A Publication of the Pennsylva.nia Rural Water Association

Fall1994 Vol. VII, No. 3

Pennsylvania Rural Water Association

Serving Water/Wastewater I... Systems in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Rural Water Association 138 West Bishop Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823 (814) 353-9302 FAX: (814) 353-9341 Here is what people are saying PENNSYLVANIA about PRWA: RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION MOUNT UNION Borough Water Works Municipal Building Mount Union, Pennsylvania 17066 HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY James City, Pennsylvania July 22, 1994 July 12, 1994 Pennsylvania Rural Water Assoc. 138 West Bishop Street PA Rural Water Association Bellefonte, PA 16823 138 West Bishop Street BeJiefonte, PA 16823 Dear Sir, We want to thank you for the help you gave in finding several small Dear Sirs, leaks on July 18th. The one at Washington St. and Penna. Ave. was a slip-joint leak at On Wednesday, July 6, 1994, Chris Shutt performed a comprehensive the bell. We used a bell clamp to repair. It was leaking about 10 gal­ leak survey with our operator on our water system. The survey took six lons per minute. hours to do, and seven leaks were detected. The one at Washington and Water Sts. was at a mechanical joint We would like to thank Chris for his time. and we would also like to bell. The bolts needed tightened. It was leaking about 10 gallons per thank the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association for making Cluis available minute. to us. We thank Chris Shutt for his help. We feel that the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association provides a valu­ able service to small water suppliers like ourselves and think you should be Thank you, recognized for your efforts. Thank you. 73 "/},! re.<-¥\. h_ Sincerely, Boyd Runk, Foreman £M;;;~ Robert Poklar, Chairman Highland Twp. Mun. Auth.

Jay Township Authority Box 216, Weedville, PA 15868 MARYLAND RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION Phone (814) 787-4646 P.O. Box 4669 Salisbury, Maryland 21803 August31, 1994 (410) 749-9474 (410) 749-2415 Fax Pennsylvania Rural Water Association 138 West Bishop Street May 18, 1994 Bellefonte, PA 16823 Judy Muhel Dear Sirs: Groundwater Technician Pennsylvania Rural Water Assn. The Jay Township (Sewage) Authority would like to express our 138 West Bishop Street appreciation to PRWA and especially to your wastewater circuit rider Bellefonte, PA 16823 Mr. Charles Groff. The wastewater system in Jay Township is less than one year old, Dear Judy, and as expected there are some problems. Because we are a new system, we need to keep our expenses low, but at the same time we On behalf of the staff, Board of Directors and members of the Maryland also need to solve our Inflow/Infiltration (Ill) problems. This Is where Rural Water Association, I would like to express our sincere thanks for your PRWA come into the picture. participation at our Fourth Annual Technical Conference and Exposition. On August 15 and 16, 1994 Mr. Charles Groff arrived at our facility 1 received some very positive responses from the participants of your to assist and to teach our staff how to effectively perform smoke Groundwater Protection Seminar. testing. Although the testing did not find a major leak or break, it did We feel that this year's conference was a success, and that success is due show a number of minor contributors that when added together in part, to dedicated individuals such as yourself. Our hope for futu re years could be a main factor In solving our 1/1. is to make the conference bigger and better for the water professionals of Mr. Groff's knowledge, genuine concern, and professional manner Maryland; this can be accomplished with the help of individuals such as make him a most valuable asset to PRWA. Chuck not only assisted yourself. us for two days smoke testing, but also took time to attend our work­ Once again, thank you and if there is anything that I cru1 do to help you or shop In order to brief the board members on his findings and to pre­ your association, please don't hesitate to call. sent recommendations on corrective actions the Authority could pur­ sue. Sincerely, Again, thank you, PRWAand thank you, Chuck for your assistance! '-~~0t~ Sincerely, Melody Thomas Jay Township Authority Office Manager Maryland Rural Water Association PENNSYLVANIA RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION u[illw~~~® (_tl ~II@~ FOR AMERICA~ lfhe ~ystonef~~

PRWABOARD Articles and Features: OF DIRECTORS The President's Message ...... 3 Classified Ads ...... 4 Dave Quinn Guy Shaffer Controlling Thermal Expansion White Haven, Pennsylvania Bellefonte, Pennsylvania in Water Heater Systems ...... 6 President Assistant Sec.-Treas. Georgia Flood Diary ...... 12 Jan Gallo Patrick Regan PRWA Featured System ...... 15 Clymer, Pennsylvania Carrolltown, Pennsylvania Driver Sets Pace for Groundwater Protection .... 18 Vice President Director House Drinking Water Talks Collapse ...... 20 L. Edmund Wilson, Jr. Robert J. Blough II The Washington Report ...... 21 Alexandria, Pennsylvania Jennerstown, Pennsylvania PRWA State Conference and Exposition ...... 27 Secretary Director Groundwater Protection Starts at Home ...... 30 Teresa Rissmiller From Our Point of View ...... 30 Elizabeth, Pennsylvania PRWA System Members ...... 35 Treasurer Associate Members ...... 37 PRWA-Staff Membership News ...... 38 Stephen M. Krchnavy, Program Manager/CSO Meet Our New Staff ...... 39 William Keller, Wastewater Training Technician Judith M. Muehl, Groundwater Technician Down the Line ...... 39 Chris L. Shutt, Water Circuit Rider Judy Goes to School ...... 43 Charles Groff, Wastewater Circuit Rider One More Thing! ...... 45 Debra L. Fagan, Office Administrator What's On Tap ...... 45 Dick Eyler, Accountant Donna Miller, Membership/Training You Know What I Was Thinking ...... 45 DeeAna Baumgardner, Administrative Assistant Rash Limburger ...... 46 Featured Wastewater System ...... 49 Featured Water System...... 49 The Economics of Leak Detection & Repair. .. 52 Writing Your Representative ...... 58 NOTICE TO READERS Flash! Teamwork ...... 61 PUC Prior Approval of Transfers Reguired ..... 63 Pennsylvania Rural Water Association would like to Drips and Drops ...... 65 & 66 invite you to prepare a short article about your water/wastewater system or other topics which would The Diffuser ...... 68 be of interest to our readers. We also welcome articles PRWA Trainings ...... 72 from our Associate members. Share your news with us. Send your articles with black and white photographs, if The KEYSTONE TAP is the official publication of the PENNSYLVANIA available, to: RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION, 138 West Bishop Street, Bellefonte, PA 16823, and is published quarterty for distrtbution to representatives of Rural PRWA and Municipal Water Supplies. Issues are mailed free of charge to member 138 West Bishop Street rural water associations. Articles and photographs are encouraged with Bellefonte, PA 16823 payment in complimentary copies. For more information regarding this pub­ Tele: 814-353-9302/Fax: 814-353-9341 lication, contact the PRWA office, 138 West Bishop Street, Bellefonte, PA 16823, 814-353-9302. 1 LAYNE WELL & PUMP DIVISION GROUND WATER SUPPLY WELLS a PUMPS SALES & SERVICE GROUND WATER MONITORING/ RECOVERY WELLS P.O. Box 788 • Meadvillle, Pennsylvania 16335 800-331-5651 (814) 425-7505

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2 THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

Pe nnsylvania Rural Water - I am looking forward to seeing all the Associate Members Association is one of the at the Annual Associate Luncheon on October 12th at the fastest growing Associations Nittany Lion Inn. This meeting offers a great forum for new in the United States, and it is ideas. an honor to be a part of it all! - I would like, at this time, to personally invite everyone to So far, my term as Board PRWA's Seventh Annual Technical & Exposition Conference President of the Pennsylvania on March 26, 27, & 28, 1994 at the Nittany Lion Inn in State Rural Water Association has CoJJege, Pennsylvania. Anyone in the water/wastewater field been an eventful one. I am should feel it their responsibility to attend this conference and looking forward to the coming gather the wealth of wisdom and ideas that are thrown at you. months and have tried to The schedule for this year's PRWA conference is on the blue briefly outline some of the pages of this magazine. All PRWA will be receiving registra­ things we are working on and tion information in the mail the next couple of months, and we are coming up in the following paragraphs. will offer registration forms in the next issue of "The Keystone -Last year at the PRWA Annual Technical & Exposition Tap." Please plan to attend. Conference, the PRWA Membership Committee set, as a goal, Everyone at Pennsylvania Rural Water Association takes their 75 new members and as of today, we have 86 new members. positions very seriously. We are your organization and are here Membership is what PRWA is all about. We are here to assist for you! you. Not for profit! - Not for charity!- But for service! We have added a position of Wastewater Training Technician, thus Sincerely, doubling our training ability. We are also currently working with Texas A & M , offering training to help you with U~??./~ water/wastewater certification. If you have any ideas, let us David Quinn know - you are an important player. Together Everyone Board of Directors President Achieves More! Pennsylvania Rural Water Association

0 L__~---·0 -~-----~. I~~ $25 Bucks? -=-- _·Q i Now you ca n try out Half of fUr customers had never Hundreds of o ur customer6,1 the complete RVS used Ci 4f,-mputer. Now they wonder converted to RVS even .tier why they waited... purchasing other sottWGre••• utility Billi ng Software // for just $25.00. • AH~~da_ble • More Comprehensive/Re pOrts You will receive a • Fqst • Fewer Entry Errors/ complete working • Eastlto QperaJe • More "Note" Spa e copy of the program, • lmp~ve Cash· Flow • Complete Rate Analysis c omplete manual, •,More Control-over Sy.st.em • More Custo91~r Information ~Free and free , unlimited • Save Auditing,Time & Expense Unlimited 1-fioo Support 1-800 phone support. ~educe · • Errors !'!ore Audit Trojl' (Unlimited) Use the p rogram up to • Help Control Water Loss • Fo~ter I More Accurate Data Entry four months. Compare • Free Unlimited·l-800.Support • 1 0 V.ars Utility Software Experience • Provide-'Mon'thiy.. Reports • Mor~ nstall"ed Systems our ease of use, great • Handheld Availabl~ • Better ~u;tomer Support reports, and friendly, • No Risk Trial Period • More Fle~ bility free support. ~a.r:n.i.I1g ! If you compare RVS Utility Billing Software to your RYS may he babitlorming. RYS cannot be current method, you'll discover why hundreds of held responsible lor any dissatislaction you RVS systems across the nation have chosen RVS. may experience with your previous sol!ware sofitwar.e For More Information Including a Free Tour Disk ca ll: after comparing itlo RYS. Smo1l PM!: II ot Of"'l( ltne d ur1ng the tOUf monTh UTILITY BILL.,.ING SYST EMS trio! you tetum 1he sottwore. we Will QIO<:ty refund The Notion's Choice In Afford able Utility Billing Sottwor e 1-800-227-9195 >'CUI $25.00. CLASSIFIED ADS For Sale -For Sale Management Position Available Two (2) Complete Booster Pump Stations, working sys­ The Kittanning Suburban Joint Water Authority is seek­ tem includes Peerless pumps (dual 90 gpm & dual 60 ing a new Manager. The Kittanning Suburban Joint Water gpm), climate controls, valves, gauges, underground Authority is a growing water authority which is located in vaults, alarms, sumps, etc. East Franklin, North Buffalo and Cadogan Townships, Call Cook Environmental Engineering, Inc. with ques­ Armstrong County, PA. The Authority serves 1,430 resi­ tions or to request technical specifications (412) 935- dential customers, 100 commerical customers, 9 indus­ 6999. tries, 1 hospital and an industrial park. It is the Authority's intention to fill this position as soon Water/Wastewater Operator as possible. Applicants shou ld possess utility management experi­ Millheim Borough Council seeks experienced operator ence, several years during which the applicant was direct­ for the operation of Water Filtration Plant and Sewage ly responsible for developing work assignments for and Treatment Plant. Certification necessary for Water supervision of utility employees. Applicants should pos­ Operator is a Class C - Type 2; for Sewage Operator is sess a working knowledge of accounting and business Class E - Type 3. Interested parties should send practices necessary for running a water utility. The appli­ resumes, references and salary requirements to Millheim cant should possess a valid Type 1-Ciass B Waterworks Borough Council, P.O. Box 421 , Millheim, PA 16854. Operators Certificate. Demonstrated leadership abilities are a must. A college degree is a plus. For further information, please contact the Kittanning Chief Water Works Operator Position Suburban Joint Water Authority at (412) 545-6395. Resumes may be mailed to the Authority at P.O. Box 103, The Central Clinton County Water Filtration Authority is Kittanning, PA 16201 . receiving applications for the position of Chief Operator for a 5 MOD Conventional Water Filtration Plant present­ Position Available ly under construction near Lock Haven, PA. Eastern Pennsylvania Water Authority is accepting appli­ Applicants must be operators licensed by the State of cations for the new position of assistant manager. Pennsylvania, have documented ability to operate and Successful applicant will replace the authority manager in maintain water filtration plants and be willing to relocate approximately three years. Qualified applicants shall send within thirty (30) minutes travel time of the plant. a resume, including education, experience, references and salary requirements to: Personnel Committee, P.O. Desirable requirements include: Box 3819, Easton, PA 3819-18043. • "Hands-on" operation experience with good mechanical ability For Sale • Ability to use computer and SCADA For sale, approx. 300 used Rockwell 5/8 x 3/4 S.R. instrumentation meters at $10.00 each and 150 S.R. Neptune 5/8 x 3/4 • Ability to prepare plant budget and manage fiscal meters at $25.00 each. operations All meters have been bench tested. The Neptunes were • Use and preparation of Operation and used less than one year. Maintenance Manuals • High School Education • Ability to read, write and speak English

Salary- $25,000 to $30,000/year plus benefits

For more information and applications, please contact: Central Clinton County Water Filtration Authority 328 Main Street, Mill Hall, Pennsylvania 17731 All applications must be received by Dec. 1, 1994

Classified ads are listed free of charge. Call PRWA at 814-353-9302. Chuck and Chris Visit the Alamo. 4 HACH COMPANY

Please accept our invitation to attend the "Pennsylvania Regional Workshop on Water/Wastewater Analysis" con­ ducted by Hach Company. These workshops combine both hands-on experience and technical presentations to introduce many of the analytical tools and systems from Hach Company for analyzing water. The first workshop on November 8 features "Process Instrumentation." The jar test, one of the fundamental tools available to a water plant, is demonstrated; as well as a brief explanation concerning coagulation and flocculation. In addi­ tion, turbidity, particle counting, streaming current, pH, and chlorine are presented, using Hach instrumentation. The sec­ ond workshop on November 9 focuses on " Basic Water Analysis." Colorimetry, electrochemistry, turbidity and a brief overview of microcrobiology, are discussed and demonstrated. The third workshop on November 10 covers methodolo­ gies characteristic in "Wastewater Analysis." Please refer to the enclosed itinerary for special details of each day. WHEN: November 8 "Process Instrumentation" November 9 "Basic Water Analysis" November 10 "Wastewater Analysis" WHERE: Holiday Inn 1450 S. Atherton Street State College, PA 16801 814-238-3001 TIME: 8:30a.m. to 4:00p.m. Complimentary coffee breaks, lunch and course materials are provided by Hach Company. Each attendee is responsible for travel, motel accommodations, and any expenses incurred outside of the workshop. Due to space constraints at the workshop site, reservations are limited to two representatives per company. Please call Jackie Thomas at 800-227-4224, extension 2394, to register for the workshop which best suits your analytical needs. Once your reservation has been verbally confirmed, a letter and confirmation packet will follow. Reservations need to be made by Oct. 21 . We are looking forward to seeing you in State College!

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TEcHNICAL PRoDUCTS CoRPORATION RURAL WATER SERVICES DIVISION Specialties Chemical Corp. 1-717-848-2540 1520 High Street· Portsmouth, Virginia 23704 Phone: 804·399-5009 FAX: 804·397-0914 : STEENSON & ASSOCIATES, INC. . 1-412-346-0397 5 CONTROLLING THERMAL EXPANSION IN WATER HEATER SYSTEMS by Joseph A. Lane

INTRODUCTION Figure! 1. 0 Thermal expansion occurs in any hot water system ' . ' ' when system water is heated or "recovered" during peri­ ' 5 ' ods of non-use. I ' I If the system is operated in an "open" condition or con­ nected directly to the city main, the volume of expanded I!') P ANS.ION o • \11/ATlLR 1'/ 10 I /1 water generated during water heater recovery periods ' 1- ., can be dissipated back through the "open" connection to z UJ a the city main so pressure cannot build up. (.) a: 7 ' ' However, once a back flow preventer is installed to iso­ UJ 'I 0.. late the system water from the public water supply; or a '/ ~ ' / PRV is used to reduce excessively high city supply pres­ u.. 5 sures that are greater than the relief valve setting; or a 0 f ~ / check valve is installed to protect the supply water . . . UJ the "open" connection to the city supply is "closed." g> During periods of temperature recovery and no usage, <( 1 1 expanded water has no place to go, so the pressure UJ ~ builds up until a relief valve pops ... spilling hot water. 3 The thermal expansion problem can be more serious ~ than frequent spillage of hot water. During the build up of ~ dangerous pressures, components of the water heating UJ t. S equipment (i.e., internal flues, water connections) can ~ / fail. This can cause dangerous blockage of flue, escape a: ~ l\ln I XAANIION o• w•n• of toxic combustion gases into living spaces, and even (.) 7 ~ t.o water heater rupturing. 0.' L o .• I In many cases, to handle the thermal expansion of I water, a second relief valve was installed and set at a o.7 lower pressure. Recognizing that relief valves are not o.• designed for continuous operation, they are not recom­ 0.1 100 ISO too lOO 400 mended. The method recognized by ANSI is to use an TI 11 P!AATVIt ~ •F expansion tank. Thus, this article will be devoted to the sizing and application of an expansion tank in a combina­ tive liner is provided for the open system requirements. tion . .. open and closed .. . water heater system. Thus, the steel is protected from rusting, and the air can­ There are three (3) types of expansion tanks currently not be absorbed by the water due to the complete sepa­ on th~ market: ( 1 ) plain steel, (2) epoxy lined, and (3) ration of air and water by the diaphragm. prepressurized diaphragm. The plain steel tank is currently used only in a closed SYSTEM CONDITIONS: hydronic system. Since the steel surface is not protected, In order to properly size a prepressurized diaphragm it will rust in an open system and cause the related prob­ type expansion tank to a water heater system, it is im'por­ lems of staining. The epoxy lined tank is currently being tant to understand what happens to the water and sys­ used in well water systems which are considered of the tem when heat is applied. Figure 1 depicts the expansion open type. Due to the absorption of the compressed air of water when the supply temperature is 40° F. Since the by the water, it is necessary to use air volume controls system will expand due to temperature increase, the net which operate in conjunction with the well pump. Since effect will be a reduction in the total amount of expanded this application of thermal expansion control does not water to be stored in the expansion tank. Table 1 pro­ require a pump, the air, depending upon the temperature vides values of net expanded water at different supply and pressure (Henry's Law), will be absorbed over a temperatures and referred to as the expansion factor (F. short period of time (thus rendering this control device F.). The actual quantity of expanded water is obtained by inoperative). multiplying the expansion factor by the water heater vol­ The third type of tank is the precharged diaphragm type ume. which is used in both hydronic and open water systems. One of the variables in this type of system is the supply The difference between the two designs is that a protec- pressure. Supply pressures under psig do not require a

6 PRV. Since the expansion tank precharge pressure is set mated. Figure 2 depicts the expansion tank under the ini­ equal to the supply pressure for maximum efficiency and tial set of conditions and after it has accepted the expand­ the supply pressure is also used to calculate the expan­ ed water. The volume relationship is: sion tank acceptance, the relationship of pressure to expansion tank volume must be determined. Boyle's Law: Using Boyle's Law, the final air volume (V2) can be writ­ The ideal gas law can be written as: ten as:

Precharge Air

P1V1=V2 p2 and substituting: (3) Diaphragm VA= V1-P1V1 p2

For convenience, the total tank volume is given the value of 1, and the acceptance volume equation becomes: VA= 1-P1 (4) p2

This equation now provides the volume acceptance in relation to the total tank volume of 1; thus, VA becomes a factor of 1 and can be further written as:

Acceptance Factor (A.F.) = 1 - ~ (5) p2

Equation (5) can only be used when the expansion tank precharge pressure is equal to the system static supply pressure or PRV setting.When the precharge pressure is not equal to the static supply pressure, the following Figure 2 equation is to be used: P1V1 = P2V2 = C (1) AF = P1 _ P1 (6) T1 T2 p2 p3 Where: P1 = precharge pressure (absolute) Where: P1 = initial pressure absolute P = system supply pressure (absolute) (gauge pressure+ 14.7) 2 P3 = final pressure desired (absolute) V 1 = initial gas volume Referring to Figure 3, the equation was derived by set­ ting up the following relationship: T 1 = initial t~mperature absolute (°F + 460) AF = AF-f-AF1-2 P2, V2, T 2 = final pressure, volume, Where: AF = acceptance factor of and temperature expanded water (VA)

When: T1 = T2 = C AFT = total acceptance factor

(2) AF 1- 2 = acceptance factor between the Using Boyle's Law as a basis, the equations for deter­ precharge pressure and mining the amount of expanded water to enter the pre­ static supply pressure pressurized diaphragm expansion tank can be approxi- continued on page 8 7 Controlling Thermal Expansion Maximum allowable working pressure (P3)-psig continued from page 7 (Relief valve pressure-1 0% of setting) *When the static supply pressu re is equal to the tnnk precharge pressure (P 1), use equation (5) with P2, in the equation being equal to the maximum allowable working pressure (relief valve pressure minus 10% of setting). After the above data has been obtained, the following sizing procedure is to be used. 1. Determine the net expansion factor (E.F.) from Table 1 using the cold water supply temperature (T 1) and the maximum thermostat setting of the water heater (T2) ·

2. Determine the expanded volume (E) in gallons by Figure 3 multiplying the water heater volume (V) times the net expansion factor (E.F.) 3. Determine the acceptance factor (A. F.) AF = When the precharge (P 1) of the expansion tank is equal to the static supply pressure (P ), use Table 2. [: - :: ]- [ - :: ] 2 When the precharge (P 1) is not equal to the static supply pressure (P2), use equation (6). Determine the total size prepressurized diaphragm type expansion tank by using the following equation: Table 2 provides acceptance factors for various static Tank Volume = ....E_ supply pressures when the expansion tank precharge AF pressure is equal to the supply pressure. Refer to manufacturer's literature and determine The maximum allowable pressure (P2) , when the available size ensuring that expanded volume does precharge pressure is equal to the static supply pressure not exceed the maximum allowable water accep­ tance. and (P3) when the precharge is not equal to the static supply pressure, is 10% below the pressure relief valve Also ensure that volume tank selected is equal to or setting. Thus, if a 150 psig pressure relief valve is on the greater than the calculated volume. system, the maximum allowable pressure is 135 psig. For added safety, a pressure of 20% below the relief EXAMPLE: valve setting is normally used. A 40-gallon water heater with the cold water supply tem­ perature of 40°F and a thermostat setting of 160°F. The SIZING: cold water supply pressure is 40 psig, and the diaphragm When sizing the prepressured expansion tank, there type expansion tank is precharged to 40 psig. The pres­ are several factors that must be known: sure relief valve is set for 150 psig, and added safety is required. Determine the proper size expansion tank:

Water heater volume (V)- gallons 1. Determine net expansion factor from Table 1 using C. W. S. temperature of 40°F and the maximum ther­ Cold water supply temperature (T 1)- °F mostat temperature of 160°F; E. F. = .0209 2. Determine expanded volume (E) by multiplying water Thermostat setting of water heater (T 2)-°F heater volume (V) by the expansion factor (.0209). E = 40 X .0209 = .836 gallons. Static (non-flow) supply pressure (P2)*-psig 3. Determine the acceptance factor (A.F.) from Table 2 using the CWS pressure of 40 psig and the maximum Prepressurized diaphragm expansion tank precharge allowable system pressure (relief valve setting- 20%) pressure (P 1) - psig of 120 psig. A. F.= .59 Pressure setting of PRV (if used)-psig 4. Determine expansion tank volume

8 Table 1 - Expansion Factors (EF)

Maximum Temperature Expansion Factors (EF) (T1) Initial Temperature oF Of (T2) 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° goo 100°

120 .0100 .0099 .0095 .0086 .0074 .0060 .0044 130 .0124 .0123 .0118 .0109 .0098 .0083 .0066 140 .0150 .0149 .0145 .0135 .0124 .0110 .0093

150 .0179 .0178 .0173 .0164 .0153 .0133 .0121 160 .0209 .0208 .0204 .0194 .0181 .0165 .0148 170 .0242 .0241 .0236 .0227 .0216 .0201 .0184

180 .0276 .0275 .0270 .0261 .0250 .0236 .0219 190 .0313 .0312 .0307 .0298 .0287 .0272 .0255 200 .0351 .0350 .0346 .0336 .0325 .0310 .0294

Table 2 - Acceptance Factors

Max. Allow Working Acceptance Factors (AF) System Pressure - PSIG Pressure PSIG 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

60 .40 .34 .27 .20 .13 .07 65 .44 .38 .31 .25 .19 .13 .06 70 .47 .41 .35 .30 .24 .18 .12 .06

75 .50 .45 .39 .33 .28 .22 .17 .11 .06 80 .53 .48 .42 .37 .32 .26 .21 .16 .11 85 .55 .50 .45 .40 .35 .30 .25 .20 .15

90 .57 .53 .48 .43 .38 .33 .29 .24 .19 95 .59 .55 .50 .46 .41 .37 .32 .27 .23 100 .61 .57 .52 .48 .44 .39 .35 .31 .26

110 .64 .60 .56 .52 .48 .44 .40 .36 .32 120 .66 .63 .59 .55 .51 .48 .44 .40 .37

130 .69 .65 .62 .58 .55 .51 .48 .44 .41 135 .70 .66 .63 .60 .56 .53 .50 .46 .43

continued on page 10 9 Controlling Thermal Expansion can be installed in any position. Figure 4 shows the pre­ continued from page 9 ferred location in the system. Note that the expansion Tv =!_= .836 = 1.42 gallons tank has been installed on the cold water supply line in A F .59 precharged to order to extend its life. 40 psig

In the above example, if the water supply pressure is 60 psig, the acceptance factor from equation (6) is:

AF = 40+14.7 40+14.7 = .326 60+14.7 120+14.7 B. F. P. cws- HWS- and the required diaphragm type expansion tank volume is:

Tv= .836 = 2.56 gallons precharged to 40 -- psg

.326 Pre pressurized I I Diaphragm Type II Expansion Tank II This example shows the importance of having the II II expansion tank precharged to the static supply pressure ,,II in order to use the minimum effective size tank volume. APPLICATION: After the diaphragm expansion tank has been selected and the precharge pressure established, the last impor­ tant requirement is the installation. Since water is an Figure 4 incompressible, it can be located anywhere downstream from the device (PRV, backflow preventer, etc.) Due to the Water Heater System flexibility of the prepressurized diaphragm type tank, it With Backflow Prevention

Individual Ticket Policies for Cancelled Games Your cancelled game tickets can be used in any of the following ways: A. Exchange them for any 1995 regular season game, excluding Opening Night. Exchanges will be accepted once the 1995 regular season goes on sale. Please call (412) 321-2827 for further information. Discounted and complimentary tickets are subject to certain restrictions. B. Credit tickets toward any special ticket package for the 1995 season such as the full season plan, partial plan, fan flex coupons or group sales. C. Refund tickets through the mail. This offer will expire on April 1, 1995. Tickets can be returned by mail to the Pittsburgh Pirates, 600 Stadium Circle, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, Attn: Ticket Office. Certified mail is recommended and please allow 3-4 weeks for processing. Tickets for the 1995 season will go on sale at a later date. For the most current information, contact our Customer Service Department at (412) 321-2827.

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COMPLETE GROUND WATER SERVICES Monitoring Wells Ground Water Contamination Studies Test Wells Monitoring Systems Production Wells Expert Testimony Pump Testing Well Site Selection Pump Sales and Repair Well Field Management Well Rehabilitation Pump Test Analysis

A.D. 4, Cotton Road Meadville, PA 16335 814/724-4970 800-836-5040 GEORGIA FLOOD DIARY by Jearl Ramsey

By now everyone is aware of the devastating flood condi­ at some time have to be pumped out. These people would tions that existed in Southern Georgia and the aftermath of have an unbelievable amount of work ahead of them! The flood damage. I would like to share with you some of my areas where the water had risen over the high ground and observations and experiences as a member of the then settled in the lower valleys was trapped - one area Emergency Response Team that went to Georgia to help was over a mile long and 1/4-mile wide, filled with stale put water systems back on line. flood water. I went to bed thinking of the tasks that lie Day One: I was notified to assist in the National Rural ahead for tomorrow. Water Association's Disaster Relief for flooded water sys­ Day Five: Today was a good day. We began to flush the tems in Georgia. I was 500 miles away from home in system and were able to secure a chlorine residual at all Waymart, Pennsylvania at the time and prepared immedi­ points in the system. We estimated, though, that there ately to drive home. were over 17 leaks in the system and that over half the Day Two: I got ready to travel to Moultrie, Georgia. This water pumped was being lost, but this was uncertain involved getting out the map and planning my route, but because of unmetered customers. also getting a tetanus shot from my local doctor as a pre­ Bacteria sample was pulled at well number one by the caution when heading into clean-up operations after flood Georgia Environmental Department. Throughout the day damage. we trained the operator in how to collect a bacteriological Day Three: As I traveled toward Georgia, going deeper sample and how to use the DPD method to check free into the South, I began to think of the flood that occurred in chlorine. The team worked with a representative of FEMA West Virginia in 1985. At the time I was working as a water to help locate a suitable lot to move in· 100 mobile homes. plant operator, and we were flooded with sixteen feet of The map of the water system was certainly coming in. water and were completely out of service. I was reminded handy! We were making preparations to move to the next of all the problems we encountered and the hard work that town, but the power was knocked out. The system was would lie ahead of me as I now traveled South of Atlanta. slowly losing pressure. We located a generator, courtesy of All of a sudden though, up ahead, I noticed that the inter­ the National Guard, bu t unfortunately no one had the state had become tinged with red. The closer I got the expertise to hook up the generator. We left that day hoping more red I saw and the larger the blot grew. What had hap­ that the electricity would come back on before the tank pened was a truck carrying a load of ripe watermelons had went dry. turned over and spilled onto the interstate - I have never Day Six: We arrived at the system at 7:30 a.m., and with seen so many watermelons already cut and ready to eat. I the power off the night before, the water tank was drained. thought, better spilled watermelons than flood waters! The pumps were kicking on and off at intervals of about Day Four: We arrived in Newton, Georgia, a small town of every five minutes. To combat this problem we began by about 1,000 people. We met at the city hall with the town recycling the pump and resetting the pressure controls; as mayor, Bebe Johnson and the Chief of Police, Robert Hughes, you can imagine, this took some time. After this problem who was also the water operator. First thing we found was that was solved, another soon cropped up in the form of a bro­ the bacteria sample of well number one had come back posi­ ken chlorinator. tive for fecal coliform. We decided to immediately start the We completed mapping the system and located all the process of disinfection of the well. Well number two's bacteria hydrants and valves and marked the size of the lines. At sample came back negative, thankfully. We began to develop last we had a meeting with Georgia Rural Water a map of the town's water system and prepare a sampling Association, Georgia EPA and the US EPA, along with the plan for chlorine sampling, as well as future sampling sites for town officials. The suggestions we had made were now in bacteria sample. Only one person had an idea of where the the hands of the representatives of the federal govern­ system lines were, and no drawings of the system were avail­ ment, and our duties were over. We had stabilized the sys­ able. Working with the other field representative from NRWA, tem, located several leaks and were able to keep a chlo­ we developed a schematic drawing - rough as it was - and rine residual throughout the system. We were to head we soon found out where all the dead-end lines were and home the next day. located the hydrants. The chlorine sampling plan consisted of I hope that none of you will have to come to terms with 16 sampling sites, and the results were negative at several the types of problems experienced by the people of sites for free chlorine. We found out that the chlorinator was Newton, Georgia. The damage and devastation there are set at 2 lbs. of feed, so we immediately raised it to 100 lbs. - hard to imagine, but with the help of concerned individuals, the maximum. After three hours we started to have a chlorine safe water is now available to a few more people in the residual in most areas. Next we flushed well number one for flood ravished areas of Georgia. The people I worked with two hours after disinfection. But we still had a chlorine residual in the town of Newton worked hard to save their town, and and had to wait till the next day to continue the flushing. I would like to say thanks for the courtesy and help I This town was almost totally destroyed by the flooded received from the following individuals: A big thanks to the Flint River. I saw a cemetery that had its coffins washed team of water volunteers from Waycross, Georgia: Wayne out. A sick smell was all over the town, houses were gut­ Crawford, Joey San Nicolas, Earnest Lockey and Terry ted, and some were even pushed off their foundation, and Sweat. Thank you to Newton Mayor Bebe Johnson, and flood water had even completely covered some homes. good job to hardworking water operator Robert Hughes. The town had large sink. holes filled with water that would

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14 PRWA FEATURED SYSTEM CASTLE ROCK THE PENNSYLVANIA PIONEER IN PRO-ACTIVE GROUNDWATER PROTECTION by George Evanko

The following success story is about a non-regulatory ship manager was positive a.bout their concerns and home owners' association and the steps they took to protect arranged for the groundwater protection committee to make their most valuable asset, the community well. a presentation at the next scheduled meeting of the Castle Rock is a small private community of 65 homes Township Supervisors. located in Edgmont Township, Delaware County, approxi­ At that meeting, Judy and members of the committee mately 12 miles west of Philadelphia city limits. The 65 con­ explained the value of protection not only for the Castle nections in their water system are served by a primary well Rock water supply but all groundwater. All three members of and a back up secondary well. The main well has been their the board supported their goals and offered township ser­ source of safe potable water for over 50 years. vices for that purpose. It was suggested that the township pass a resolution rec­ ognizing the Castle Rock Program and acknowledging the township's cooperation in helping to implement their goals. This suggestion was received favorably, and after due process Township Resolution 93-5 was passed. Since that time, Edgmont has sent letters to all businesses within a mile of the well, advising them that a public water supply exists. The township manager notifies the committee chairman of proposed changes to existing permits and any­ thing that may impact groundwater in the delineated recharge area. Each situation is evaluated for potential impact on the water quality. Concerns are then directed to the various governing agencies that give final disposition to the case in question. Neighboring Newtown Township was contacted, and a pre­ sentation was made at t.heir regular board meeting. The Newton supervisors received the Castle Rock initiative very favorably and offered their services if requested. The mutual interaction between local government and pri­ vate communities like Castle Rock is the best and least expensive way to protect private community ground water Being cognizant that land development taking place supplies. around their rural setting may someday have a negative Edgmont Township is certainly a model to be followed. impact on the water, they decided that now was the time to Their cooperation with this small community will help pro­ take acti on. But since they were an entity with no authority vide a continued source of safe potable water for years to outside of community boundaries, this endeavor seemed come. monumental if not impossible. Organizations like PRWA and dedicated individuals like The Board of Directors decided to appoint one of their groundwater technician Judy Muehl are important catalysts leading members to investigate groundwater protection in the formulation of groundwater protection programs. methods open to non-regulatory communities. Precedents Without Judy and PRWA, Castle Rock would still be search­ for this particular situation could not be found, and just about ing for ways to protect its water. all avenues were exhausted when a call was made to PRWA. That call was the start of wellhead protection for Castle Rock. Following their initial contact with Rural Water, a meeting was set with Judy Muehl, the PRWA groundwater techni­ cian. Judy meet with the newly established wellhead protec­ tion committee and conducted a preliminary site survey to evaluate potential sources of contamination. This survey confirmed for Castle Rock that the potential for contamina­ tion was indeed real. The Board of Directors passed a resolution defining the well­ head protection policy of the community at their next regular meeting. The committee chairman suggested that community education should be an important part of their protection poli­ cy. Through Rural Water, comprehensive brochures were obtained and delivered to each household. Articles in the monthly newsletter are devoted to the ecology. The next logical step was to contact the local and most immediate governing body, Edgmont Township. The town- 1 5 Stocking Distributor for Quality Waterworks Products Pipe - Valves - Fittings · Ductile Iron · Drainage · PVC Pressure · PVC Se wer . 1 Yz" Through 48" Pipe·

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1 7 The water supply protection sign is now the official sign for protection of groundwater and surface water resources in Pennsylvania. DRIVER SETS PACE FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION by Paula Heeschen, Pocono Record Writer

WHITE HAVEN- NASCAR driver Michael Waltrip lent as well." his name to the protection of an invisible but invaluable Waltrip has completed public service announcements to resource Friday evening at the Ramada Inn here. run on Pennsylvania radio stations promoting the sign Waltrip took time out from his race schedule to promote program and the 800 number. groundwater protection, unveiling new, prototype signs Signs in l-80's eastbound and westbound lanes will tip that will inform thousands of motorists that they are travel­ off motorists that they are passing over the underground ing over a drinking-water supply area. well that supplies the White Haven Center for develop­ Waltrip, who drives for Pennzoil, a Pennsylvania compa­ mentally disabled persons. ny, is part of a consortium of businesses and government The signs, to be put up sometime in late August, will agencies working with the Pennsylvania Rural Water read "Water Supply Area Next xx Miles, Spill Response," Association to protect groundwater and surface water and will bear a 24-hour emergency 800 number. resources across the state from pollution. Other signs will be put up along highways across the Pennsylania Emergency Management Agency statistics state where water systems or municipalities have imple­ show that in 1992 there were 954 hazardous spills on mented a watershed or wellhead protection program. state roads. About half of the state's drinking water sup­ PRWA Spokeswoman Teresa Rissmiller said the project plies are dependent on groundwater. was a challenge because it is hard to get people to pro­ The new water supply sign program is designed to alert tect something they cannot see. motorists when they are entering drinking-water supply "We can and must take steps to protect groundwater areas, and to give them a number to call in the event of a and surface water resources of the state," Rissmiller said, spill emergency. adding that the signs "are something tangible, something "They're a visual reminder that even though we don't everyone can see. see it, groundwater is under our feet," Caren Glotfelty, "We hope it will help raise awareness of the importance state Department of Environmental Resources Deputy of protecting our groundwater resources," she said. Secretary for Water Management, told about 75 people Funding for the project is from the W.K. Kellogg attending the event. "The signs will give motorists and Foundation, Pennzoil and PRWA. DER, League of truck drives an immediate way to do something in an Women Voters, Penn State Cooperative Extension and emergency." the United States Environmental Protection Agency also "It's nice that Pennzoil is involved in supporting wellhead assisted. protection," Waltrip said. "I'm glad I was able to help out

1 8 Michael Waltrip, Driver, Pennzoil NASCAR Racing Teresa Rissmiller, Treasurer of PRWA, giving overview Team, talks about his participation with sign project. "It's of state water supply protection sign. a great public service announcement, Michael!"

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RURAL WATER CONTACT: D. Mark Thomas, Esq. AssociATION John G. Short, Esq.

1 9 Pennsylvania HOUSE DRINKING WATER Rural Water TALKS COLLA PSE House Energy and Commerce Committee negotiations Association on legislation to reform the Safe Drinking Water Act col­ lapsed Tuesday night in a dispute over enforcement pro­ visions, leading to a cancellation of a Wednesday Pennsylvania markup and increasing the obstacles for passing a bill Rural Water th is year. Aides to Energy and Commerce Chairman Association Dingell, Health and Environment Subcommittee S~niing Ke1tu l1\bJlt WDll't Chairman Henry Waxman, D-Calif., Merchant Marine and Systems in Ptnrt.rylwutia Fisheries Chairman Studds, Government Operations Environment Subcommittee Chairman Mike Synar, D­ Okla., and Reps. Jim Slattery, D-Kan., Thomas Bliley, A­ Va. , and Blanche Lambert, D-Ark., had been negotiating Industry Contact Book for months on the legislation. The aim for the talks was to craft a consensus bill to bridge gaps between a coalition Attention all PRWA Members. of states, local governments and water utilities - which have backed a bill by Slattery and Bliley - and the posi­ Watch your mail for the arrival tion favored by environmentalists and Waxman. of your new PRWA With many of the issues in the legislation resolved, Waxman had scheduled Wednesday's markup to force a Industry Contact Book conclusion of the lengthy talks in time for action during "What's In It For Me?" this Congress; the Senate passed a Safe Drinking Water Act reauthorization bill in May. Sometin1es But differences between the coalition and Waxman over a number of enforcement issues - most prominently the a discount - call our Associate ability to citizens' suits to impose penalties for wholly past Members and find out. violations - produced the breakdown in the House-side talks. The markup has not been rescheduled, and partici­ pants in the negotiations were uncertain when and if dis­ cussions would resume. "There is no agreement," Waxman said Wednesday afternoon. "The coalition has not seen fit to reach an agreement, so there is no bill." Olander One coalition member sought to pin the blame on Waxman, contending the coalition had agreed to a com­ SBrophy, promise floated by Dingell, but that Waxman refused to accept that proposal. The coalition member said the groups have received no justification tor allowing penal­ Inc. ties for past violations. Others, however, strongly refuted that account; saying . . the coalition in fact rejected the compromise proposals. " Providing New Pump Equipment "Unless the coalition shows more flexibility, the & Servicing Since 1934. prospects for the legislation are not awfully good," one House aide said, arguing that the schedule does not allow much more time to hash out differences. Re presenting ~ But the same aide described the impasse as a "cooling e Peerless • Goulds· off period," and said a markllp still is possible. Still, while • Worthington • F.E .. Myers enforcement proved to be the final straw, sources familiar • Grundfos • Berkley with the talks said other issues in the bill remain out­ • Hydr-o-matic • Va1.,1ghan standing. • Reda • Pleuger • Chern Tech • MTH Tool Reprinted from National Journal's Congress Daily/A.M., August 4, 1994, pp. 1, 8. 2300 Eldo Road Monroeville, PA 15146 Phone: 412-372-7103 20 THE WASHINGTON REPORT by John H. Montgomery . Special Report

SDWA Status The SDWA reauthorization is at its final decision point in Congress. Time is running out on the Congressional session, and the House of Representatives has not passed a bill. The Senate passed S.2019 on May 19. In order to have a new SDWA law, both the House and the Senate must pass bills, work out differences in a joint Conference Committee, and have the bill signed (approved) by the President. If the House does not pass a bill soon, then the process will have to start over next year. The SDWA Coalition (Governors, Cities, Mayors, AWWA, AMWA, NRWA, etc.) have pressed for a reasonable SDWA. In the House, the Coalition has been supporting HR 3392, sponsored by Congressmen Slattery (O-KS) and Bliley (A-VA) which has over 200 Congressional Cosponsors. Holding up the passage of HR 3392 is the Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Health and Environment, Congressman Henry Waxman (D-CA), who has been using procedural power not to let HR 3392 or a similar bill be voted on; in the committee or on the House Floor. After months of attempts to accommodate Chairman Waxman's (D-CA} special cir­ cumstances and refusal to include HR 3392 provisions in the House bill -the Coalition decided to simply draw a bottom line. The specific HR 3392 provisions that the Coalition are pressing are more in line with the Senate-passed bill. Of .------. particular importance to rural water SDWA Events Date systems are provisions requiring an Sen. Domenici's - S 2900 919/92 extension of Chaffe-Lautenberg moni­ Sen. Nickles'- S 767 4/2/93 toring relief for Phase liN, provisions Cong. Slattery's - HR 3392 10/27/93 for $15 million for rural water techni­ HR 3392 - 50 Cosponsors 11/19/93 cal assistance from the new $1.3 bil­ HR 3392 - 100 Cosponsors 2/1194 lion SRF, and no new one-size-fits-all Sen. Boren's- S 1920 3/10/94 federal mandates at the expense of HR 3392 - 150 .Cosponsors 3/22/94 state flexibility (viability and operator certification). Washington Rally 4/25/94 Studds Synar HR 4314 4/28/94 Considering the tight time frame of Senate Passes- S 2019 5/19/94 the Congressional session, the inflex­ ibility of the House Committee, and HR 3392 - 200 Cosponsors 7/28/94 the determination of the Coalition - Waxman Draft Bill 9/27/94 passing a House bill will be difficult. 21 The primary concern for rural water is that we be sure that we only support a bill that will make the SDWA reasonable for small communities while prov iding adequate protection of public health. Rural water communities have been the main engine and driving force in reauthorizing the SDWA. Our bill, HR 3392 has attracted over 200 congressional cosponsors, no other SDWA bill has close to this many supporters. In the Senate, our activism on SDWA resulted in the Senate passage of S. 2019. Thanks to Rural Water's main supporte1rs on the Senate, Senator Domenici (R-NM) and Senator Nickles (R-OK), S. 2019 would provide regulatory relief for small systems.

Specific Unresolved Rural Water Issues in the House

Monitoring: The Committee bill provides one test rather than quarterly tests (Chaffe­ Lautenberg) for pesticides, but not other Phase 11 /V contaminants. There is also a 1 39-month time limit and source water protection requirements. The Coalition position is for all Phase 11/V contaminants to be one time unless a contaminant is detected. The savings for full Chaffe-Lautenberg is over $300 million for small systems.

Standard Setting: The Committee bill provides for a standard setting process agreeable to the Coalition. The problem is that it doesn't apply to fo ur new costly contaminants - 2 arsenic, radon, D/DPBs and sulfate. The Coalition proposal requires that the new process apply to these contaminants.

Funding for Technical Assistance: The Committee bill provides $1 .3 billion for a new State Revolving Fund without including the priority small systems program. The Coalition position 3 is that the original language for rural water technical assistance be reauthorized for $15 million and that the $15 million be paid from the new SRF.

Viability: The Committee bill provides for a viability program to be approved by EPA that allows a broad and undefined description of what is a nonviable system. The Coalition 4 position ties viability to only new systems and systems that have been or are out of compli­ ance with the SDWA for MCL or treatment technique violation.

Operator Certification: The Committee bill provides for EPA to promulgate regulations for 5 minimum standards for water system operators. Each must have an EPA approved opera­ tor certification program as a condition of primacy. The Coalition position limits EPA's stan­ dards to guidance for states to use in developing their programs.

22 Pennsylvania Rural Water Association goes to the National Rural Water Association Conference at New Orleans ...

Keller Wins Muehl Recognized Nationally National Wastewater Award Judy Muehl, Groundwater Technician for the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association (PRWA), Bill Keller, Wastewater Technician for the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association (PRWA), Bellefonte, was named Bellefonte, was named "Groundwater Technician of the Year'' at the National Rural Water Association's (NRWA) "Wastewater Technician of the Year'' at the National Rural annual technical conference. water Association's (NRWA) annual technical confer­ Groundwater technicians from 24 NRWA member ence. Wastewater technicians representing 48 states were states were judged on the effectiveness of their efforts to judged based on the impact of technical assistance protect the ground water resources in their state. Some U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials efforts to the wastewater systems in their state. Keller have called the NRWA Wellhead Protection Program, has developed a reputation of excellence in the field and is an integral part of the PRWA team. His efforts have under which the groundwater technicians work, the most effective program they've seen at EPA. introduced additional certified wastewater training in the Muehl was instrumental in the development of a ground state. water protection sign project implemented throughout NRWA is the largest utility association in the United Pennsylvania this year. States, representing more than 16,000 water systems NRWA is the largest utility association in the United across the country. States, representing more than 16,000 water systems across the country.

At the awards banquet PRWA was nominated for seven out of ten categories. PRWA was also presented two membership awards, plus Steve Krchnavy was nominated for Program Manager of the Year. Way to go, guys!!

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26 The following breakout is a look at the training sessions that are planned for the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association Seventh Annual Technical & Exposition Conference that will be held on March 26, 27 & 28, 1995 at the Nittany Lion Inn in State College, PA. All PRWA members will receive a registration form in the mail, the next issue of " The Keystone Tap" will also include registration forms. For more information, contact us at 814-353-9302. If you are in any way connected with water or wastewater, you can't afford to miss this Conference!

Pennsylvania Rural Water Association Seventh Annual Technical & Exposition Conference March 26, 27 & 28, 1995

~~Racing Toward Environmental Quality"

SUNDAY, MARCH 26, 1995

12:00 Noon- NITTANY LION INN 4:00p.m. - Registration

3:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. PRWA 2nd & 1/2 Annual Bowling Outing - Food, Fun & Bowling!

7:00p.m. PRWA District Meetings

9:00p.m.- PRWA Hospitality Room 11 :00 p.m.

MONDAY, MARCH 27, 1995

7:30a.m. REGISTRATION - Continental Breakfast

8:30a.m.- 1 2 3 4 10:00 a.m. Automatic Meter Sewer Line: Legislative Update Public Utilities Reading Systems Commission "Problems from Session: the Inside/Out" "Basic Financial Information for Investor Owned Systems" 10:00 a.m. - 10:15 a.m. BREAK

10:15 a.m. - 12:00 noon Motivational Speaker - Dr. William (Bill) Brashars

12:00 Noon - 1:00 p.m. Lunch

1:00 p.m.-2:15p.m. 5 6 7 8 Goundwater Workshop Sludge Regulations Public Relations for Public Utility "Bio-Solids" Small Systems Commission Session: Regulations Title 66, Chapter 52

27 MONDAY. MARCH 27, 1995 continued

2:15 p.m.-2:30p.m. BREAK

2:30 p.m.-3:30p.m. 5 9 7 8 Groundwater Workshop Health Concerns Public Relations for Public Utility Cont. for Wastewater Small Systems Commission Operators Cont. Session: Regulations Title 66, Chapter 52

4:00p.m. PRWA ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING

5:00 p.m.-7:00p.m. "Racing Toward Environmental Quality" PRWASocial

7:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. EXHIBIT HALL EXTRAVAGANZA "Racing Toward Environmental Quality" All Door Prizes will be at this time. - Refreshments sponsored by the PRWA Exhibitors "Pride of PA" Water Tasting Contest- At the PRWA Booth

9:00 p.m.-11 :00 p.m. PRWA Hospitality Room -sponsored by PRWA Exhibitors

TUESDAY, MARCH 28, 1995

7:30a.m. REGISTRATION - Continential Breakfast

8:00 a.m.-9:00 a.m. EXHIBIT HALL

9:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. 10 11 12 13 Basic Concepts of Laboratory Role of the Public Utility Water Filtration Procedures Board Member Commission for Wastewater Session: Operators Investor Owned Open Forum, 'What Are Your Problems?" 10:00 a.m.-11 :00 a.m. BREAK- EXHIBIT HALL

12:00 noon-1 :00 p.m. LUNCH

1:00 p.m.-2:00p.m. EXHIBIT HALL FINALE

2:00 p.m.-3:30 p.m. 14 15 16 17 Radio Telemetry Everyday Safety Understanding Public Utility for Wastewater Bond Issues Commission Operators Session: "Alternative Dispute Resolution"

5:00 p.m.-6:00p.m. BANQUET SOCIAL HOUR

6:00p.m. BANQUET and AWARDS "Racing Toward Environmental Quality" - Banquet Dinner -Tribute to Excellence Award Presentation

28 Hey, Look At This!!! PRWA Belt Buckles!!!

~ PRWA fj] PRWA CERTIFIED OPERATOR

These belt buckles are nickle plated. ------Yeah, I have to have one: Name: ______

Address.o ------

$15.00 plus $2.50 in shipping and handling. If you are ordering the "Certified Operator" belt buckle, please copy your license and send it with the enclosed form. Make your check payable to: "PRWA" for $17.50. Shipment will be made upon receipt of check. Enclosed is my check for , payable to PRWA for: PRWA Belt Buckle ____ PRWA, Certified Operator Belt Buckle

**Belt Buckle designed by PRWA Circuit Rider, Chris L. Shutt

29 From Our Point of View Questions & Answers Supplied by PRWA Associate Membership

Common questions asked, prob­ If the pump is not the source, check the well: lems experienced by Moody and 1. Check with other well owners to see if the natural Associates, Inc.: water table has dropped - it could be dry, seasonal cycle. Question: My well isn't producing 2. Check for well interference, for any newly drilled wells like it has in the past. The yield or increased pumpage of nearby wells. (gallons per minute- gpm) has 3. Conduct performance test of the well and compare to declined to the point where I need past records. more water. What should I do? 4. Check for sand, silt or clay in produced water. 5. Perform a downhole TV inspection to identify cave-ins Answer: There could be one or or other possible causes. multiple reasons why the well has Solutions: declined. First, eliminate the 1. Repair any pump deficiencies. pump as a source of the problem. 2. Conduct appropriate well cleaning. 1. Conduct pump performance tests to check for wear or 3. Reduce or eliminate well interference where possible. other problems. Compare to records, if any. 4. Resize pump to accommodate new TDH. 2. Determine TDH (Total Dynamic Head) and see if the 5. Perform tests after restoration to assess results. pump is capable of working efficiently at that level. Initiate post-treatment maintenance program including 3. Pull and inspect the pump and column for wear, loss performance and water-quality testing. of impeller function or holes in the column. 4. Check motor load reversal (in 3 phase units).

GROUND WATER PROTECTION STARTS AT HOME

One of the key ingredients of the American way of life, -Wrap empty containers with newspaper and place that is often taken for granted, is ou r country's abundance them in the trash. of fresh water supplies. -Allow solvents, thinners, paints, and other liquids to At current usage levels our ground water resources evaporate in safe, outdoor locations, while keeping .alone could supply us for the next 400 years. them away from children and pets. However, ground water is a delicate resource and needs Before putting liquids and paints into the garbage, to be protected and respected. pour them into containers with kitty litter, dirt,or saw­ Through the proper use and disposal of household dust to absorb the liquids. chemicals, consumers can protect the environment and help ensure a safe water supply for future generations. By following these simple household tips, Americans can do their fair share in the effort to protect our ground water When using hazardous products: resources. -Use only as directed - twice as much does not mean Our local water professionals work hard testing, filtering, twice the results. and treating our water, keeping it safe and providing us -Keep unused products in their original containers. with quality water, according to the National Rural Water Use them up completely- or share with a friend. Association. -Buy only what you need. Let's do our part in our homes so we can continue our When Discarding Products: tradition of the best quality water in the world. -Never pour leftover products down the sink or toilet, and don't dump them on the ground.

30 WATER SUPPLY CONTRACTORS

since 1946 Eiche/bergers, 1nc.

WELL DRILLING SERVICES • Excavation/Piping/Controls/Storage & Retention • Potable Ground Water Supply Wells to Tanks/Pump House Construction/Etc. PA/DER Standards WATER QUALITY SERVICES • Well Development/Rehabilitation • Public Water Supply Testing Service • Hydrofracturing (Sampling & Analysis) • Color Video Logging • Public Water Supply Compliance PUMPS & WATER SYSTEMS Assistance Service • Well Yield Testing Including Automated Data-Logging • Water Treatment Services Including • Submersible & Turbine Pumps Gas Chlorination & Filtration • End-Suction, Multi-Stage, Horizontal Complete Well Field Service Split-Case, Centrifugal High Service Pumps Design/ Build/Maintain Capabilities 71 7-766-4800 WE SERVICE ALL BRANDS 1-800-382-1434 24-HOURS 365 DAYS FAX 717-691-6068 841 West Trindle Rd., Mechanicsburg, PA • Office Hours: 8AM-5PM Weekdays 9AM-Noon Saturday

Total ENVIRONlVIENTAL SOLUTIONS CET Engineering )~=mt: ;(~l:. l@~h;tj~~hensive solutions for : ·:·=-=·· •,•,•.·,· Services 0 Groundwater Resources Development Clear Solutions to Complex Problems .______, 0 Groundwater Availability Studies Specializing in 0 \Y~llhead Protection 0 W~ll Field Management Waterworks & Wastewater Engineering 0 W~lt Location Siting • Water & Wastewater Treatment Plant Design 0 Water Supply T • Customized Slow Sand Filtration Design 0 Wastewater System • Lead/Copper Investigation and Operation • Corrosion Control Studies • Ground Water Development -·- • System Modeling ,/'/1:':[ntegrating engineering and sciences with equipment, • Act 537 Planning '(::~i:Wtoli .truction, maintenance, and operations to provide • GIS for Well Head Protection .'··.~=: total solutions to environmental issues • GIS for Utilities Management

- ·- Offices 1-800-944-6778 or 1-717-944-5501 1240 N. Mountain Road 321 Washington St. Harrisburg, PA 17112 Huntingdon, PA 16652 Phone: (717) 541-0622 Phone: (814) 643-8260 Fax: (717) 541. 8004 Fax: (814) 643-8269

~1 MARK YOUR

March 26, 1995 CALENDAR

CALL 800-653-PRWA NOW! For More Information March 26-28, 1995 Nittany Lion Inn State College, PA

Seventh Annual PENNSYLVANIA RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION State Confe re nce and Exposition

Don asks, " What's In It For Me?, to attend the PRWA Seventh Annual Technical & Exposition Conference?"

Steve answers, "What's In It For You; to attend the PRWA's Seventh Annual Technical & Exposition Conference?, Don, look at the next page and find out!"

~2 Here's "What's In It For You" to attend the PRWA's Seventh Annual Technical & Exposition Conference.

The Bowling ...

The Exhibits. .. The Discussions .. .

The Training Sessions ...

The Fun .. .

34 A GENERIC APPROACH

PIPE LOCATING

By Phi I Webber

he majority of pipe and cable induces a strong electro-magnetic field wrapped or insulated, the signal will not locators in use today employ the onto the cable and aids in isolating spe­ bleed off into the surrounding soil as T use of radio or audio frequency as cific conductors. Once signal is prop­ rapidly as it does with a bare conductor. a means of applying signal or tone to erly applied, it is then traced by the use Hence, the conductor can be traced fur­ underground utilities. These instru­ of a receiver unit. These will vary ther before the transmitter must be ments generate an active signal onto the according to manufacturer as far as size, moved to a new location and recon­ pipe or cable by means of a transmitter antenna configuration, types of con­ nected. Also, insulated conductors are or tone generator. This signal may be trols, etc. However, regardless of make, not as easily infl uenced by their environ­ applied by various methods, the first there are some basic operating pro­ ment, such as poor soil conditions. Size being the conductive or direct mode cedures that apply to all models. of the conductor is also a factor. A given where there is access to a contact point To begin with, the user must think of signal cannot travel as far on large diam­ such as a valve or a cab I.e sheath. the pipe or cable as a conductor and part eter pipe as it can on a small insulated Another is the inductive or indirect of a circuit that must be complete to cable. The other part of the circuit is the mode, whereby the transmitter and allow signal flow. The ability of the con­ antenna is placed on the surface of the ductor to carry signal is very important, ground above the conductor and the sig­ and this is determined by its composi­ nal is induced through earth onto the tion. For example, copper is an excellent CORRECT pipe or cable. conductor, as is aluminum. Steel is Jess One other popular method is the use conductive, and one of the poorest is of an inductive coupler where signal can cast iron. These are the most common ,, be aP.p lied to a cable without lifting materials used for underground utilities. GROUND PLATE bonds or disrupting service. The coupler If any of these conductors are coated, Figure 1.

Figure 2.

1. The Metroclamp can be used in all proper current flow through the feeding in two directions creates a trace applications where conductors ground. current flow a llowing trace in both a re exposed at one or more places. 3 . Always couple to a conductor directions. The only exception is a t a terminated between the ground and the point 6. Coupling to a conductor with drop end that is an open circuit. where the conductor enters earth. lines or laterals feeds full tra ce signa l 2. Coupl ing transmitter clamp to a ter­ 4 . Incorrect coupling; trace signal will up to the junction point and then minating point of a trace item requires return to ground. divides the signal strength into each a g rounded conductor to provide 5 . Coupling around a long conductor branch. method eliminates air coupling and CABLE LOCATING greatly improves isolation of specific conductors. When using a coupler, the conductor soil surrounding the conductor. The locator. However, if not done properly, it must be grounded at both ends for a ability of soil to pass current will vary can lead to serious tracing errors. Where complete circuit path. Insulated cou­ locally. Wet compact soil is clearly a direct contact is not possible, the trans­ pling on gas meters must be bypassed to better conductor than loose sandy soil or mitter is placed on the ground directly complete the circuit. Also care must be frozen ground. Moist soil produces a above the conductor and the signal is taken not to position the coupler above better tracing environment than dry or induced through earth onto the target. an electrical grounding point, as the sig­ frozen ground. The conductor then becomes a second­ nal will seek the path of least resistance ary transmitter and rebroadcasts the sig­ and return to ground and not onto the Conductive vs. l11llvctfve U... nal to the receiver unit. conductor (see sidebar and Figure 2). As mentioned before, this mode There are many different antenna requires direct contact with a conductor. designs for transmitters, which in turn ~efae~elven An independent ground must be estab­ influences the direction the transmitter There is a noticeable difference lished to provide a return circuit path. must be placed in relationship to the between manufacturers when it comes Proper use of the transmitter and ground target conductor. Also one must deter­ to receivers. Antenna or loop designs rod or plate cannot be over emphasized. mine the minimum distance the receiver will vary greatly. Some are rigid and It can be safely said that at least 80 may be used from the transmitter. Air attached to the outside of the receiver percent of all application problems coupling effects can cause erroneous case. Others, called multi-turn loop results from failure to properly energize readings if the receiver is too close to the antennas, are mounted on the inside. A the target conductor. For example, if the transmitter. The inductive mode gener­ more recent design is the use of search ground lead wire is placed nearby, or ally has a shorter tracing range, coils in place of the broad loop antennas. over a nearby utility, it can cause confus­ especially on conductors at depths over In all instances, close attention must be ing tracing signals as the lead itself radi­ 36 inches. One must also remember that given to the angle of the antennas or ates as much signal as the target the transmitted signal can be easily search coils in relationship to the con­ conductor (see Figure 1). In many urban induced into other nearby utilities, ductor. The antenna must be maintained areas where exposed ground is not avail­ especially if they are better conductors at the proper angle to receive the best able, the use of a ground plate is recom­ and at shallower d.epths. signal from the conductor. mended. To establish a good ground on Design and· sizes of inductive cou­ Most receivers operate in a peak or cement or asphalt, you must provide a plers will vary with each manufacturer, null mode. Peak mode is when the combination of surface contact, but they all apply signal basically in the antenna receives maximum signal over moisture and weight. same manner. A tracing signal is the conductor. Null mode is when the The inductive method is probably the induced on the target conductor by an antenna receives minimum signal over easiest and most convenient way to use a electromagnetic field created by the the conductor. Peak and null modes are coupler. The coupler does not make usually determined by the vertical or Phil Webber is Applications Engineer direct contact as in the conductive horizontal position of the antenna (see for Metrotech Corp. , Mountain View, method, but surrounds the conductor Figures 3 and 4). Generally, the peak or Calif. like a current measuring clamp. This maximum mode is used for tracing and

LOCATING PINPOINTING PIPE ' PIPE ' ~ I \) ,, MAX~MAX MAX • ...,AX

M IN~ MIN MIN , MIN VOLUME Of \' ,, 1'\ECEIVER '', VOI..UME Of '::' TONE AS ', \ RECEIVER '', PIPE IS \ ', TONE AS ' ' CROSSED \ \ PIPE IS ',', ' ' CROSSEO '\ ', ' \ ' ' .0 ', ',-.0 ' ' \ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I " ' ' ' I I " ' \ ' ' ' ' ' ' /"'- STO. LOOf' A ESPONSE

Figures 3 and 4 (left and center). Peak and null modes are usually derermined by the vertical or horizonral posirion of the antenna. Generally the peak or maximum mode is used for tracing and the null for pinpointing the cefllerline of the conduclOr. Figure 5 (right). An even more advanced locator design is rhe twin coil antenna. This design allows a narrower response ro rhe conductor and is very beneficial to the user locating in congested areas. are not as efficient in the inductive CABLE LOCATING mode. Also when applying audio to a conductor, good grounding is essential for maximum signal strength. the null for pinpointing the center line of tures, extreme changes in ground ••-•ry the conductor. However, the user's conductivity, low signal strength or sig­ For years, even decades, the evolu- preference generally determines the nal in nearby conductors. tion of pipe and cable locators has been method used. There are more recent designs such as very gradual. Now with the ever­ Obviously, an antenna produces a the twin coil antenna and push button increasing density of underground plant more accurate and stronger response digital depth readout that lessens these and structures, the need for more when it is as close as possible to the effects. However, regardless of make or advanced locating equipment has target conductor. Therefore, an design, there is not one locator that can become quite clear. There are locators extended search coil is an advantage to magically outsmart all the Jaws of phys­ available today to help meet that need the user, allowing him maximum tracing ics and be 100 percent accurate under all with automatic features, digital readouts signal from a standing, upright position conditions. and audio gu.idance, which combined (see Figure 5). An even more advanced provide new speed, shortened training design is the twin coil and antenna. This Frequencies Used requirements plus accuracy and conve­ allows a narrower response to the con­ To date, the most widely used fre­ nience for the user. ductor and is very beneficial to the user quencies are in the high radio frequency locating in congested areas. (R.F.) ranges. An advantage of R.F. is Another common feature is sen­ that it is generally easier to apply to a sitivity or gain controls. These controls conductor, such as with inductive use. are used to adjust the amount of signal Also the signal can travel, although lim­ received from the conductor and trans­ ited, across small insulators or gaskets mitter. Receiver sensitivity must be con­ commonly used in distribution systems. tinually and properly adjusted to prevent There are several disadvantages of tracing errors. This feature has been R. F. The power output of the transmitter eliminated on some models and replaced cannot be too high, as R.F. signals can with automatic gain control. With this be easily coupled into other nearby con­ feature the user need not make any ductors. Also on good conductors, R.F. adjustments. Automatic gain control signals cannot be traced as far as lower '-.. I allows the receiver to respond to other frequency audio signals (A.F.). Another " CONDUCTOR" 'Q' C conductors also, which will help the advantage of the lower audio frequencies I' user develop a clearer picture when solv­ is that the applied signal does not bleed I ' ing locating problems in congested off as easily, allowing better isolation. areas. With some audio frequency locators, the In addition to automatic gain control, user has an option of high output trans­ Figure 7. A variation of the triangulation mitters, ranging as high as 500 watts, method includes the use of extension there are other new features available, probes with built-in depth levels or simply such as a digital readout for measuring which are useful for long range tracing lifting the receiver loop straight up over the the relative field or signal strength on a on cable or gas transmission lines. conductor and measuring the height. given conductor. This is an important A disadvantage of audio is that if there tool which can aid the user in identifying are any insulators or gaskets on a con­ a specific target. ductor, such as on a water or gas line, the Not mentioned in the preceding para­ signal will not continue. Another is that graphs are other types of instruments, Depth Estimating A.F. signals are not as easily induced such as magnetic locators used for locat­ There are occasions when an estima­ onto a conductor as R. F. and therefore ing discrete ferrous structures, passive tion of depth is required without expos­ ing the conductor. This can be RECEIVER A T •s· CENTERLINE OF PIPE r ( MEASURED)~~ MOVED TO •·s- AS LOCATED accomplished by using various meth­ MINIMUM-SIGNAL ods. The most common in past years has ..NULL .. POSITION • DEPTH LEVEL " I ~BUBBLE HEIGHT OF been the triangulation method, where ~ =~g~~~~~ouNo the receiver loop is tilted at a 45 degree --- --T__ --r ~ *~, ., ______---- ~ angle to the conductor and moved away IMEASVREOo " tMEASVREOo from the centerline until a null is GROUND SURFACE obtained. Then, using a simple geo­ metric for'rnula, the approximate depth DISTANCE FROM PIPE CENTER· can be determined (see Figure 6). LINE TO .. NULL .. POSITION Variations of this include the use of SUBTRACT HEIGHT OF CENTER PIPE extension probes with built-in depth lev­ OF RECEIVER ABOVE GROUND els (see Figure 7) or simply lifting the DEPTH OF PIPE DIFFERENCE receiver loop straight up over the con­ .. ductor and measuring the height. Of Figure 6. The most common method to estimate depth is the triangulation method, where course the accuracy of these methods the receiver loop is tilted at a 45 degree angle co the conductor and moved a~my from the can be affected by any one of the follow­ centerline umil a null is obtained. Using a simple geometric formula, the approximate ing conditions: nearby metallic struc- depth can be determined. CABLE LOCATING

locators that will trace 60 HZ AC , When choosing a locator, one must help him solve the really tough jobs. As detachable transmitters for finding consider versatility and training require­ stated many times before, pipe and cable sewer service lines and electronic ments. With today's congestion, it is a locati ng is not an exact science. It marker systems that are tuned for spe­ must for the user to be aware of other requires the experience, knowledge of cific utilities, only to name a few. utilities and conductors in the area to construction practices and confidence in your instrument.

METROTECH• Water and Pipeline Locators

850/810 Line Tracers 650/610 Passive/Active Locators Automalic Lei1/Right Direcliooal Guidance System. Push button Three locating lrequenaes g1ves locating ve

510 Pipe and Cable Locator 480/4808 Pipe and Cable Locators Versatile. rugged. and low-costlime-proven spill box locators. Peak Cost elfective. sleek. rugged general use locator Upright opera· and null operation. Opliooal Accessories: carrying Handle lor blind tion Line-o1-sight signal strength meter. Clear, crisp Receiver response in congested areas. Efficient Transmitte1 antenna puts searches. 4820 Metroc!amp lor inductive coupling. 4810 lnductlve Probe tor upright operation 4806 lealwes 50f60 Hz frequency. more power on your conductor Mioimal frequency interference. Peak and null operation. Optlonal4820 Metroclamp for inductive coupling

•

HL-90 and HL2000 Water Leak Locators 8808 Ferromagnetic Locator HL90. adjustable filler control lor broad to narrow band frequen­ Visual meter (in addition to audible tone) qu1ckly indicates edges. cies. Stores and dtsplays (LCD} sound intensity from last reading size. and depth ol burted lerrous objects Balanced rn every ror comparison HL2000- eight point memory system lor compari· compass d1rectton, eliminating false stgnals and awkward opera· son of sound Intensity and frequency analysis ot eight leak tion. Perti?Ct calfbtahan eliminates false readings and cancels out locations. nearby interlenng objects Temperature resistant.

670 Nat1ona1 Avenue, Mountain V~ew. CA 94043. 4t5/940-4900 Telex: 6502726454MCI UW Fax: 415/962-9527

© 1987 Practical Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted With Permission of OUTSIDE PLANT MAGAZINE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS HELP SUPPORT OUR WORK. LET'S SUPPORT THEM!

A-1 PIPE INC. GWIN, DOBSON, FOREMAN, INC. PITISBURG TANK & TOWER CO. ADVANCE INSTRUMENTS, INC. HACH COMPANY PITISBURGH TANK & TOWER ANDREWS CONSULTING HEATH CONSULTANTS, INC. POW-A MOLE SALES & SERVICE AQUA-TECH HEGEMANN AND WRAY PRECISION METERS, INC. AUS CONSULTANTS HERBERT, ROWLAND & GRUBIC INC. PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, INC. WEBER FICK & WILSON, INC. HILL ENGINEERING INC. A & D ENGINEERING, P.C. BADGER METER, INC HUNT ENGINEERS &ARCHITECTS INC. A E WRIGHT & ASSOC. BANKSON ENGINEERS I.K. STOLTZFUS SERVICE CORP. A F SCHNEIDER PIPE & SUPPLY BARBER'S CHEMICALS, INC. INSITUFORM EAST, INC. RALPH L. STEMLER, INC. BCM ENGINEERS, INC. IRON CITY WATER & WASTE, INC. REED MANUFACTURING COMPANY c/o DEVINE INTERVENTION JOHN L. STEENSON AND ASSOCIATES RESOURCE TECHNOLOGIES CORP. BCM ENGINEERS, INC. JOSEPH G. POLLARD CO. RETTEW ASSOCIATES, INC. BERMAD CONTROL VALVES KENNEDY VALVE MFG. CO. RIORDAN MATERIALS CORPORATION CENTREANALYTICALLABORTORIES, INC. KERR MARKETING AGENCY ROMAC INDUSTRIES/HAYS BRASS CHEMPLY DIVISION OF E & E (US) INC. KJELL WATER CONSULTANTS INC. RRZ PUBLIC MAKRETS INC. CO-BANK NATIONAL BANK FOR CO-OPS KROFTA WATER, INC. SAFETY CORP OF AMERICA COLUMBIAN STEEL TANK COMPANY L. ROBERT KIMBALL SAL CHEMICAL CO., INC. COMMONWEALTH ENGINEERING & L.B. WATER SERVICE, SOUTH INC. SEEWALD LABS,INC. TECHNOLOGY INC. LAMOTIE CHEMICAL SENATE ENGINEERING CO. CONRADY CONSULTANTS SERVICES LARSON DESIGN GROUP SENSUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. CONTINENTAL INDUSTRIES LAYNE OHIO CO-CDS SOMPLE SUPPLY, INC. CULLIGAN INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEMS LAYNE WELL & PUMP- HYDRO GROUP STERNSON, INC. DAFEHR INC. LEE-SIMPSON ASSOCIATES, INC. STIFFLER, MCGRAW &ASSOCIATES, INC. DAVID BON KOVICH TESTING SERVICES LEGGETTE, BRASHEARS & GRAHAM INC. SUBSURFACE TECHNOLOGIES DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC. LIGHT-HEIGEL & ASSOCIATES, INC. TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION EARTH DATA INCORPORATED UB WATER SERVICE, INC. THE CHLORAMONE CO. EASTERN SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT, INC. MAIN LINE DISTRIBUTORS THE EADS GROUP/NELIAN ENGINEERS ECOMETRICS, INC. MALATESTA HAWKE & MCKEON DIVISION EICHELBERGERS, INC. MARION HILLASSOCIATES, INC. THE KUPFERLE FOUNDRY COMPANY­ ENOPCON, INC. MAST ENGINEERING CO., INC. ECLIPSE ENVIRONMENTAL EQUIPMENT MEISER & EARL, INC. THOMAS, THOMAS, ARMSTRONG & & SERVICE COMPANY MET-PRO CORPORATION - STILES-KEM NIESEN EXETER SUPPLY CO. INC. DIVISION TITAN INDEMNITY COMPANY- MIKE FAIRWAY LABORATORIES, INC. METTE, EVANS & WOODSIDE ARLEDGE FIRST VALLEY BANK MID ATLANTIC STORAGE SYSTEMS TRUMBULL INDUSTRIES FISHER TANK CO. MID PENN ENG. CORP. TUCKERARENSBERG,PC FLOMOTION SYSTEMS INC. MID-STATE CHEMICALS UNI-TEC CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC. FLUID CONSERVATION SYSTEMS, INC. MONTAUK SERVICES INC. UTILITY PIPING SYSTEMS, INC. FLUID SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL INC. MOODY AND ASSOCIATES, INC. UTILITY SERVICES ASSOCIATES, INC. FORD METER BOX MUELLER CO. UTILITY SUPPLY OF AMERICA FRANKLIN MILLER, INC. NATIONAL ROAD UTILITY SUPPLY VICTORY WHITE METAL CO. FREE-COL LABORATORIES NITIANY GEOSCIENCE W.C. WEll CO. GANNETT FLEMING, INC. OLANDER & BROPHY WALSH VALVE AND SPECIALTY CO. GEO-SERVICES, LTD PARKER BROTHERS WELL DRILLING INC. WATERPRO SUPPLIES CORP. GEORGE S. COYNE CHEMICAL CO. INC. PATCO ASSOC. - CARL ANDERSON GEOSOURCE AGENCY GIBSON THOMAS ENGINEERING PBS CHEMICAL CO., INC.

Remember to support all PRWA Associate Members. "What,s in it for Me?,-Sometimes a PRWA discount­ Call them and find out!

37 Pennsylvania Rural Water Association Membership News PENNSYLVANIA RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION

Guess What Happened?? ... Congratulations to Dave and Beth Bonkovich on the birth of their new baby daughter. Emily Rose was born on August 10. She weighed in at 7 lbs., 9 oz. and was 18 inches long. Dave is the owner of "David B. Bonkovich Utility Services" which specializes in water leak detection, leakage control programs and utility locating and mapping.

Congratulations to Linda Sisco, Program Manager of Georgia Rural Water Association on her recent marriage to Brian Miller. Everyone here at PRWA offers them the best life can offer. No more "Cisco Kid."

Personal Notes . .. The PRWA staff and board would like to send its sincere sympathy to the family of William "Bill'' Menarcheck of Sensus, lost in the USAir plane crash. Gone, but not forgotten.

To all PRWA members, share your "news" with us. Calf us at PRWA 814-353-9302.

1Oth Anniversary . .. Mid Atlantic Storage Systems, Inc. was founded by Jerry and Jeanette Morris of Washington C.H., Ohio in 1984. The company has 48 employees and is an authorized, independent dealer for A.O. Smith Harvestore Products, Inc. selling and installing water storage and wastewater treatment tanks in a six state area including Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland and Delaware. The company has enjoyed great success in its ten year history, being ranked as the 166th fastest growing privately held corporation in the U.S. in the 1989 INC. magazine listing of the top 500 companies. Also the company has achieved the #1 sales volume award for the last seven years out of the 29 North American authorized dealer network. The AQUASTORE(R) brand tank systems that "MID ATLANTIC" sells are unique in several ways. The coating system on these bolted-steel paneled tanks is a factory applied ceramic-type glass coating which is on the inside and outside sur­ faces. The coating is permanent, graffiti-proof, fade-resistant, and meets the latest health requirements for contact with drinking water. Using specially designed erection equipment, MID ATLANTIC's crews build the tanks from the top down, eliminating the need for a crane and having personnel working at great heights. This construction method allows the tanks to be readily expandable in the future if water storage demands increase. President, Jerry Morris credits his highly dedicated employees and staff for the company's growth and stability. "Employee turnover has not been a factor, our crews are industrious and quality conscious; as a result they have been recognized as the best AQUASTORE tank erectors in the country and enjoy the benefits of their success." The future is bright for this growing company, with a strong sales backlog and an expanding market "MID ATLANTIC" intends on being the #1 A.O. Smith dealership for a good long while.

38 PENNSYLVANIA MEET OUR NEW STAFF RURAL WATER • •

Meet Chuck Groff Meet Dick Eyler ... PRWA's New Wastewater Circuit Rider ... Hi there! I'm Dick Eyler, Hello, I'm Chuck Groff, the friendly accountant! the new Wastewater Circuit There I was, happy in my Rider for the Pennsylvania retirement after forty years Rural Water Association. of varied accounting expe­ Let me tell you a little about riences. Happy to move myself. from Michigan to our new I hail from Confluence, PA home in State College. over in Somerset County. Happy to share the joys My wife Ginny and I have and sorrows of a number of three children, Charlie, grandchildren and great grandchildren in the Altoona Kristen and Holly. I love to hunt and fish, with bow hunt­ area. My wife, Rose, and I were really settling into a rou­ ing elk out west my specialty. So don't be afraid to get tine. me started on these subjects. Then PRWA beckoned with a chance to renew a friend­ I am a certified operator of wastewater plants with 11 ship with NewViews accounting software and an opportu­ plus years experience in 0 & M, remote pump stations, nity to participate in the growth of a dynamic organiza­ budgeting, permits, DMR's sewer work, etc. However, I tion. don't profess to know everything there is to know, but I So here I am, and glad to be of service! sure can try to find out answers and solutions to your wastewater problems. I look forward to my future with the PRWA and You! Meet DeeAna Baumgardner

I'm DeeAna Baumgardner, most recently from Cincinnati, Ohio and enjoying the beautiful area we live in now. I started here in mid-August. I'll be answering most of your calls, either helping you or directing your call to the proper person. Any equipment request?- I'll personally take care of it for you. I'm looking forward to talking to you and helping you with your needs as we go forward to make PRWA even better. Down the Line by Bill Keller

Hi! Much to say and only a short time to say it. First, I would like to let everyone know about the new program I have been given here at PRWA. In addition to the technical assistance I have been able to offer you in the past, I am now responsible for setting up training seminars across the state geared mainly to wastewater. As of this writing, we have already held one on Safety & Confined Entry, Collection System Maintenance and finding I & I Problems, and Pump Sizing and Maintenance. Future sessions will include Sludge Management, Toxicity and Bod Testing, and Developing an Operation & Maintenance Plan for your wastewater system. If you have any ideas or you know of someone who would like to give a presentation, please give me a call. On a related note, we did do a three-day Texas A & M wastewater training course, the basic course, this past April. As of this date, I know two operators who took and passed the certification test, one scoring an 85, and the other receiving the second highest score in the state of 98! Congratulations to Terry Chambon of Tarentum Borough! We can offer these courses, 20 hours in iength, lasting three days, on both water and wastewater anywhere in the state, but we must have at least 15 people interested. The course fee is $115.00 for PRWA members and $125.00 for non-members and includes all course materials. The courses are accredited by the Pennsylvania Certification Board and will help you with taking the State Certification Exam. Please contact us for more information. Well, I've run out of space, so until next time, work well and work safely! 39 Here is what people are saying about PRWA: PENNSYLVANIA (ll:ongre%% of t~e '

Dear Friends: Dear Judy, Thank you very much for your recent letter and sharing with me your sup­ On behalf of the Aaaronsburg Water Pipes, Inc., I would like to thank you port for reauthorization of the Clean Water Act, an environmental priority for all the time and effort you spent in preparing our Wellhead Protection for the I 03rd Congress. Program. I am confident that the Clean Water Act's provisions will be reauthorized Work such as yours makes our job as volunteer water board members all the during the 103rd Congress. as authorizations expired on September 30, more satisfying. 1990. Although Senate and House committees held hearings and considered Keep up the good work! water quality issues during the 102nd Congress, no final action occurred on Sincerely, a reauthorization bilL A critical issue area that is very important 10 reauthorization of the Clean ~~L Water Act remains wetlands. As you may be aware, I have crafted legisla­ Bruce Teeple tion, H.R. J 330, to address this issue head on. This legislation is intended to Secretary restore fairness and balance to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. It does this by protecting those wetlands that are truly valuable while balancing the legitimate rights of private property owners. With reauthorization of the cc: Stephen Krchnavy Clean Water Act primed for this Congress,! believe that we have a unique opportunity to undertake well-meaning reform. Again, thank you for your letter. I am pleased to see that you are con­ cerned and supportive of cleaning up our nation's water resources. Rest assured, I will keep your thoughts in mind when Congress resumes this very importnat debate. With best regards, I am ~~~ Tom Ridge

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41 HOW TO MANAGE AND CONTRACT FOR CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS a training program for local officials sponsored by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is pleased to announce the second of two training programs in 1994 to help gov­ ernment officials with all aspects of capital improvements- How to Manage and Contract for Capital Improvements. Sponsored by the Environmental Training Partnership, which includes the state Department of Community Affairs (DCA), Department of Environmental Resources (DER) and the Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority (PEN­ NVEST), this one-day program is designed to equip local officials with the technical skills needed to design, manage, con­ tract for and implement all types of capital projects, with an emphasis on water and sewer projects. The Partnership invites the following individuals to attend - elected and appointed municipal officials, managers, plan­ ning commission members, PENNVEST and Community Development Block Grant applicants and potential applicants and authority board members and their staff. The workshops will be conducted by local officials, private consultants and state officials experienced in all aspects of capital projects. Each session will begin at 8:30 a.m. and conclude by 4:30 p.m. Dates and locations for the How to Manage and Contract for Capital Improvements training program are as follows: State College - October 4; Meadville - November 1; Carlisle - November 2; Scranton - November 3; Pittsburgh - December 6; and Reading - December 7. The cost of each training program is $35.00 per person, which includes course materials and refreshments. Brochures announcing the details of the course will be mailed in late August.

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42 Judy goes to School . . .

Frank Sargent, Waymart Water Co., with students at Waymart Elementary School.

Judy Muehl is Pennsylvania Rural Water Association's Groundwater Technician. Here, she has taken it upon herself to educate young people with the use of her groundwater model. 43 Lower lead and copper levels with a helping hand from the people at ARM & HAMMER® Confidence at the tap. Now more than ever that's what cally reducing leaching. Bennington has experienced you and the citizens of your town expect. a 95% decline in point-of-use (POU) first draw lead levels, with current values consistently below 10 ppb. One of the things that can threaten that confidence is Fitchbmg recorded a 75% decline in copper levels and contamination by lead and copper. This is a particular a 60% decline in lead levels after only six months of problem in areas where soft, acidic surface waters treatment, with first draw lead levels less than 10 ppb. pass through lead service pipes and copper household plumbing. Such was the case in Bennington, Vermont, The success of Bennington and Fitchburg can and Fitchburg, Massachusetts. be yours. Call The Bicarbonate Experts ·• at Church & Dwight today for a no-obligation as­ These two New England municipalities tackled their sessment of your surface water situation. problem by raising the pH and alkalinity of the water prior to distribution in an effort to render the water less corrosive and prevent lead leaching. Sodium hy­ Church & Dwight Co., Inc. droxide was used to boost pH and ARM & HAMMER® Specialty Products Division pure sodium bicarbonate was added to increase 469 North H arrison Street P.O. Box CN5297 alkalinity. P rinceton, NJ 08543-5297 800-221-0453 (outside NJ) The results were outstanding! A hard, impervious 609-683-5900 coating formed on the inside of the lead service pipes, effectively sealing the pipes from water and dramati- ©1991 Church & Dwight Co., Inc. 4 4 One More Thing! by Steve Krchnavy - My sincerest thanks to Judy Muehl for all of her hard work on the groundwater protection sign project. Judy worked with a coalition of state agencies, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, The League of Women Voters and Pennzoil Corp. for almost two years to make this a reality. Groundwater systems should take advantage of this opportunity. -Thanks also to Tom Bradbury, Dale Ann Pashinsky and Steve Hengts for providing their expertise for PRWA Cross Connection Control Seminars. -Take a good look at the PRWA Conference for '95. It's shaping up to be an event not to be missed by water and wastewater operators, managers and board members! March 26, 27 & 28, 1995 - Mark it down! -Look out- PRWA Field Staff now have laptop computers - Things could get dangerous. -Now that the PRWA office is fully staffed, give us a call and introduce yourself to Deb, Dick, Donna and DeeAna. - Attention Wastewater Systems: PRWA Wastewater Training is coming to your area soon. Bill is providing a fine lineup of informative sessions statewide. See you there. PRWA's newest training seminars proved to be successful. Bob Nevins and Bob Glout from ISO received rave reviews on our first Fire Hydrant Flow Testing session and Bill Nichol and his gang at GA Industries gave a most informative session on Automatic Control Valves. This session was full in two days after the flyers were received in the systems. Special thanks to GA Industries for providing lunch. Thanks! - One More Thing! Rumor has it that Rash Umberger is traveling with PRWA Circuit Riders. Watch out for this egotistical manic in your system! What's On Tap? by Chris Shutt

Hello again from your friendly circuit rider. This issue I'd like to talk about certification training for water operators. In my travels I have run across many of you that have expressed an interest in having some kind of training to get you ready for your test. Well right now we have a course to offer you. It's the Texas A & M Water Treatment Operator's Course, the great thing about it is, it's only two and one-half days straight, it isn't stretched out over 1o weeks. Now, what I need from you is a letter or phone call letting us know if you would like to have a course in your area. But before you write or dial, check with others in your area to see if they want to also take the course. We need at least 15 people before we can run the course. Oh! and by the way, the cost is about the same as a DCA course. Now I'm going to quote someone who's name we won't mention, One More Thing - I would like to thank everyone for your kind words of praise in the many cards and letters you have sent; I consider each and everyone of you out there as close friends and family. You are what PRWA is all about? To Andy from Everett, PA, thanks, friends do talk to friends no matter what. Well that's all for now, be proud of what you do and do it well.

You Know What I Was Thinking • • • by Deb Fagan

This year marks my second year at PRWA. So much has happened in those two years I can hardly believe it. I guess that the biggest change is the growth PRWA has experienced. This year PRWA set a new membership goal of 75; well we have gone past that. (There's still time to participate in PRWA's membership drive, "What's In It For Me?") Trainings have doubled, check out all the new ones offered. Our office staff has changed. Dick Eyler is our new accountant, DeeAna Baumgardner is our new receptionist, and Donna Miller has returned to PRWA to take over the Membership and Training. 1 have become the Office Administrator, which included taking over some of the responsibilities of the magazine. I feel real blessed to work at PRWA with such wonderful people. They all are hard working with a sense of humor. Can't beat that! If you ever have any suggestions/comments/advice on how we can better serve you, please call us. Beginning this month, "The Keystone Tap" will have a personal "Good News" column; this is for system, individual and associate members, call us and share your promotion , birth of a child, marriage, plans for building a new system, or any­ thing else you deem as good news. Also, be watching in the mail for your "PRWA Industry Contact Book." Don't forget the Conference - March 26, 27 & 28, 1995. Mark you calendar now.

45 Rash Limburger Rash: "Hey sports fans, it's another edition of "Ask Rash," the show that answers even the ques­ tions you didn't ask! Alright, we're going right to the lines, Hello caller?" Caller: "Yeah, Rash?" Rash: "Go ahead, what's on your mind?" Caller: "Who the He#!$ are you anyway?!?!" Rash: "I keep telling you, the smartest person you'll ever know, next caller." Caller: "Is this Rash Limburger?" - Rash: "Yes, how can I help you?" Caller: "This is the Greenskeeper at the Penn State Blue Course, and I understand you have ties with Pennsylvania Rural Water Association?" Rash: 'Well, yeah." Caller: "On August 3rd, two ugly looking guys with PRWA shirts on and two other rather shady looking characters turned our fairways into a tundros. Please tell them if they wish to attempt golf again, first they're supposed to hit the ball in the air and leave the grass on the ground, not the other way around, and secondly, "FIND A DIF­ FERENT COURSE TO RUIN!!! Goodbye!" Rash: "Oh well, as I always say, water resources are safer with the boys from Rural Water around but- "Golf Course - Beware! Okay, next caller." Caller: "Yeah Rash, How come Rural Water never has any Wastewater Training Sessions?" Rash: "Let me tell you, PRWA has always tried to provide some training on wastewater, but until June 1st of this year did not have a program specifically for such. Now they do, and Keller runs it, which means they hired another person, Chuck Groff to take Keller's old job, and he's just as easy to pick on as the rest of those Bums. If yotJ want to know more about upcoming trainings for Wastewater, call the PRWA office. They also now offer 20-hour courses developed by Texas A & M for water and wastewater certification." Caller: "Hey, Thanks!" Rash: "Always my pleasure!"

Avery Rose, Bill and Steve at the All-Star Game. It's rumored they were hanging out with Rash Limburger???!! Rumor also has it that Rash will be at the PRWA Conference in March. Check it out!

Coming in "The Keystone Tap" next issue:

PRWA's Seventh Annual State Conference & Exposition

Conference Information!- Conference Information! Conference Information! -Conference Information!

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48 FEATURED WASTEWATER SYSTEM by Bill Keller

As we promised last magazine, we will be recognizing a dif­ ferent water and wastewater system in each magazine. In this issue we would like to recognize the efforts of the Everett Municipal Authority and the excellent wastewater treatment operations. At this year's PRWA conference in State College, Andy Kachurick, superintendent of operations for the Authority, accepted the Wastewater System of the Year Award from PRWA President Dave Quinn. The treatment plant itself was upgraded a few years ago to a traveling bridge oxidation ditch called the Schneiber System. Since that time the Authority has not had a single violation. From the board members who h<,ld the foresight and initiative to find the funding and make the decisions necessary to make the upgrade a reality, to the first­ class office and treatment plant staff that assures smooth con­ sistent operation, we salute the Everett Municipal Authority for a job well done. FEATURED WATER SYSTEM by Chris Shutt

Mountain Water Authority is a small system of approximately 127 connections. Their system is an old mining system of almost anything you can think of. These pictures were taken during a main break this past winter. The operator is a volun­ teer who gets no pay. Charlie Yerges is their man. We feel for Charlie this day he had a hole in each boat.

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51 THE ECONOMICS OF LEAK DETECTION AND REPAIR A CASE STUDY Ellen E. Moyer, James W Male, I. Christina Moore, and John G. Hock This article analyzes the costs and benefits of a leak mented during drought emergencies in the past. In addi­ detection and repair program for a publicly owned tion, WJWW reduces unaccounted-for water by testing water utility. The characteristics of different types of and repairing or replacing water meters and systematical­ leaks and the accuracy of the detection method used ly rehabilitating the distribution system. WJWW has also are also discussed. The result s of the analysis considered initiating public education programs and an demonstrate that benefits outweigh costs and that increasing block rate structure. the program has led to a substantial decrease in Two factors made WJWW an excellent choice for a unaccounted-for water without incurring greater study of the costs and benefits of LD&R. First, WJWW repair costs for the system. has surveyed its entire distribution system for leaks three Systematic leak detection and repair (LD&R) of water times in the past six years. Second, the manager of the distribution systems is an effective conservation tech­ utility has put emphasis on keeping records. Thus all the nique that is increasingly economical as both the costs of data necessary for a detailed economic study were readi­ supplying water and the demand for water continue to ly available. rise. The favorable economics of LD&R are illustrated in The repair of detected leaks has led to a substantial this paper through a case study of the Westchester Joint decrease in unaccounted-for water at WJWW as shown in Water Works (WJWW) in Mamaroneck, N.Y. Some Figure 1. Before institution of the LD&R program, the insights into leak characteristics and the accuracy of sonic amount of unaccounted-for water rose steadily to a high leak detection were also obtained during the study and of 29.5 percent in 1974. By the end of the three surveys in are discussed. 1980, unaccounted-for water had been reduced to 18.8 With the growing interest in and the success of LD&R percent and continued to decline to a low of 16.3 percent programs, there is a large body of recent literature about for the 12-month period ending June 30, 1981. No doubt LD&A. Good descriptions of leak detection methods are other factors such as meter maintenance and manage­ 2 3 5 provided by Colet, Cole , and Heim. Beckwith,• Brainard, ment changes are also responsible, but the leak detection 6 7 and Kingston • discuss both direct and indirect benefits. and repair program appears to be the primary cause of The published results of economic case studies of LD&R the decline in WJWW's unaccounted-for water. programs in Louisville, Ky.,u Los Angeles, Calif., 10 Gary, Objectives of the study Ind.,,. and Arlington, Mass., 12 summarize overall costs and The primary objective of this study was to assess the benefits of these programs. All of these case studies pro­ benefits and costs of WJWW's LD&R program. This vide evidence of the advantages of LD&R. This paper included an analysis of the characteristics of different evaluates the economic aspects of different types of leaks types of leaks to gain insight into how water loss and and their repair. repair costs varied among them. A secondary objective Background was to evaluate the accuracy of the sonic detection meth­ WJWW is a well-managed public water utility serving a ods used in the surveys by comparing detection and population of 50,000 located mainly in three suburban repair reports. communities of New York City. The distribution system Methodology consists of 348 km (188 mi) of pipe (primarily tar-lined Data collection. WJWW has kept detailed records of its cast-iron pipe 10-80 years old), 1334 hydrants, and two leak detection and repair activities including: (1) reports pumping stations. The system delivers approximately completed by the surveyor at the time of leak detection; 37.8 ML (1 0 mil gal) per day. Much of the water is gravity­ (2) reports completed by the foreman of the repair crew fed and comes to WJWW in a nearly finished state. during repair; and (3) general records concerning water Therefore, pumping and treatment costs are relatively usage, costs, and unaccounted-for water. These records low. were reviewed to obtain the information listed below. The utility purchases water from New York City at a price From the leak surveyor's report, the following information of $103 per mil gal as long as WJWW's per capita con­ was recorded for each leak: (1) leak identification number; sumption does not exceed the consumption in New York (2) date of detection; (3) street, address, and, where City for the same period. Water used in excess of this applicable, hydrant or valve number; (4) locations of amount is billed at a rate of $702 per mil gal. This pricing detection soundings-hydrant, main valve, curb valve, or policy provides considerable incentive to conserve water. ground surface overlaying a main; (5) probable leak loca­ WJWW's efforts to do so are aimed at reducing unac­ tion-hydrant, service, main, joint, valve; (6) ground counted-for water, which is defined as the difference cover-asphalt, soil, other; (7) leak class-(A) 0-0.315 Lis between water entering the distribution system and water (0-5 gpm}, (B) 0.315-0.630 Lis (5-10 gpm), or (C) more sold to customers as registered on consumer meters. than 0.630 Lis (more than 10 gpm); (8) surveyor's initials; Short-term conservation efforts have also been imple- and (9) diagram of the immediate area marked with the 52 TABLE 1 Costs and benefits of WJWW leak detection and re pair-1980 T ABLE 2 dollars Number of leaks detected for different types of leaks

Value ol Type ol ~a k All Surveys Survey 1 Survey 2 Survey 3 Number of Water Water T otal LD&R Net Hydrant 298 116 Survey Survey Leaks Saved Saved Costs lknelits 96 86 Service -custom~ r 36 16 13 9 Number Years Detected ML $ s s Service-WIWW 70 26 29 1~ 1 197~ - 76 182 5 092.706 212 689 98~19 114 170 Main 7~ 39 16 20 2 1977-78 179 2711.468 99 350 75650 23 699 No leak found 10 4 2 4 3 1979- 80 137 2 664.663 89 375 64 883 24 492 Other 7 1 3 3 Total 1975-80 498 10 468.837 401413 239 052 162 361 All types 498 182 179 137

TABLE 3 Discovered leakage roles for different types of leaks- Lis

All Three Surveys Survey 1 Survey 2 Survey 3 Type olleak Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Hydrant 0 .19 0-1.58 0.31 0-1.58 0.1 2 0-0.82 0 . 14 0- 0.88 Service-·custorner 0.91 0 .44-1.64 0.86 0 .44-1.64 0.85 0.63-1. 14 1.07 0.76-1.20 Service- WJWW 1.02 0.13- 3.15 1.04 0 .19 - 3. 15 0.85 0.19· 1.89 1.29 0 .1 3- 3.15 Main 2.28 o.~-9 . 46 2.33 0.06·9.46 2.30 0.19·6.31 2. H 0 . 13· 7.89 No leak found 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 All types 0.67 0·9.46 0 .89 0 -9 .46 0 .46 0-6.31 0 .62 0-7.89

TABLE 4 Average costs. benefits, and net benefits of LD&R for three surveys- dollars per leak

All Surveys Survey 1 Survey 2 Survey 3

Type of Leak Cost Benefit Net Benefit Cost Benefit Net Benefit Cost Bend it Ner Senefat Cost Ben eli I Net Benefit Hydra.nl 332 227 ·105 363 404 4 1 301 136 ·165 339 153 · 186 Service-customer 274 1081 807 287 1149 862 245 950 705 290 IH7 857 Serviee-WIWW 836 1202 366 880 1369 489 742 969 227 942 1361 419 Main 839 2781 1942 822 3074 2252 899 2699 1880 823 2274 1451 No leak lound 64~ 0 -645 970 0 -970 464 0 -464 410 0 ·410 Other 267 0 - 267 232 0 ·232 242 0 -242 305 0 - 305 All types 480 806 326 541 1168 827 423 SS) 132 473 652 179

suspected leak location. Once compiled, the data were coded and stored in a From the repair crew foreman's report the following computer file for analysis. information on each leak was recorded: (1) leak idehtifica­ Analysis. Simple statistical methods were used to deter­ tion number; (2) date of repair; (3) leak location - mine the benefits and costs associated with LD&R and to hydrant, service, main, other, or no leak found; (4) com­ study the accuracy of leak detection. ments regarding the nature of and the possible cause of To facilitate economic comparisons, all economic values the leak and type and size of the leak, where applicable; were converted to 1980 dollars. Costs tor material and (5) estimate (in gpm) of rate of flow from the leak; (6) water were converted by using the Bureau of Labor duration- estimate of whether the leak had existed for a Statistics' (BLS) Consumer Price Index for Alf Urban long or a short time; (7) labor hours spent repairing the Consumers for all items for the northeastern region of the leak; (8) type and area of repavement; and (9) materials United States; labor costs were converted by using the used for the repair. average of Engineering News Record's (ENR) Common The following information was obtained for each year of Labor Index and Skilled Labor Index. Both the BLS and leak detection in order to calculate costs and benefits: (1) ENR indexes cite an average rate of change of 7.1 per­ wholesale purchase price of water; (2} chemical costs; (3) cent per year for 1975-1980, although values were calcu­ power costs; (4) cost of the leak detection survey; (5) lated by using each year's specified rate. repair crew pay rate; (6) unit costs of various types of Benefits were defined as the value of the amount of pavement; and (7) cost of materials. water that would have been lost from the leak had it con­ Finally, the following information was recorded for each tinued to leak for one year from the time of discovery at its year: (1) total amount of water purchased and sold; (2) discovered leakage rate. The choice of one year is some­ total repair costs for hydrants, mains, and services; (3) what arbitrary. The water saved by detecting and repairing a leak in a given year was equal to the volume that would total revenues, operating expenses, and profits; (4) have been lost had the leak repair been delayed. Since expenditures for meter maintenance, insurance, legal ser­ WJWW surveys are conducted every two years, a conser- vices and liability, and overtime. continued on page 54 53 Total cllatrlbU11on •vstom ropeJr end repJacemont cost-a 350000

I 29.5 perconl I 1000 I 3500 I 300000 21 .0 ~rc-en1 I 900 I 22.0 ~ree~1 3000 800 23.2 poroenl I I 1 I 100 1!: 2500 I i---LO&R----- I 600 ~ I ~ 2000 I 500 ~ I I -g 1500 :-lO&R---: .coo e 14 .8~reent I I 5 8 200000 I I c I I 300 i . 1000 I 1 :> E I I 200 ~ I I a 500 I I ~ I I 100 I I ! 150000

1968 1969 1970 1971 1912 1973 197~ 1975 1976 1971 1978 1979 1980

Figure 1. WJWW unaccounted-for water at year-end-1968-1980 100000

TABLES soooo Average LD&R costs. benefits, ond net benefits for different types of leoks exclusive of detection costs-1980 dollars

Type of Leak Cost-$ Benefit-S Net Benefit-$ Hydrant 64 227 163 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1913 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 19$0 Service- customer 2 1081 1078 Service-WJWW 571 1202 631 Year Main 568 2781 2213 No leak found 393 0 -393 Figure 2. Distribution system repair and replacement costs-1968- 1980 Other 8 0 -8 All types 212 806 594 Overhead and foreman's pay are included in LD&R costs but not in the other categories.

The Economics of Leak Detection of $162 361 for the six-year period. As might be expected, survey 1 differed considerably continued from page 53 from surveys 2 and 3. Because it was the first survey of vative assumption is that leaks detected now would have the system, a greater number of serious leaks, many of been left undetected for a year, on average, without the which had probably been running for some time, were current survey. Lost water was valued at the lower whole­ detected. Nearly as much leakage was stopped in survey sale purchase price ($1 03/mil gal) plus power and chemi­ 1 as in surveys 2 and 3 combined, and survey 1 's result­ cal costs ($11- $20/mil gal), which were obtained for each ing net benefits were more than twice as great as those of year by dividing the total cost of power and chemicals by the other two combined. the total amount of water produced. The largest expense of the LD&R program was for LD&R costs included the costs for labor (wages plus 55 detection services, which accounted for 46.3 percent of percent for fringe benefits), pavement, materials, detec­ total LD&R costs. The remaining costs were for labor tion (total cost of the survey for the year divided by the (21.8 percent), overhead (16.7 percent), pavement (10.4 number of leaks detected that year), and 20 percent over­ percent), and materials {4.8 percent). head on all costs. Figure 2 shows the total repair and replacement costs Net benefits were calculated simply as benefits minus for the years 1968 through 1980. In addition, a breakdown costs. of the costs for repair and replacement of mains, services, and hydrants is shown. Other costs include overtime and Results leak detection survey costs. The curves labeled mains, Analysis of benefits and costs. In Table 1, benefits, services, hydrants, survey, and overtime sum to yield the costs, and net benefits have been summed for each of total distribution system repair and replacement costs. the three surveys of the system and for the three surveys The repair and replacement costs shown in Figure 2 do combined. The total yearly amount of leakage stopped by not differentiate between repair costs resulting from leak LD&R over the six-year period was estimated to be detection and other repair and replacement costs. As a 10.469 ML, representing total benefits of $401 413. Total comparison, the total leak detection and repair costs are LD&R costs were $239 052, resulting in total net benefits 54 TABLE 6 Correlation of estimates of leokoge de termined by the s urveyor (leak class) and by the repair foreman (leakage rote}

All Three Surveys Survey 1 Survey 2 Survey 3 Number Number Number Number Leak Clas s• of Leaks Mean Range of Leaks Mea n Ra nge of Leaks Mea n Ra nge of Leaks Mean Ra nge A 0- 0 .315 Lis 276 0.23 0- 4 .73 96 0.34 0 .03- 4 .73 104 0 .16 0-3. 15 76 0.18 0 -1.26 (0- 5 gpm) B 0.315-0.63 Lis 157 0 .81 0- 4 .73 61 0.93 0-4.73 49 0 .62 0-4.73 47 0 ./lG 0-4.73 (5-10 gpm) c More tha n 0.6 3 Lis 59 2.37 0-7.46 24 2.97 0 - 9.46 24 1.62 0 -6.31 11 2.66 0-7.89 (more than 10 gpmJ T ota l 49 2 0 .67 0- 9.46 Hl 1 0 .89 0 - 9.46 177 0 .49 0 -6.31 134 0.62 0-7.89 •oata for Leak Class were missing for six of the leaks.

T ABLE 7 Correlation of leak location predicted by t he surveyor with the act ua l leak loca tion fo und by the repair crew

Pred icted Leak Loca1ions Corresponding to Categories of Actual Leak t..ocations-ptrccnr Actual Leak Location Hydrant Service Main Multiple Predicted Locations Total Hydrant 96.6 0 2.7 0.7 100 Service- custome r 0 66.6 13.2 0 100 Service- W JWW 0 55.9 16.2 27.9 100 Main 2.6 4.2 64.5 6.5 100 No lea k found 0 0 100.0 0 100 Olher 0 16.7 8 3.3 0 100

shown by the dashed line. Analysis by type of leak. Costs and benefits of differ­ It is interesting to look at WJWW's total repair and ent types of leaks varied significantly. Leaks were divided replacement costs for the distribution system before and into six categories: (1) hydrant; (2) service- customer after the LD&R program began. Even with leak detection service leaks found on the customer's side of the corpora­ and repair costs included, the overall costs did not rise by tion stop (repairing these leaks is the responsibility of the an inordinate amount. In fact, when costs are compared customer); (3) service-WJWW-service leaks found on on an equal basis (1980 dollars), the total repair costs WJWW's side of the corporation stop; (4) main leaks; (5) decreased considerably after 1977. no leak found- a dry hole where a leak was originally Between 1975 and 1980, fluctuations in the total system thought to exist but not found, even after multiple of leaks repair costs curve are due predominantly to changes in exclusive of detection costs- 1980 dollars excavations; expenditures on mains. The curves are almost parallel. and (6) other-leaks found in the distribution systems of Main expenditures increased during the first survey period other utilities, mainly gas utilities and water uti lities of (1975-76), when many large leaks were being discovered neighboring towns. and repaired. The subsequent decrease in the cost of For purposes of analysis, dry holes and other leaks were main repair and replacement may also be linked to the assigned leakage rates of zero since no WJWW water LD&R program. The detection and repair of small leaks in was being lost from them. However, costs were incurred the early survey may have prevented development of in their discovery. Customer-service leak repair costs are costly main breaks later on . There is some evidence'3 that paid by the customer and so are not included in LD&R main breaks sometimes occur because the supporting costs. soil is washed away by leaked water, making the pipe Table 2 tabulates the number of leaks for the six leak less able to resist forces such as water hammer and traf­ categories. In general, hydrant leaks were the most fic. numerous and the smallest of the leaks, whereas main The high total repair cost for 1977 is partially explained leaks were the largest and fewest in number. As shown in by very severe winter weather causing a high incidence of Table 3, the mean leakage rate of all 498 leaks was 0.67 main breaks. continued on page 56 55 The Economics of Leak Detection class C leak, whereas the estimate at the time of repair continued from page 55 was reported as an actual leakage rate. Table 6 shows the close correlation between the two sets of estimates. Us. The mean leakage rate for survey 1 was much higher From the data shown in Table 6, it is apparent that sur­ than for surveys 2 or 3. Survey 1 also had the highest veyors had the most trouble classifying intermediate-sized mean leakage rate for hydrant leaks. Service leaks were leaks. They often put leaks that should have been in the largest in survey 2. The mean leakage rate of main leaks C category in the B category. was fairly constant for all surveys. A third indication of the accuracy of leak detection is The accuracy of the repair foreman's estimates is impor­ obtained by comparing the actual leak location that was tant because they are the basis for calculation of econom­ discovered by the repair crew and the suspected location ic benefits. These estimates appear to be fairly accurate, of the leak as predicted by the surveyor. Table 7 is a sim­ based on comments from WJWW personnel and also on plified presentation of the results of a correlation analysis preliminary results from an additional case study in which o~ these two variables. In many cases, the surveyor pre­ leakage rates were actually measured. dicted more than one leak location; these cases are com­ Table 4 presents a more detailed analysis of the eco­ bined in the last column regardless of whether the correct nomic aspects of LD&R. The average LD&R cost of all location was included in the predicted location. The per­ leaks was $480 per leak with the highest mean for survey centages in each row sum to 100. 1 and the lowest for survey 2. Mean LD&R costs for On the whole, actual and predicted leak locations corre­ WJWW services and mains were $800 to $1000 per leak, late closely. Of all hydrant leaks,96.6 percent were cor­ two or three times the cost of hydrant LD&R. Since other rectly located by the surveyor; the locations of 86.8 per­ leaks and customer-service leaks are repaired by others, cent of the customer-service leaks,55.9 percent of the their LD&R costs are essentially detection costs plus WJWW-service leaks, and 84.5 percent of the main leaks overhead. were also correctly predicted. All dry holes were originally The overall average net benefit of LD&R was $326 per thought to be main leaks. leak but was about four times higher in survey 1 than in surveys 2 or 3. The variation of net benefits with type of Discussion leak depended primarily on leakage rate and secondarily In order to perform the preceding analyses, it was nec­ on LD&R costs since these costs varied much less than essary to make several assumptions concerning the char­ leakage rates. Main LD&R yielded net benefits of about acteristics of leaks and the value of the water itself. In $1900 per leak. At the other extreme, mean net benefits most cases, these assumptions underestimate benefits for the usual small hydrant leaks were -$1 05; service and overestimate costs. Consequently, net benefits of leaks were intermediate. All dry holes and other leaks had LD&R are likely to be greater than those presented here. negative net benefits. Net benefits of LD&R were narrowly defined for this It should be pointed out that the cost of the survey for a analysis as WJWW's direct monetary savings that result­ given year was apportioned equally among the leaks ed from not having to purchase, pump, and treat water found in that year. This is a somewhat gross approxima­ that would have been lost to leakage over a one year tion. For instance, hydrant leaks are generally much easi­ period. This is probably the minimal reasonable value that er to detect than large main leaks and should probably be could be assigned to this water, which is initially inexpen­ assigned a smaller portion of the survey cost. Since any sive. Numerous other benefits, some tangible and some apportioning method would be arbitrary, it is more useful not, deserve mention. to consider repair costs exclusive of survey costs to gain Briefly, they are: (1) reduced property damage as a a clearer idea of the actual expense of different types of result of fewer breaks, which has beneficial implications in leak repairs and the resulting net benefits. The costs and terms of inconvenience, energy, materials, public rela­ net benefits of leak repair (excluding detection costs) are tions, insurance claims, and lawsuits; (2) less overall wear and tear on the distribution system and on pumping and presented in Table 5. Accuracy of sonic leak detection. By statistically compar­ tre.atment facilities; (3) lower total repair costs, since by ing the survey and repair reports, indications of the accu­ usmg LD&R, leaks are repaired systematically and effi­ racy of sonic leak detection in determining leak size and ciently, correcting many problems before they become location were obtained. In general, surveying was found serious; (4) deferred construction of new facilities to be highly accurate. The fact that only 10 leaks, or 0.5 because of decreased total demand; (5) reduced risk of percent of the total, were dry holes attests to the effective­ contamination; (6) valuable information derived from ness of sonic leak detection and the skill of the surveyors. LD&R about the state of the distribution system; (7) Dry holes, which involved multiple excavations and ended improved public relations and increasing awareness by in eventual repair, were not included. the public of the importance of conserving water and Another indication of the accuracy of surveying is the other resources; (8) detected leaks on other utilities' distri­ leakage rate estimate made by the surveyor during detec­ bution systems; and (9) decreased expenditures on leak­ !ion compared with the assessment by the repair foreman related expenses. (WJWW's costs for insurance and legal upon examination of the leak. The estimates of the leak­ services have decreased since LD&R began, although it age rate were reported in two ways: the estimate at the is impossible to determine by how much the LD&R pro­ time of detection was reported as a class A, class B, or gram contributed to the decrease.) 56 Conclusions the utility does what it can to conserve water, customers Analysis of the LD&R program showed significant net will be more cooperative in other water conservation pro­ benefits even when conservative estimates were used to grams, many of which require individual effort. A leak determine benefits. The actual net benefits of WJWW's detection and repair program can be highly visible, LD&R program could be far greater than the results of the encouraging people to think about water conservation analysis indicate. before they are asked to take action to reduce their own Sonic leak detection, probably the least expensive water use. method currently available, was found to be an effective Acknowledgment tool for predicting locations and sizes of leaks. The research reported in this paper was supported in WJWW has benefited from its LD&R program. The first part by the USEPA Office of Water Research and survey of the system was particularly beneficial since it Technology, Grant No. 14-34-0001-0497. effected a dramatic reduction in unaccounted-for water. By 1981 , unaccounted-for water was down to 16.3 per­ References cent at WJWW. Less frequent surveying is now required 1. COLE, E.S. Methods of Leak Detection: An Overview. Jour. to keep unaccounted-for water at a reasonable level. AWWA, 71:2:73 (Feb. 1979). 2. COLE, G.B. Leak Detection: Two Methods That Work. Part I Since 1981 , WJWW has been using a leak detection van OpFiow, 5:6:3 (May 1980): Part II OpFiow, 6:6:3 (June 1980). equipped with leak correlators recently acquired by the 3. HElM. P.M. Conducting a Leak Detection Search. Jour. AWWA, county. 71:2:66 (Feb. 1979). Several general recommendations can be made as a 4. BECKWITH, H.E. Economics of Leak Surveys. Jour. AWWA, 56:5:56 (May 1964). result of this case study: 5. BRAINARD, F.S. JR. Leakage Problems and the Benefits of Leak • Sonic LD&R is an effective and economical way to Detection Programs. Jour. AWWA, 71 :2:64 (Feb. 1979). conserve water. In general, the more expensive the water, 6. KINGSTON, W.L. Leak Detection Is Worth the Effort. Amer. City the greater the net benefits of LD&R will be. In the case of County, 9:11 :59 (Nov. 1978). 7. KINGSTON. W.l. A Do-lt-Yourself leak Survey Benefit-Cost Study. WJWW, each survey had positive net benefits. Jour. AWWA, 71 :2:70 (Feb. 1979). • The frequency with which a distribution system should 8. CAMPBELL, F.C. Distribution System Leakage Survey. Jour. be surveyed to yield optimal benefits would vary from utili­ AWWA, 62:7:400 (July 1970). ty to utility depending on water cost, LD&R costs, age of 9. PAYNE, B.E. Shrinking Nonrevenue Water. Reuben Donnelly Corp. (1966). system, climate, and other factors. This aspect of LD&R 10. LAVERTY. G.l. leak Detection: Modern Methods, Costs. and needs further study, as does the related area of leak for­ Benefits. Jour. AWWA, 71:2:61 (Feb. 1979). mation and development. 11 . PILZER, I.E. l eak Detection-Case Histories. Jour. • The leak classes used by surveyors to categorize sus­ AWWA,73:11:565 (Nov. 1981). 12. New England River Basins Commission. Before the Well Runs pected leaks by size should be reexamined. The B class Dry: A Handbook for Designing 0 LOCAL Water Conservation (0.315-0.630 Lis [5-1 0 gpm]) appears to be too narrow to Plan (July 1980) . distinguish between intermediate and large leaks. 13. Betz, Converse, Murdoch, Inc. New York City Water Supply Expanding the B class to range from 0.315 to 1.260 Us (5 Infrastructure Study: Manhattan. Vol. 1 Rept. for the US Army Corps of Engineers (May 1980). to 20 gpm) could result in a more meaningful determina­ Ellen E. Moyer is a research assistant, James W. Male tion of repair priorities. is an associate professor, and I. Christina Moore is a • The importance of record keeping became increasingly research engineer-all with the Department of Civil apparent during this study. Because WJWW had kept Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA complete, detailed records, it was possible to assess the 01003. John G. Hock is manager of the Westchester Joint value of the LD&R program and, furthermore, to do so in Water Works, Mamaroneck, NY 10543. the context of related factors such as total repair costs and other water conservation efforts. • If a water utility has limited resources for repairing leaks after completion of a leak detection survey, it should concentrate on those leaks that would yield the greatest return for the money spent on repair. If this were the case for WJWW, the utility should concentrate on main leaks first and then on leaks whose repair would yield lower net benefits. • Highly skilled and experienced personnel are required for sonic leak detection to give the best results. Many fac­ PENNSYLVANIA tors such as soil type, traffic noise, other nearby utility RURAL WATER systems, and type of pipe influence the sound of the leak the surveyor hears and must be considered in order to AssociATION locate the leak correctly. Incorrect location estimates result in costly multiple excavations or dry holes. In summary, leak detection and repair is an effective means of water conservation. Of the many options avail­ able for conserving water, LD&R is a logical first step. If 57 Writing Your Representative

The letter is the most popular choice Village of Beecher of communication to most elected representatives. Often a telephone 724 Penfield Street P.O. Box 1154 conversation is followed by written Beecher, IL 60401 communication. With fax machines, (708) 946-2261 communication is almost instanta­ neous. Regardless of the method you December 29, 1993 choose to contact your representa­ tive, start with the realization that The Honorable George Sangmeister he/she wants to know your views and Representative 12th District welcomes your input. When you 101 N. Joliet Street make the effort to express an opinion, Joliet, Illinois 60431 it counts. Listed below are some basic guide­ Dear Representative Sangmeister: lines tor letter writing. On behalf of the Board of Trustees, I am writing to ask for support of the State the purpose: Your letter Slattery/Biiley bill, H.R. 3392, which authorizes the Safe Drinking Water should be specific as to a bill number Act. if available (such as H.R. 3392) or a specific issue (such as the SDWA). The passage of this bill is important to the Village of Beecher because it Be clear: Be clear about what' you will provide the U.S. EPA with additional flexibility in regulating public want your representative to do. (For water supplies and monitoring contaminants which threaten public health. example, ask your representative to This legislation will make the SDWA reasonable, practical and affordable. commit to cospor:~soring H.A. 3392.) Complying with the current law is putting an unnecessary burden on small communities like ours. The current law requires monitoring for contami­ State your reason for writing: nants regardless of the degree to which they occur and at levels which Your own personal experience is your don't necessarily provide public health benefits. H.R. 3392 will lead to the best supporting evidence. Provide sensible use of our resources particularly for small and rural communities concrete, credible information on how and will ensure the highest integrity for our drinking water. the legislation will impact your system and customers. A safe abundant and reasonably priced water supply is a basic require­ Maximize your impact: Make it ment for the health and economic well being of our community. Please clear if you are a member of a partic­ support this important legislation. Thank you in advance for your consid­ ular interest group or that you support eration. the position of your state and national rural water association. When you On behalf of the Board of Trustees, support a group, your letter carries the weight of many others speaking Landis Wehling with the same voice. Village President Write your own views: A personal LW:jr letter is much better than a form let­ ter. Use your own words and express CC: Robert 0. Barber, Village Administrator you own views. Nothing has the Illinois Rural Water Association same touch as a personal letter stat­ ing your views on the legislative impact on voters. Include your address and phone deals with many issues and depends and be remembered. on you to provide them with informa­ number: Be sure and include this See the letter above which exempli­ tion and data to assist in their voting information in your letter so the repre­ fies the qualities of good communica­ decisions. Legislators tend to get sentative can reply. tion with an elected officiaL many complaints and few compli­ Sa y thank you: Your legislator ments. A thank you will go a long way

58 if?~ 7~ 1QatutA~ THE WHITE HOUSE A.D. #1 - Box 354 WASHINGTON A~, 'P~ 15001 Telephone: (41 2) 495-7010 JulyS, 1994 Ms. JoAnne Black July 12, 1994 Secretary Raccoon Township Pennsylvania Rural Water Assoc. Water Authority 138 W. Bishop Street Route I, Box 354 Bellefonte, PA 16823 Aliquippa, Pennsylvania 15001-2707 Dear Jo: ATIN: BARBARA JUDEICH, OFFICE MANAGER

Dear Barbara: Thank you for your letter about the environment. For many years, environmental progress has been stalled by gridlock and Find auached the last response I have gotten from my letters confrontation, but our Administration has begun to turn that RE: Safe Water Drinking Act. I sent letters to everyone from around. We signed the Biodiversity Treaty; prepared a Climate Change Action Plan to address the threat of global warming; Bill Clinton down to our local representatives. Low and behold, yesterday, I got a response from Clinton! developed an innovative proposal to reform the Superfund waste cleanup program; created a Forest Plan for the Pacific Northwest; prepared a proposal to improve the Clean Water Yours truly, RACCOON TOWNSHIP WATER AUTHORITY Act; announced executive orders on environmental justice and recycling; developed a policy to reform the federal govern­ ment's wetlands programs; and proposed a federal budget that va~J~ makes environmental protection a major priority. I am proud of these efforts, but there is much more to do. lro Anne Black My approach to the environment may be summed up in four Secretary basic notions. First, we reject the claim that a healthy environ­ ment and a healthy economy are incompatible. The economy and the environment are inextricably linked. Our economy will not remain healthy for long if we consume renewable resources - such as fish and timber - fasterthan they can be replen­ ished, or non-renewable resources faster than we can develop substitutes. Second, I am committed to reinventing environ­ mental protection to ensure maximum protection of public health and the environment, while minimizing costs. This Administration is seeking new ways to prevent pollution and to manage whole ecosystems, rather than small disparate pieces of I

Sincerely, L. Robert Kimball & Associates, Inc. Engineers • Planners • Scientists • Architects 615 West Highland Avenue, Ebensburg, PA 814/472-7700, FAX: 814/472-7712 Pittsburgh, PA • West Chester, PA • Horsham, PA 5 9 CAN YouR WATER SvsTEM MEET '95 EPA REQUIREMENTS? KIMBALL CAN: • Design I eng ineer your new EPA-approved plant • Help you obtain Penn Vest I Farmers Home Ad ministration funding • Prepare permit applications • Supervise construction • Complete certification I inspection • Produce operator I maintenance manuals • Conduct operator training = • Assure smooth start-u p operations Call KIMBALL for small water system engineering and design capabilities. L. ROBERT KIMBALL & ASSOCIATES 615 West Highland Avenue P.O. Box 1000 415 Moon Clinton Road 460 Caradean Drive Ebensburg, PA 15931 Coraopolis. PA 151 08 Horsham, PA 19044 814 • 472-7700 412. 331-6868 215. 674-0545

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60 FLASH!!! TEAMWORK Do you need the loan of equipment in an emergency? Who is eligible for these services? Does jar testing or chemical application give you the shakes? Typically, public water supplies serving populations of 10,000 Could you use a little help in responding to EPAIDER regula- or less. tions and reports? Would a training program in water treatment plant operations, How will the volunteers respond to my request for assis­ tance? storage and distribution or equipment help you meet the demands of your community system? A volunteer will provide assistance through verbal or written For answers to these and many other burning questions - guidance and, depending upon the situation and volunteer, at READ ON! times may lend physical help in the form of service or equip­ ment. Volunteer Network for Small Systems Assistance is now open Volunters are not intended to replace the services of profes­ for Business! sional consultants or engineers. Problems which require such It has long been the desire of the Pennsylvania Section - service will be refered back to the systems' engineer. AWWA to do something beneficial for the small system opera­ tors of the Commonwealth. Through the effort of the section's How do I contact the " network" for assistance? Small System Committee a coalition has been formed, consist­ Diai1-800-653-PRWA. ASK FOR NETWORK ASSISTANCE. ing of AWWA and the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association A PRWA staff person will take your call Monday through Friday (PRWA), to develop the Volunteer Network for Small Water 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. After hours, a recorder will take your message, Systems Assistance. and a staff member will get back to you as soon as possible. The "network" is comprised of volunteers from all regions of We will work together to improve water quality, reliability and the state; operators, managers, engineers and counsultants. safety of small public water supplies. We can all benefit from All are willing to share their expertise and resources with any this program. small system operator in need of support. We are here for you and intend to be ... Additionally, the services and expertise of the management, "A HELPING HAND IN EDUCATION AND OPERATIONS" staff and circuit riders of the Pennsylvania Rural Water If you prefer to correspond by mail, please fill out the Association will be available. attached request from and send it to: Pennsylvania Rural Water Association 138 West Bishop Street Bellefonte, PA 16823 Pennsylvania Section of AWWA Small Water System Committee and the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association

VOLUNTEER NETWORK/REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE The AWWA Small Systems Committee in conjunction with Pennsylvania Rural Water Association has developed a vol­ unteer network for technical assistance and training. If you have any questions that need answered or assistance on any matter in your system, simply call: 1-800-653-PRWA and a Pennsylvania Rural Water Association staff person will take your call. Hours are: Monday thru Friday, 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. After hours a recorder will take your message, and a staff mem­ ber will get back to you as soon as possible. If you don't want to call, just fill out the following request from and send it to: Pennsylvania Rural Water Association, 138 West Bishop Street, Bellefonte, PA 16823. VOLUNTEER NETWORK/REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE Date: ______Time: ______a.m./p.m. Name: ______

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62 PUC PRIOR APPROVAL OF TRANSFERS REQUIRED by John Short

The Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission's ("PUC'') jurisdiction over asset transfers by water utilities was recently challenged before the Commonwealth Court in Public Service Water Co .. et al. v. Pa. P.U .C., No. 2802 C.D. 1993 and No. 346 C.D. 1994. In that case, the seller transferred its assets to the purchaser without receiving prior PUC consent, and the purchaser actually took over operation of the system without first obtaining a certificate of public convenience from the PUC. When the purchaser finally did seek PUC approval of the transfer and applied for a certificate, its application was denied; as justification tor its action, the PUC cited procedural defects in the application anq poor water service provided while the purchaser operated the system. The PUC directed the purchaser to transfer the assets back to the original sell­ er within ten (10) days. When the purchaser failed to abide by the PUC's order, the PUC imposed a $66,00Q fine on the purchaser ($1 ,ooo per day for non-compliance). The purchaser appealed the PUC's order to the Commonwealth Court, arguing that the transfer of assets was lawful because the Public Utility Code does not mandate that the PUC approve applications tor certificates of public conve­ nience before transferring such assets. The Commonwealth Court, by Opinion and Order dated June 30, 1994, affirmed the PUC order, and found that the Public Utility Code (66 Pa. C.S.A. §11 02(a)(3)) prohibits a public utility from transferring its assets without having PUC approval. The Commonwealth Court also rejected the purchaser's ancillary arguments that the PUC order resulted in an unconstitutional taking of property and that the fine was excessive. As a practical note, § 11 02 of the Public Utility Code requires regulated utilities to obtain prior PUC approval for asset transfers and for stock transfers, with stock transfers affecting over 25% of the outstanding stock of a public utility or its parent requiring prior PUC approval. Moreover, it is incumbent upon the seller and the purchaser to make sure that PUC consent to the asset or stock transfer is secured before effectuating the transfer. If anyone would like to see a copy of this court case call us at PRWA, 814-353-9302 and we will send you one.

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CONTINUING IN OUR COMMITMENT TO PROVIDE QUALITY SERVICES TO RURAL COMMUNITIES SINCE 1962

Water Supply Planning Act 537 Sewage Facilities Planning Water Source Development Wastewater Treatment Plants Water Filtration Plants Pumping Stations Reservoirs and Standpipes Sewers and Force Mains Water Distribution Systems Infiltration/Inflow Studies Emergency Response Plans Sludge Management Drought Contingency Plans Operations Consultation Annual Water Supply Reports Regulatory Agency Assistance Computerized Distribution System Analysis Rate Studies Construction Administration Budgets

369 East Park Drive • Harrisburg, PA 17111 • (717)564-1121 1846 Charter Lane • Lancaster, PA 17601 • (717)291-1783 366 Walker Drive • State College, PA 16801 • (814)238-7117 32 West Middle Street • Gettysburg, PA 17325 • (717)337-9684

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Vol. 6, No.6 Au ust 1994

Rural Water Research Fund determines the impact of Phase II and V regulations on small systems

The Rural Water Research Fund provided money to determine the impact of Phase II and V regulations on rural and small communities. Rural and small water systems that are members of NRWA State Affiliates contribute money to the fund for the pur­ pose of conducting research, surveys and studies to document Part two in a series of positions and provide input into the regulatory decision-making three process. Background The cost for monitoring all of Phase II and V chemicals for rural and small drinking water systems was not known. The May Drips & Drops showed that the total cost for monitoring without waivers or compositing for systems serving 10,000 or fewer population would be $1 billion for one three-year compliance period. This raises the question: What are rural and small water systems going to do to meet this cost? Methodology Data were gathered from 506 water systems in 22 states across the country. This information was compiled and analyzed. Comment Results The:: av~rag~ cost per system snr­ • The average annual water bill for a fami ly of four was $279. veyed for ihe,Pbase II ·anti V contami­ • Of the survey respondents 44% (222 of 506) indicated that nanfmonitoring was $10.888 . .A:t tHis cost level it is ·important for water sys­ they took advantage of the Chafee-Lautenberg amendment which allowed systems not finding Phase and Phase contaminants in rems to seek relief where appropriate, II V their water on the first sample to eliminate the remaining three tl},rough waivers granted by states and quarterly samples. This flexibility alone reduced the cost of moni­ compositlng of samples. Water sys­ toring by 75 % during the first three-year compliance period. tems should> check with state .officWs to determine what options ar:e avail­ • Waivers which can be granted by states to reduce monitoring able to tlie"m. were received by 17% (84 of 506) of systems in 16 states. Correction: It was incorrectly stated • Nitrate was the most frequently found contaminant occurring that tJJe Jucy Drips ·& Drops was the above MCLs. s~eo:Od part of a three-pat;tsenes. Th(s • Only 8% of the systems detected one or more contaminants. , issue is a

65 DROPS

Vol. No.7

Rural Water Research Fund det~rmines the impact of Phase II and V regulations on small systems

The Rural Water Research Fund provided money to determine the impact of Phase II and V regulations on rural and small communities. Rural and small water systems that are members of NRWA State Affiliates contribute money to the fund for the pur­ pose of conducting research, surveys and studies to document positions and provide input into the regulatory decision-making process. Background The cost for monitoring all of Phase II and V chemicals for rural Part three in a series of and small drinking water systems was not known. The June Drips three & Drops showed that the total cost for monitoring without waivers or compositing for systems serving 10,000 or fewer population would be $1 bilHon for one three-year compliance period. The August Drips & Drops revealed thal 44% of the systems surveyed took advantage of the Chafee-Lautenberg amendment, and 17% received waivers. For those systems not getting monitoring relief, what are they doing to meet the cost of monitoring? Results • 36% indicate rate increases- averaging 29%- are necessary to pay for the monitoring. • 64% (322 of 506) indicate funding would come from existing budgets. • 77% of the systems would reduce or eliminate activities or functions. • 41% indicate capital improvements such as water main extensions, source development, and improvements to treatment would be shelved or reduced. • 28% would reduce operation and maintenance. • 11% would reduce staffing. • 3% would close wells to avoid costly monitoring.

66 Storage Systems, Inc.

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67 A Technical Advisory from NRWA Vol. 5, No 2 Fall1994 Clean Water Act Reauthorization Legislation

House ofRepresentati ves: (HR 3948) submitted by Representali ve Norman Mineta (D-Califomia).

Senate: (S 2093) submitted by Senator Max Baucus (D-Montana).

What's Happening

In a word "nothing". The Clean Water Act is bogged down iri the House ofRepresentatives and the Senate is waiting forthe House to take action. The latest action from the House was House Public Works and Transportation Committee Chairman, Norman Mineta showing interest in moving legislation that deals solely with funding. Accord­ ing to the Inside EPA, that idea would likely be subject to amend­ ments that could weaken the Act.

Major Issues That Are In Contention

• Non-point pollution control • Wetlands • Risk assessments • Private property rights ("takings" issue)

Other Issues To Be Resolved

• State revolving fund (SRF) eligibility • Enforcement provisions • Ground water programs

What Are NRWA's Issues?

• Adequate funding for small systems • Protection of sources used for water supply • State tlexi bi I i ty to restrain financial impacts on small systems • Integrate with SOWA goals • Risk assessment using cost/benefit analysis Comment • Use of training and technical assistance to meet goals • Permit fees must be fair and equitable Since it appears the Clean Water Act reauthorization • Funding for ground water protection projects will not make it in this Congress, we are well • Waterconservation prepared for the debate next session. • Low cost technology 68 UTILITY SERVICES ASSOCIATES WATER SYSTEMS SERVICES R. 451 MARY ST. R...Ei SCRANTON, PA 18508 (717) 969-9500 AUS Consultants WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS Utility Services Group SERVICES INDUSTRIAL & UTILITY Rate Applications & Accounting LEAK DETECTION & PIPELINE SERVICE Cost ot Service Studies

CERTIFIED WATER OPERATIONS - PART TIME & BACK UP Depreciation & Valuation Studies MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS CONSULTATION Analysis o1 Customer Billings FINANCIAL PROCUREMENT CONSULATION Rate & TariU Design WATER SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS • METER TESTING PRE-ENGINEERING STUDIES Contact: WATER LOSS STUDIES CORROSION CONTROL Gary D. Shambaugh FLUID LEAK DETECTION TRACER GAS STUDIES Executive Vice Presiden t GAS LEAK DETECTION MAPPING SERVICES 1000 N. Front St., Suite 200 UNDERGROUND LINE LOCATION Wormleysburg, PA 17043 CERTIFIED SEWERAGE PLANT OPERATORS, Phone (717) 763-98 90 ENGINEERING STUDIES, CERTIFIED WATER OPERATOR FAX (717) 763-9931 " Certifited Backflow Prevention Device Tester" " TECHNOLOGY IN BALANCE WITH EXPERIENCE AND COMMON SENSE" URFACE TEC HN OLOG I ES c 0. LOCATING •TESTING PINPOINTING

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Focus Group Leaders, Staff and Board Members

District 1 Group Leader: George Evanko, Castle Rock District 4 Group Leader: Martin Beck, Wellsboro 215-353-5987 717-724-4604 Staff: Judy Muehl Staff: Judy Muehl Board: Teresa Rissmtller Board: Guy Shaffer, Pat Regan Dave Quinn District 5 Group Leader: District 2 Group Leader: Frank Sargent, Waymart 717-488-5222 Staff: Judy Muehl Staff: Steve Krchnavy Board: Dave Quinn Board: Bob Blough

District 3 Group Leader: John McCready, Williamstown Qistrict 6 Group Leader: Kim Benjamin, Bradford 717-647-4466 814-362-3004 Staff: Chris Shutt Staff: Blll Keller Board: Teresa Rissmiller Board: Jan Gallo

PROPOSED PRWA DISTRICT PLAN FOR THE COUNTIES OF PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania Rural Water Association Board District Plan and Focus Groups

On January 22, 1994, the Pennsylvania Rural Water Association Board of Directors unveiled a plan for dividing the state of Pennsylvania into districts in hopes of better serving the membership. The provisions for this plan, which takes effect in 1994, will have the state divided in six districts, with two areas in each district, totaling twelve areas in all across the state. Under this plan, at least one PRWA training session will occur in each area per year, and in addition, both the water and wastewater circuit riders will be assigned to visit each of the twelve areas at least once a year. Another provision of the plan calls for the development of Focus Groups from each district, comprised of volunteers from system members within that district, who will represent the interests of the members of that dis­ trict and refer them to the PRWA Board of Directors. A final provision of the plan calls for the election of the PRWA Board of Directors by district, with a member to be selected by each of the six districts, and one At Large member selected by the entire membership, who will also serve as the state association's representative to the National Rural Water Association Board of Directors. This section of the plan has been targeted for institution by 1997. For further information, please call the PRWA office at 814-353-9302, or if you would like to be part of the focus group in your area, you can contact one of the Focus Group leaders listed on this page.

71 PENNSYLVANIA RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION UPCOMING TRAININGS FOR 1994

OCTOBER: 26th JAR TESTING Brackenridge, Brackenridge Borough Building

27th JAR TESTING Brackenridge, Brackenridge Borough Building

NOVEMBER: 1st, 2nd & 3rd TEXAS A & M, BASIC WATER WORKS OPERATIONS (for Water Operators Certification) PRWA Office, 138 West Bishop Street, Bellefonte, PA

9th CROSS CONNECTION CONTROL Brookville, Brookville Days Inn

16th PROPER OPERATION OF OPENING & CLOSING A FIRE HYDRANT White Haven, White Haven Community Center

JANUARY 1995: 18th GROUNDWATER WORKSHOP Allentown, Days Inn

FEBRUARY 1995: 7th GAS CHLORINATORS Reading, Days Inn

7th, 8th & 9th TEXAS A & M WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRWA Office 138 West Bishop Street, Bellefonte, PA

9th GAS CHLORINATORS Butler, Days Inn

14th, 15th & 16th TEXAS A & M BASIC WATER WORKS OPERATION Triton Hose Company, 126 Warren Street, Tunkhannock, PA

MARCH 1995: 26th, 27th & 28th 7th ANNUAL PRWA STATE CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION Nittany Lion Inn, State College, PA

MAY 1995: 9th, 1Oth & 11th TEXAS A & M BASIC WASTEWATER Gettysburg

16th, 17th & 18th SURFACE WATER PRODUCTION (ADVANCED) Williamstown, Williamstown Community Center

*TBA Workshop To Be Announced at a later date. **All trainings are subject to change. Additional trainings are periodically added. To register for any training or for more information on these trainings or others, please call our office at 814-353-9302. ***All cancellations must be received fifteen days prior to training date for refund.

72 /

WATER AND SEWER PIPELINE SERVICES

• WATER LINE LEAK LOCATION • INFILTRATION I INFLOW ANALYSIS AND SURVEYS • INTERNAL PIPELINE GROUTING • INTERNAL PIPELINE TELEVISION INSPECTION • PIPELINE TRACING AND MAPPING • HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL PIPELINE CLEANING • HYDROSTATIC AND AIR TESTING EQUIPMENT • MANHOLE AND WETWELL REHABILITATION ·FLOW METERING AND SAMPLING EQUIPMENT • WET OR DRY MATERIAL VACUUM SERVICES • TANK CLEANING AND TESTING SERVICES • DECONTAMINATION AND CLOSURE PLANS

P.O. BOX 67100 HARRISBURG, PA 17106-7100 800-233-1055

{3) Locations To Serve You CONNEAUT LAKE, PA Phone (814) 382-8196 NEW DERRY, PA Phone(412)694-2900 ORMSBY, PA Phone (814) 465-3520 PENNSYLVANIA RURAL WATER "What's in it for me?" ASSOCIATION

System Member Associate Member • Free Access to Pennsylvania Rural Water Association's Technical • The chance to offer Pennsylvania Rural Water Association's Assistance Library, slide presentations and videos members a special discount to promote your product • Periodical discounts given to members only- offered through our • Free yearly subscription to our magazine "The Keystone Tap" Associate Members and discounted advertising • Free access to technical equipment • Free advertising in Pennsylvania Rural Water Association's • Free yearly subscription to our magazine "The Keystone Tap" " Industry Contact Book" • Free copy of Pennsylvania Rural Water Association "Industry Contact • Information sent directly to you on all Pennsylvania Rural Water Book" or supplier information offered Association's Training Sessions • Information sent directly to you on all Pennsylvania Rural Water • Discount for members only given on Pennsylvania Rural Water Association's Training Sessions Associations' Annual Technical Conference registration and • Dis~ount for members only given on Pennsylvania Rural Water exhibiting Associations' Annual Technical Conference • Periodic mailings of all legislative updates pertaini ng to • Technical assistance provided by registered circuit riders at no water/wastewater systems charge to you • A quarterly "Members Only" Newsletter • Periodic mailings of all legislat ive updates pertaining to • Annual Associate Members Luncheon water/wastewater systems • A quarterly "Members Only" Newsletter PRWA- "ENRICHING LIFE IN PENNSYLVANIA"

YES, (I) (WE) want to support PAWA: Please print or type Water System Membership ______SYSTEM/COMPANY NAME ------­ ($1 75.00 per year) Waste Water System ADDRESS __~------Membership ______CITY ______STATE ___ ZIP _____ ($175.00 per year) CONTACT PERSON ______Joint Water/Waste Water System Membership ____ PHONE NUM BER ______COUNTY------($225.00 per year) Individual Membership ___ NUMBER OF METERS IN SERVICE DATE - ---- ($50.00 per year) Mail To: Pennsylvania Rural Water Association Associate Membership ___ 138 West Bishop Street, Bellefonte, PA 16823 (814) 353-9302 ($200.00 per year) Pennsylvania Rural Water Association Bulk Rate 138 West Bishop Street U.S. Postage Bellefonte, PA 16823 PAID Permit No. 12 Indinna, PA 15701

Address Correction Requested THIRD CLASS

ATTENTION : WATER/W.W. DEPT. When finished reading , please route to: 0 Operators/Managers 0 Clerk/Treasurer 0 Board