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Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol Natural Resource Report NPS/SER/SFCN/NRR—2007/XXX ON THE COVER Mennebeck Reef (2002) in Virgin Islands National Park Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol Natural Resource Report NPS/SER/SFCN/NTR—2007/XXX By Jeff Miller1, Caroline Rogers2, Andrea Atkinson3, Erinn Muller4, Andy Davis1, Christy Loomis5, Matt Patterson3, Rob Waara3, Brian Witcher3, Alexandra Wright6, Jim Petterson7 Collaborative project of National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program, South Florida / Caribbean Network Virgin Islands National Park, National Park Service U.S. Geological Survey - Florida Integrated Science Center 1National Park Service, South Florida/Caribbean Network 1300 Cruz Bay Creek, St. John, VI 00830 2U.S. Geological Survey – Florida Integrated Science Center Virgin Islands National Park 1300 Cruz Bay Creek, St. John, VI 00830 3National Park Service, South Florida/Caribbean Network 18001 Old Cutler Rd. Suite 419, Village of Palmetto Bay, FL 33157 4Florida Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Science 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne FL, 32901 5 National Park Service, Virgin Islands National Park 1300 Cruz Bay Creek, St. John, VI 00830 6University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee 3209 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee WI 53211 7 National Park Service, Pinnacles National Monument 5000 Highway 146, Paicines, CA 95043 Draft – December 15, 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado ii The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; monitoring protocols; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations and data in this report are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior, NPS. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the South Florida / Caribbean Network website (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sfcn/) on the Internet or by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Please cite this publication as: Miller, W.J., C. Rogers, A. Atkinson, E. Muller, A. Davis, C. Loomis, M. Patterson, R. Waara, B. Witcher, A. Wright, J. Petterson. 2007. Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol. Natural Resource Report NPS/SER/SFCN/NRTR—2007/003. National Park Service, Miami, Florida. NPS D-XXX, December 2007 iii Acknowledgments The creation of this protocol and attached SOPs could not have been done without the support of innumerable persons including colleagues, co-workers, friends, and spouses. Beginning with the I&M prototype protocols, listed herein as SOP 1 and SOP 2, each contain a list of people who made contributions to those protocols, thereby creating a foundation for this document. The authors wish to thank those that took part in the vital signs workshops, and took the time to participate in ranking the vital signs. Your input has provided guidance. We’d like to acknowledge the SFCN Board of Directors, and the Science and Technical committee. Your review and comments of the Monitoring Plan Phase reports are much appreciated. 2007 has seen the retirement of two NPS leaders and strong advocates of the I&M program: Mike Soukup and Gary Davis. Contributions and support by these friends and colleagues to the I&M program as well as the SFCN are sincerely appreciated. Additionally we’d like to acknowledge Amanda Bourque, Dan Clark, Blue and Jeanie Douglas, Mike Echevarria, Ian Lundgren, Shelby Moneysmith, Judd Patterson, Tony Pernas, Dave Sapio, Carrie Stengel, Eric Sudalter, Iris Wilson. iv Contents Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………...vii Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………...viii Executive summary ………………………………………………………………………………ix Background and Objectives …………………………………………………………………….…1 Background and History-from prototype to operational program …………………..…….1 Ecological context of USVI and Florida parks ……….…………………………….……..2 Rationale for monitoring coral reefs ……………………………………………………...3 History of monitoring coral cover within SFCN parks …………………………….……..6 Measurable Objectives ……………………………………………………………………9 Sample Design …………………………………………………………………………..………10 Rationale for selecting this sampling design …….…….………………………..………10 Site Selection …………………………………………………………………..………..10 Procedures for selecting and establishing transects within a site .…………….………...11 Rationale for using permanent transects …..………………………………….…………11 Rationale for selecting “coral cover” as primary parameter to be monitored …………..11 Sample frequency and timing …………………….……………………………………..12 Recommended number and location of sample sites …………….……………………...12 Level of change that can be detected …………………………………………………….13 Current monitoring sites within SFCN parks…………………………………………….16 Field Methods …………………………………………………………………………………...25 Using Videography to Monitor Coral Reefs – Overview ………………………………..25 Using the AquaMap™ at a Study site – Overview ………….………………………….26 Using a GPS and ArcView™ at a Study Site – Overview ……………………………...27 Counting Diadema on coral reefs ………………………………………………………..28 Measuring coral disease …………………………………………………………………28 Measuring rugosity on coral reefs ………………………………………………………29 Data Handling, Analysis and Reporting …………………………………………………………30 Overview of database design ……………………………………………………………30 Data entry, verification and editing ……………………………………………………..30 Recommendations for routine data ………………………………………………………31 Reporting ………………………..………………………………………………………32 Recommended methods for statistical analysis ……………………………..…………..36 Metadata procedures …...……………………………………………………………….37 Data archival procedures ……………………………………………………………….37 Personnel Requirements and Training …………………………………………………………..38 Roles and responsibilities ……………………………………………………………….38 Qualifications ……………………………………………………………………………38 Training procedures ……………………………………………………………………..38 Operational Requirements ………………………………………………………………………40 Annual workload and field schedule …………………………………………………….40 Facility and equipment needs ……………………………………………………………40 Startup costs and budget considerations …………………………………………………41 References ……………………………………………………………………………………….42 Appendix 1 –Products associated with this protocol and SOPs …………..…………………….47 v Standard Operating Procedures SOP 1– Using videography to monitor coral reefs ……………………………....SOP 1-1 SOP 2– Using the Aquamap™ system at a study site ……………………………SOP 2-1 SOP 3– Selecting random sampling points using GPS …….……………………..SOP 3-1 SOP 4– Counting Diadema on coral reefs ……………………………………..SOP 4-1 SOP 5– Measuring rugosity on coral reefs ……………………………………….SOP 5-1 SOP 6– Measuring coral disease ………………………………………………...SOP 6-1 SOP 7– Coral reef monitoring database user’s guide …………………………….SOP 7-1 SOP 8– Operation and maintenance of NPS vessel, Acropora …………………..SOP 8-1 SOP 9– Revising the protocol …………………………………………………….SOP 9-1 vi Figures Figure 1: Results of sample size calculations for SFCN park index sites with more than 20% mean coral cover as of annual 2005 sampling. Figure 2: Results of sample size calculations for SFCN park index sites with between 10% and 20% mean coral cover as of annual 2005 sampling. Figure 3: Results of sample size calculations for SFCN park index sites with less than 10% mean coral cover as of annual 2005 sampling. Figure 4: Outline of Biscayne National Park boundary showing the locations of SFCN index sites, Amanda’s and Ball Buoy Reefs. Figure 5: Ball Buoy Reef perimeter showing sample transects locations. Figure 6: Amanda’s Reef perimeter showing sample transects locations. Figure 7: Digital rendering of Buck Island showing location of SFCN index sites and portion of park boundary (green line). The east end of St. Croix, USVI is in the background. Figure 8: Dry Tortugas National Park, the location of the SFCN index sites, and the boundaries of the Research Natural and Traditional Use areas. Figure 9. Orientation of SFCN index sites in DRTO in relation to the RNA and traditional use area. Figure 10. Map of St. John, boundary of VIIS and the location of SFCN index sites. Figure 11. Location of SFCN index sites on south side of St. John, locations relative to managed areas. Figure 12:
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