were clamoring for admission as a state.

PROBLEM 14 Oklahoma Territory 1889-1907 American Review of Reviews, 25: 177-178, Feb. 1902, Oklahoma and Indian Territory as They are Today, Harger, C. M. American Review of Reviews, 32: 310-319, Sopt. 1905, Oklahoma, A Vigorous Commonwealth, Matson, C. H. Byington, Le Grant (Compiler) Laws of Oklahoma, 1890. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, pp. 319-324, The Struggle for the Removal of the Territorial Capitol, Perry, Dan W. Vol. 3, pp. 229-253, History of the Construction of the 'Frisco Railway Lines in Oklahoma, Allhands, J. L. Vol. 7, pp. 281-322, 419-457; Vol. 8, pp 94-127, The First Two Years', Perry, Dan W. Vol. 9, pp. 71-105, The Dawes Commission, Brown, Loren N. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 14. Evarts, Hal G., Tumbleweeds. Hill, Luther B., History of the State of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 22, 23. Nix, E. D.. Oklahombres. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 1, Organic Act, pp. 426-436; Curtis Act, pp. 541-551; Atoka Agreement, pp. 520-540. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 2, pp. 167-235, History of State Institutions. Reports of the Territorial Governors, Government Printing Office, Oklahoma Red Book Vol. 2. (See Index) Stewart, Dora, Development of Oklahoma Territory. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, ch. 69. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History. Vol.. 2, ch. 44, pp. 546-551, Vol. 2, Appendix 56-1, p. 924, Oklahoma City's Bank Run. Appendix 56-2, pp. 925-928, Agitation for Territorial Government. Tilghman, Zoe, The Dugout. Tilghman, Zoe, Outlaw Days. Tindall, John H. N., Makers of Oklahoma. Wisconsin Academy Transactions, Vol. 15, The Settlement of Oklahoma, Buck, Solon J. As first organized, Oklahoma Territory consisted of seven counties, six from the territory included in Old Oklahoma and the seventh was old No- Man's Land which was organized as Beaver County. The' Organic Act made 31

provision that as other lands were opened to settlement they should become a part of Oklahoma Territory. As a result of later openings there were twenty-six counties at the time of statehood. The Organic Act provided for the organization of Oklahoma Territory, and according to the Congressional Act of 1789 the government of the new territory would be vested in a governor, secretary of state and a supreme court, all appointed by the president. There was also to be a legislature elected by the people. This was to consist of an Upper House of thirteen members and a Lower HOuse of twenty-six members. The supreme court judges were three in number and they also acted as district judges. As the Territory increased in size the number of judges was increased until at the time of statehood there were seven. Each caunty was to have its own local government as were the towns and cities. The Organic Act extended the laws of Nebraska over the new Territory, until the legislature could meet and form a code of laws of its own. The territorial governors were: Geo. W. Steele, A. J. Seay, W. C. Renfrow, C. M. Barnes, W. M. Jenkins, T. B. Ferguson, and Frank F'rantz. All re­ publicans except W. C. Renfrow. According to the Act of 1789 each territory was to have a delegate in the Lower House of Congress who might speak there but had no vote. The Ok.ahoma delegates were in order, David A. Harvey, 1890-1893; Dennis T. F^ynn, 1893-1897; James Y. Callahan, 1897-1899; Dennis T. Flynn, 1899-1902; Bird S. McGuire, 1902 to Statehood. Dennis T. Flynn is perhaps the best known for his securing the passage of the Free Homes Bill in 1900. Oklahoma Territory developed rapidly, the later openings adding new lands, and an increasing population. Farm products increased in volume and in price. The houses changed from rude cabins, sod houses, half and halfs, and dugouts to substantial frame dwellings. Barns, machine sheds, hay barns and silos were constructed. Large herds of beef and dairy cattle past­ ured on the prairie grass; in the northwest section were wheat fields several acres in extent; in other sections corn, cotton, alfalfa or fruits were the principal crops. As time passed more and more attention was given to the breeding of better live stock until today some exceptionally fine herds of hogs and cattle are raised In Oklahoma. Poultry was not neglected and many families had as their industry a flock of chickens or turkeys which brought them a comfortable income. As the years passed and the struggle of a pioneer people to conquer a new soil no longer existed more attention was given to the cultural develop­ ment; the common schools were improved, high schools were established, a Territorial University, A Normal School and an Agricultural College were established; qualifications for teaching were raised and the rude school house with a few rough benches, with a few children and a few books all in charge of the itinerant teacher passed into oblivion along with the sod houses and dugouts, and Oklahoma Territory began to justify the faith of those hardy pioneers who gave so much and risked so much that later generations might enjoy the results of these early labors.

PROBLEM 15 The Development of Indian Territory Benedict, John, History of Muskogee and Eastern Oklahoma, Vol. 1, (any part). Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, pp. 63-75., Courts of the Cherokee Nation, Thompson, Wm. P. 32

Vol. 4, pp. 16-31, Life in the Cherokee Nation, Travis, V. A. Vol. 9, pp. 71-105, The Dawes Commission, Brown, L. N. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History, ch. 15, ch. 16, pp. 640-677. Douglas, C. B., History of Tulsa, Vol. 1, ch. 2 Fullerton, Eula E., Some Social and Political Institutions of the Cherokees. ch. 5. Gittinger, Roy, jFormation of the State of Oklahoma, ch. 11. Harmon, S. W., Hell on the Border. Hill, Luther V., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 14, 15, 16, 24, 25. O'Beirne, H. F., Leaders and Leading Men of the Indian Territory. O'Beirne, H. F. and E. S., The Indian Territory: Its Chiefs, Legislators and Leading Men. Oklahoma Indian Lands Laws (any chapter) Ch. 66, Atoka Agreement Ch. 58, Temporary Government for Indian Territory. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 1, Atoka Agreement, pp. 520-540, Curtis Act. pp. 541-551. Reports of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Reports of Agent for Union Agency. Schrneckebier, L. F., Officer of Indian Affairs, ch. 1, pp. 1-135. Thoburn, J. B., A History of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, chs. 72-73-74. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel, Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 2, ch. 46, Vol. 2, Appendix 37-1, p. 880, Race in Railroad Building. Appendix 37-2, p. 880, The First Railroad in Oklahoma. Appendix 37-3, p. 880, Construction of the Katy Across the Choctaw Country. Mention has been made of the ruin and devastation which occurred in the Indian country during the War Between the States. Perhaps no section of the Confederate nation was in a worse condition than was this Indian area. With the close of the war however these people set to work to remove all traces of war from their country. Homes were rebuilt, orchards were re­ planted, fields were plowed and seeded, the farms were restocked and a general air of industry pervaded the entire country. Thus for a second time these expatriates rose above injustice, envy, greed, strife and hatred and reestablished their nations. There was a gradual healing of factions and feuds and a measure of prosperity returned to the Indian country. The govermental institutions of the Five Civilized groups were not greatly changed after the War Between the States. The existing constitutions were amended to meet the terms of the 1866 treaties. There were some interesting features in these Indian govern­ ments. Lands were held in common by all members of the tribe, there were no taxes, only trading fees and licenses. There was an abundance of wild fruits, nuts, game and fish, the soil was fertile and rainfall sufficient to mature abundant crops and there was excellent pasturage for live stock. There were two classes of Indians—the well-to-do who lived in com- nodious' houses not unlike the old mansion houses of the south. They were most hospitable, often entertaining on a most elaborate scale. They occupi­ ed themselves by caring for their farms and stock and having a part in the political and' social life of the nation. Their sons and daughters were often sent East to college after having completed the work offered in the National Seminaries. The other side of the picture is not so attractive. The full- bloods often lived in rude cabins depending on a small patch of corn, another 33 patch where pumpkins, beans and other vegetables were raised, a few cows and hogs, for a livelihood and for sustenance. And although there were no national taxes the governments were frequently extravagant and at times corrupt. Towns were small and far apart, roads were bad and bridges few. Worst of all, the Indian Territory became a rendezvous for white outlaws, horse thieves and criminals from nearby states. Many inaccessible portions of these nations earned a name for outlawry which persists even today, such as the Cookson Hills in the Cherokee Nation. These bad whites together with bad Indians caused much trouble, with the result that law and order were maintained with difficulty. Many whites came into the Indian Territory under permits issued by the tribal governments. These permits gave the holder the right to live and work in the territory of the tribe, and under certain restrictions they could operate a business but under no conditions could they own any land or have a part in the government of the nation. At first there were no free schools for the children of whites so the children were either sent out of the nations or tutors were employed by the parents. Despite these conditions the number of whites living in Indian Territory steadily increased until at statehood there were many more whites than Indians in the Indian Country. Both the United States and the whites living in the Indian Country were anxious to provide a better government for the Indian Territory and in Feb­ ruary, 1887 the act creating the Dawes Commission was passed by Congress and signed by the President. As passed the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles, and Cherokees as well as the Osages, Miamis, Peorias and Sac and Fox were excepted from its provisions although they were perhaps more nearly ready for allotment than any other group. In March 1893, as a rider to the Indian Appropriation measure a bill was passed creating a commission to deal with the Five Civilized Tribes concerning allotment. In November 1893 President Cleveland made his appointments to the commission. As chairman he named Henry L. Dawes, other members were Meridith H. Kidd of Indiana and Archibald S. MeKennon of Arkansas. From time to time changes were made in the personnel of this com­ mission and the number was increased to seven. During the first three years little was accomplished. None of the Indian groups favored the allow­ ing of the land but with the Atoka Agreement and the passage of the Curtis Act the work progressed steadily although slowly and by 1900 the United States was almost in complete control in the Indian Territory. The Tribal governments were still in existence, but they had little power except to act as agents in managing the business affairs of the tribes. There were no courts to enforce tribal laws since the courts were abolish­ ed by the Curtis Act and the laws of Arkansas were extended over the Ind.an Territory. A system of public schools was established in 1899 and John D. Benedict was appointed supervisor of education. "The Development of Indian Territory was very different from that of Oklahoma Territory. Indian Territory was settled by a slow steady entrance of whites, most of whom came from Arkansas, Texas, Missouri and Kansas. Oklahoma Territory was settled by a series of 'run' or 'rushes' which brought in great numbers at one time from almost every part of the United States." (Buchanan and Dale) By 1893 the small groups of Indians living in northeastern Oklahoma were allotted lands under the Congressional Acts of 1837 and 1889. From the year 1871 the United States government refused to recognize the Indian Tribes as nations and treated them as wards, administering their affairs from various agencies established within the present state of Okla- 34

homa. The affairs of the Osage and Kaw were handled by the Osage Agency at Pawhuska; the Ponca, Otoe and Missouri, Pawnee and Tonkawa were under the Ponca Agency,, near the present Ponca City; the Iowa, Sac and Fox, Kickapoo, Pottawatomie and Shawnee were under the Sac and Fox agency between the present towns of Prague and Stroud; the Cheyenne and Arapaho agency at Darlington; the Kiowa Agency at Anadarko dealing with the Kiowa, Comanche, Apache, Wichita and Caddo; the Union Agency at Mus­ kogee for the Choctaw, Chickashaw, Creek, Cherokee and Seminole and the Neosho Agency near Quapaw for the Miami, Peoria, Ottawa, Seneca, Shaw­ nee East, Modoc, Wyandotte and Quapaw Indians. The Indian agent had charge of the legal business and was the connecting link between the govern­ ment and the Indians. In addition to the agent there .was a farmer, a doctor, and a nurse who looked after the welfare of the various individuals in the groups. As the work of the Dawes Commission progressed the agitation for state­ hood for the two territories increased and as the work neared completion it was evident that there would be statehood but not for each territory. There would be one state for the two territories. This statehood movement will be discussed in detail in the next problem.

PROBLEM 16 Statehood Allen, C. M., The Sequoyah Movement. Buchanan, James S. and Dale, E. E., A History of Oklahoma, pp. 272-285. Ellis, N. A., Oklahoma Constitutional Convention, The Great Seal of the State. , „ Gittinger, Roy, Formation of the State of Oklahoma, ch. 12. Thoburn, J. B., Hisory of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, p. 922. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention, Vol. 2, pp. 765-780. Hill, Luther B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, chs. 26-29. Thoburn, J. B., and Wright, Muriel, Oklahoma, A History, Vol. 2, ch. 47. Read the Enabling Act. From the time Oklahoma Territory was organized in 1890 there was more or less agitation for statehood. Some wanted Oklahoma admitted at once; others favored waiting until the work of the Dawes Commission should be completed and the two territories admitted as one state. This was known as "single statehood' while the plan to make two states of the region was known as "separate" or "double statehood." The work of the Dawes Commission was finished in 1905 and in August of that year the Chiefs and leaders of the ^Five Civilized Tribes called a convention to meet in Muskogee for the purpose of making a state con­ stitution for Indian Territory alone. This constitution was submitted to tht people of the Indian Territory and ratified by a large majority., It was then presented to Congress which promptly rejected it. This convention has a place however in the history of our State since the leaders in the Sequoyan convention became the leaders in the convention which finally wrote the constitution for the state of Oklahoma. In 1906 Congress passed the Enabling Act, providing that Oklahoma and Indian Territory be joined to make one state. The Act also provided for a constitutional convention to be held at Guthrie to draft a constitution. This convention was to consist of one hundred twelve delegates, fifty-five from 35

Oklahoma Territory, fifty-five from Indian Territory and two from the Osage Nation. Five million dollars was appropriated as a school fund for the Indian Territory in lieu of any land which could be designated as school land and one hundred thousand dollars was appropriated to pay the expenses of the convention. The Act also provided that prohibition must be estab­ lished in the Indian Territory part for a period of twenty-one years. The capitol was to remain at Guthrie until 1913. , The delegates met in Guthrie in the fall of 1906, ninety-nine democrats, one independent and twelve republicans, the latter often referred to as the "twelve apostles." (In the Blue Valley Farmer, June 15, 1933, Gov. Murray names thirteen republicans.) The convention was dominated largely by the group who had been lead­ ers the year before at the Sequoyah Convention in Muskogee. Wm. H. Murray was elected president. Other prominent members were W. C. Hughes cf Oklahoma City, Henry S. Johnson of Perry, Charles N. Haskell of Muskogee, W. A. Ledbetter of Ardmore, Robert L. Owen, Durant. The political com­ plexion was strongly democratic. John M. Young of Lawton was chosen Secretary; William A. Durant was Sergeant-at-arms; the Reverend Mr. Naylor was Chaplain. The convention remained in session from November 1906 to July 1907 with three short intermissions. On July 24, 1907, Governor Frantz issued a proclamation fixing September 17 as the date for election to vote upon the ratification of the Constitution. At the same time the people voted for state and county officers who had been previously nominated by primaries or conventions; the people of Oklahoma voted on the question of state wide prohibition. The constitution was ratified by a large majority while pro­ hibition won by a comparatively low margin. President Roosevelt signed the Statehood Proclamation November 16, 1907 and this same day Charles N. Haskell was inaugurated governor of the Staie of Oklahoma—so another, epoch closes.

PROBLEM 17 The Constitution Beckett, A. L., Know Your Oklahoma, pp. 1-49. Buchanan, J. S. and Dale, E. E., History of Oklahoma, pp. 286-289 Alley, John and Blachly, F. F., Elements of Government. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 2, pp. 75-93, Origin of County Names in Oklahoma. Dale, E. E. and Rader, J. L., Readings in Oklahoma History. Oklahoma Red Book, Vol. 2, p. 1, Description of Great Seal, State Banner and State Emblem; pp. 13-167, State Departments. The convention which met in Guthrie for the greater part of eight months from November 1906 to July 1907 was for the most part a group of young men. Mr. Murray, ninth governor of the state, was only thirty-seven years of age and Charles N. Haskell who became first governor was only forty-five. It was a group of earnest, industrious, progressive men, from many parts of the United States, renresenting many professions and trades from farmer to preacher, including bankers, lawyers, and university pro­ fessors. They were anxious to make the new constitution one of the best in the United States, drawing from the constitutions of all other states in the union. 36

As finally submitted the constitution has many features which make it both remarkable and unusual. The Oklahoma Constitution contains many provisions ordinarily left for legislative or statute enactment. Its length also makes it unusual among state constitutions; it contains some fifty or sixty thousand words; It covers one hundred twenty-two pages, an average size book; (Twenty-nine pages deal with establishing counties and locating boundaries); it makes provision for direct legislation through the initative and referendum, (first used in North Dakota 1898); it contains long pro­ visions relating to corporations and labor. Among the somewhat unusual provisions are the "fellow-servant rule," the provisions dealing with con­ tributing negligence, cases of contempt of court and the verdict of juries in civil and minor cases. Practically all state offices are elective and the term and salary definitely fixed in the constitution, the salary subject to change by the legislature. Following the example of other southern states the Constitution of Oklahoma provided for a system of separate schools. By some the constitution is considered radical, by others—progressive. It makes eight hours a day's labor on public work and in mines. The governor is chosen for four years and cannot succeed himself. The legis­ lature is composed of two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives. Senators are elected for a term of four years, representatives for two years. Altogether the constitution contains twenty-four articles and three hundred forty-six sections, many of which contain several paragraphs.

PROBLEM 18 i Oklahoma Under State Government Alley, John, Elements of Government. Blachly, Frederick, Government of Oklahoma. Brooks, John S., First Administration of Oklahoma. Evans, Charles, Lights on Oklahoma History. Gordon, N. A., The Second Administration. , Hines, Gordon, Alfalfa Bill. Logan, David, The Structure of Oklahoma Government. McAlester, W. C, State Election Board. Oklahoma Statutes 1919, 1921, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1931 (324.976) Primary and General Election Laws. (Ok 4e ) Report of Corporation Commission, Vols. 1, 4, 5. Report of Department of Charities and Corrections, 1908, 1910, 1912, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930. Reports of the Governor, Biennial Message 1913 and 1931. Report of the State Health Department, 1921. Rhine, J. J., Social and Community Problems of Oklahoma. Ryan, B'rederick L., The Story of Labor Legislation. Short, G. F., Oklahoma Laws Made Plain. State Auditors Report Ending June, 1930. State Auditors Report from 1930 to date. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, ch. 79. Thoburn, J. B., and Wright, Muriel H.,Oklahoma, A History, chs. 48, 49, 50. November 16, 1907, was a great day for Oklahoma, second only to April 37

22, 1889, and surely the greatest crowd ever assembled in Oklahoma to that time was collected at Guthrie on that day to witness the inauguration of Governor Charles N. Haskell and other state officials. The city of Guthrie had made elaborate preparations to care for her guests. In true western style a barbecue was planned to feed the, crowd, some twenty beeves having been butchered. Great quantities of pickles, onions, and bread were furnish­ ed and gallons of coffee served in tin cups. The crowd came in wagons, buggies, carriages and on horseback as well as by train. Men, women and children, mingled together, from all pans of the state, from all walks of life, the rich and poor, the well dressed and the shabbily dressed, some Indians in gorgeous colored blankets and elaborate head dress stalked majestically among the crowd, seemingly as well pleased as the whites that this event had come to pass. "Squalling babies, eager, excited children, tired-faced farm women, rough bearded pioneers, well dressed business men, and fashionably attired society matrons, all helped to make up the crowd that thronged the streets of the capitol city." The newspapers of the day give quite as much space to the elaborate wedding ceremony uniting Mr. Oklahoma and Miss Indian Territory as they do to the inaugural scene which occurred on the steps of the Carnegie Library building at 10:30 o'clock. This was the public taking of the oath of oifice, Governor Haskell having taken the oath privately some hours earlier. Following the inauguration Governor Haskell delivered his inaugural address which was received with tumultuous applause. Since the state was so over whelmingly democratic the election of the democratic candidates for senator was sure, and these men, Robert L. Owen and Thomas P. Gore each made a speech on that November day. Prohibibition was to go in force at midnight at which time all saloons must be closed and liquor sealed and stored to be shipped out of the state. One man in his account of the day's activities mentions that some men evinced determination "to see that as little as possible should be left at mid­ night to be sealed." It was perhaps well that the national guard was on hand to care for those who could not care for themselves. Other state officers were sworn in and the crowd dispersed. The day had become history. As provided in the Enabling Act Oklahoma had five members for the lower house of Congress until a new enumeration should be made. Those five were: Bird S. McGuire, Elmer L. Fulton, James S. Davenport, Charles D. Carter, and Scott Ferris. The first legislature remained in session from December 2, 1907 to May 26, 1608, almost six months. William H. Murray was speaker of the lower house of this legislature. This first group found it necessary to create much machinery for making the new constitution effective. It was also necessary to change various territorial statutes to make them conform to the new conditions of statehood. Many laws were passed, perhaps one of the most interesting was the law for a guaranty of deposits in state banks. The first general election in the state occurred November 1.908, and cast its f;rst vote for President, its electoral vote being for William Jenjiings Bryan. The second legislature, met January. 1909. Like the first it established certain schools and other state instituions. Perhaps its most significant law was the new election law. The question of changing the location of the capitol which had been fought so bitterly by Oklahoma City and Guthrie twenty years before came up again in 19C9. Under the terms of the Enabling Act it was to remain at Guthrie until 1913. This gave the people of Guthrie a feeling of assurance and they were much disconcerted when Governor Haskell yielded to popular 38 clamor and called for a vote on the question June 11, 1910. The vote showed a big majority in favor of Oklahoma City and although the people of Guthrie thought this meant after 1913, Governor Haskell decided otherwise and the capitol was forthwith moved to Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City was quite as much surprised at this sudden removal as was Guthrie. No preparations had been made for a temporary capitol but ere long suitable quarters were found and after a brief court fight the business of the state was transacted in due form from a temporary capitol. In Dale and Rader, pages 739 to 768, a review of events since statehood is given. As stated at the heading of the article many of the matters are of a controversial nature and may not be) historically correct but they have a value in that they give a fairly complete survey of events as they are viewed from the newspaper's viewpoint. In all fairness to those who have had the responsibility of making the laws many beneficial and constructive measures have been passed and are now in force as laws. Many experiments have been tried, some of which have been successful and others failures, yet the fact remains that in no state in the same space of time has as much been accomplished as had been accomplished by our own state—Oklahoma—since 1908.

PROBLEM 19 Economic Development Beckett, A. L., Know Your Oklahoma. Blachly, F. F. and Oatman, Miriam, Some Problems In Oklahoma Finance. Buttram, Frank, The Cushing Oil and Gas Field. Geological Survey Report No. 22, Mineral Resources of Oklahoma. Report No. 26, Lime Resources in Oklahoma. Report No. 28, Tripoli Deposits of Oklahoma. Report No. 29, Travertine Deposits of Oklahoma. Labor Department Reports, Bulletins 1908 to date. Mattoon, Wilbur R. and Phillips, George R., Forest Trees of Oklahoma (To date). Oklahoma Agriculture Bibliography. (A 630 976 U. S.) (Un 30 ) Oklahoma Almanac (317.66) (Ok 4) Oklahoma State Penitentiary Report 1926. Report of Corporation Commission, Railroad Map of Oklahoma, 1932. Reports of the Insurance Commissioner, 1910, '11, '13, '14, '16. State Game and Fish Warden (799. ) (Ok44) State Board of Agriculture Reports, Annual Report 1915; Biennial Report 1907-1903; Crop Summary 1929 (3 Vols.) History, 1929; Demonstration Farm 1913; Feed Inspection 1912; Crop Summary 1929. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, chs. 54, 55. Thuesen, H., Alphabetical Directory of Manufacturers. United States Department of Agricultural Economics and (633. ) Oklahoma State Board of Agriculture 1929. (Ok40) 39

The economic advance of Oklahoma since 1889 has been little short of marvelous. The early settlers were for the most part poor. Their dwell­ ings were often rude shelters, sod houses, dug-outs, or half-and-halfs. An occasional shanty or log cabin was seen but they were few because of the scarcity of timber in western Oklahoma. The houses were rudely furnished, home made benches, tables and beds, although now and then a rare piece of furniture was found having been brought in the wagon from the former home in the states. The food was such as could be raised on the "claims" or hauled long distances in wagons. Beans formed a staple article of diet, hogs and cattle furnished their share, then there were different vegetables, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, in fact a good variety of garden vegetables; the element most lack­ ing was fresh fruit. Practically no fruit grew wild, only the "squaw cherries" and a few other varieties of plums, and, orchards required several years to rtach the productive stage even in areas that are well adapted to their growth and in Oklahoma Territory orchard trees do not grow so well. About the only fruits which grow successfully are peaches and grapes. Often times kaffir corn was used for making flour. The clothing was of the poorest quality but such was their faith in the soil that the rugged pioneers struggled on, nothing daunted by drouths, hot winds, crop failures or hard water and gradually their faith and confidence were rewarded. New houses were seen, better and bigger barns, hay barns, machine sheds and granaries, were built to have their part in this new economic era which was dawning for them. There was a windmill on practically every quarter section. The later areas that were open for settle­ ment were not subject to such hardships as the older settlements with their improved farms and their villages. The railroads and better wiagon roads relieved the later settlers from the hardships endured by the settler's of Old Oklahoma and of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Country. Indian Territory also had made rapid progress in the years between 1889 and 1907 but the common ownership of the lands had been a deterring factor. With the alloting of the lands a new era dawned for this section of the state. Since statehood the economic development of Oklahoma has been more startling than in the era from 1889 to 1907. Most of the land in the easlern part of the state has passed into the control of whites or Indians with a large percentage of white blood in them. The oil industry and the development of the lead and zinc resources in the eastern half of the state has been equaled in wealth by the agriculture products of the western part, in fact the value of the mineral products has never equaled the value of the agricultural products. Towns and cities, the material evidence of an enlightened age, hp.ve developed because of industrial possibilities. Certain manufacturing indus­ tries have found a fertile soil for their development in the present Oklahoma. The varied agricultural products which can be grown in Oklahoma, the ihne;-al resources, the industries such as lumbering, meat packing and the subsidiary products from oil and many others of minor importance, together with the industrious class of people who have never lost faith in their state, have made Oklahoma one of the most prosperous states in the union, and tho statement, "that no other equal area in the world made such rapid material progress as did Oklahoma during the first quarter of the twentieth ccn'-ury" is undoubtedly correct.

urvLAHQ! UW COMMtSSiUW INDIVIDUAL LOAN 40

PROBLEM 20 Educational and Cultural Development Agriculture in Oklahoma Elementary Schools (630.7) (Ok4a) Books by Oklahomans and About Oklahoma, (Bibliography compiled by Lucy Ann Babcock, 1932). Brown, E. E. A Statistical survey by counties of Education in Oklahoma. Financing Oklahoma Schools, 1930. School Consolidation, 1926. Oklahoma School Laws. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, pp. 167-179, Spirit of Sooner Land, Dale, E. E. Department of Education (Oklahoma) Reports, 1912, 1916, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1926, 1930. Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College Yesterday and Today, (378.73 Ok4y) Paxton, Joseph F., Oklahoma Anthology. Thoburn, J. B., History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, ch. 80. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel H., Oklahoma, A History, chs. 51, 52, 53, 56, 57. U. S. Bureau of Education, Public Education in Oklahoma, 1922. The educational development of Oklahoma began with the establishment of national school systems by the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. They in turn are indebted to the missionaries who had worked among them before their removal to the west and who in many cases came west with them. By 1860 these groups had not only elementary schools but in each nation there were schools of higher learning, perhaps the best known were the Cherokee Male and Female Seminaries established at Park Hill in 1846. Almost as soon as Oklahoma was opened to settlement little schools sprang up in several places.. They were "subscription" schools but with the organizing of Oklahoma Territory in 1890 a system of schools was at once established. The first territorial legislature made appropriations for estab­ lishing a university, a normal school and an agricultural and mechanical college. Subsequent legislatures made further appropriations for normal schools and for a university preparatory school. Various denominational schools were established and the territorial common school system was placed under a territorial superintendent of schools and each county elected a superintendent of schools to serve for a term of two years. With the coming of statehood a great improvement was made in the school system. Three additional normal schools were created in the Indian Territory part of the new state as well as some junior colleges and technical schools. Common schools were established in the Indian Territory part of the state. With the improvement of highways and the general use of cars a movement for consolidating schools began and today in some counties there are no one room schools. The normal schools have been raised to the rank of teachers colleges, several district agricultural colleges have been establish­ ed, a four year college for girls has been created at Chickasha and the grad­ uate schools at the University and at the Agricultural and Mechanical Col­ lege have advanced rapidly, the University at present offering Doctor's de­ grees in a few departments. The oil industry has helped in the educational and cultural development 41 in at least two ways: the so-called oil towns have improved their school system and plant to the highest degree of efficiency due to the increased tax valuation; a second way, more people have the means to go to college and to pursue a higher learning in their chosen profession, vocation or avocation, many studying music, painting, or medicine abroad. Oklahoma has produced playwrights, columnists, short story writers, musicians, authors, and painters who have achieved a national and inter­ national reputation for their work. One enterprise which deserves especial mention is the encouragement which is being given to certain Indian students to preserve their tribal history, legends and traditions through the md um of painting. This movement is being sponsored by Oscar B. Jacob- son at the University of Oklahoma and to the present time a group of Kiowas and Acee Blue Eagle, Pottawatomie-Creek, have done some remarkable work. One or two Oklahomans have earned an enviable reputation in the field of architecture, having designed some very beautiful and unusual buildings. It is a far cry from the public school system of 1890 to the system of today, from the first semester's work at the University and at the Agricul­ tural and Mechancial College to the present semester, and from the "literary society" of the 90's to the excellent concerts of 1933, but such is history, one generation must make ready for the next and surely the efforts and am- b.tions of those hardy pioneers of the two preceeding generations are now being rewarded and realized.

PROBLEM 21 People and Events American Poets and Poetry (Vertical tile) Bibliography of Oklahoma Authors (In library) Butkin, B. A., Folk Say. Campbell, Mrs. Isabel (Mrs. W. S. Campbell), Jack Sprat. Canton, Frank M., Frontier Trails, ed. by E. E. Dale. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 4, pp. 207-210, The Passing of Our Pioneers. Vol. 4, pp. 283-286, Oklahoma's Only Daughter of the American Revolu­ tion, Arnote, Mrs. A. J. Vol. 5, pp. 283-333, Initial Point in Oklahoma, Rucker, Alvin. Vol. 7, pp. 34-54, Dedication of the Monument on Black Mesa, Gould, Chas. N. Vol. 8, pp. 339-342, The Last Days of Dr. Emmett Starr, Smith, Micah Pearce. Vol. 10, pp. 552-555, Col. John Nicks, Veteran of War of 1812, Foreman, Carolyn. Foreman, Grant, Pioneer Days in the Early Southwest; Indian as a Pioneer; The Indian Removal. Harlow, Rex, Oklahoma Leaders. Successful Oklahomans. George W. Austin. Hill, History of Oklahoma, Vol. 1, pp. 504-603. Hen-Toh, Yon-Doo-Shah-We-ah, (Nubbins) 42

James, Marquis, The Raven. Mathews, John Joseph, Wah'Kon-Tah. ! Milburn, George, Oklahoma Town. Morris, Mrs. Dan, Oklahoma, Yesterday and Today. Morrison, W. B., An Oklahoman Abroad. Nix, E. D., Oklahombres. Oklahoma Anthology. O'Bierne, H. and F., Leaders and Leading Men of the Indian Territory. Riggs, Lynn, Green Grow the Lilacs. Sergeant, Younger Poets. Sooners of the World War (940.3766 ) (Ok 46s ) (Vol. 1 No. 19) Thoburn, J. B., A History of Oklahoma, Vols. 5, 6, 7. Thoburn, J. B. and Wright, Muriel, Oklahoma, A History, Vols. 3 and 4. Tilghman, Zoe, Outlaw Boys Vestal, Stanley, Sitting Bull; Dobie Walls; Kit Carson. Welch, W., The Oklahoma Spirit of '17. Make a list of the twenty people whom you consider have made the greatest contribution to the history of Oklahoma and give reasons for your choice. No nation can rise above the standards and ideals of the inhabitants. This statement is just as true of a state, hence, it is important that we know something of the people who have directed the growth of the state of Oklahoma and some of, the events which have resulted from their direction.

: • &&**

- - ,.-• ' iii>i.