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Mine Waste Covers in Cold Regions MEND Report 1.61.5A

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Mine Waste Covers in Cold Regions MEND Report 1.61.5A Mine Waste Covers in Cold Regions MEND Report 1.61.5a This work was done on behalf of MEND and sponsored by: The Mining Association of Canada (MAC) and MEND March 2009 Mine Waste Covers in Cold Regions Prepared for Mine Environment Neutral Drainage Program (MEND) Prepared by SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. Suite 2200, 1066 West Hastings Street Vancouver, B.C. V6E 3X2 Tel: 604.681.4196 Fax: 604.687.5532 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.srk.com March 2009 Authors Maritz Rykaart Daryl Hockley Mine Waste Covers in Cold Regions Page i Executive Summary This report examines phenomena that could affect the performance of soil covers constructed on mine wastes located in cold regions. It reviews the state of knowledge about such phenomena, and their occurrence in existing mine waste covers. It also identifies priorities for research to develop soil cover design and construction methods suitable for cold regions. Soil covers are widely used in the management of mine tailings and waste rock. However, current soil cover design and construction practices are based largely on experience from temperate regions, and on the theoretical basis provided by agricultural soil physics, which is also derived largely from experience in temperate regions. As a result, they do not take into account many potentially important features and processes that are common in cold regions. Several dozen features or processes affecting soils have been identified in cold regions. The most widespread processes are ground freezing and ground ice formation, ground thawing and thaw settlement, and freeze-thaw cycling. Cryoturbation, solifluction, gelifluction and convective cooling can also occur in limited conditions. Combinations of these processes with specific soil or hydrologic conditions can result in terrain features such as ice wedges, pingos, thermokarst, patterned ground, boulder fields, mounds or hummocks, and mudboils, as well as a number of less common features. The rates of these processes can be slow enough that they would not be obvious in current observations of soil covers, but fast enough that they might have significant effects over a cover’s design life. Cold regions also exhibit distinct hydrologic phenomena. The effect of freezing conditions on infiltration is one example of importance to cover design and performance. Other less obvious effects may also be important in particular circumstances. Nearly 100 examples have been found of soil covers either proposed for or constructed on mine wastes in cold regions. Detailed information is seldom available, but it appears that very few of the constructed or proposed covers have been reviewed from a cold regions perspective. The limited cases where cold regions considerations have affected cover design and cover performance are reviewed. There is a need for additional research on fundamental cold regions phenomena, for development of predictive and design tools that take cold regions phenomena into account, and for the development of best practice guidelines. Several large-scale cover trials are currently underway in cold regions. Coordination of those programs offers opportunities to make significant advances in the understanding of the effects of cold regions phenomena on soil cover performance. March 2009 Mine Waste Covers in Cold Regions Page i Résumé Dans ce rapport, l’on examine les phénomènes qui pourraient toucher le rendement des couvertures de sol construites sur des rejets miniers situés dans des régions froides. L’on passe en revue le savoir sur ces phénomènes et leur présence dans les couvertures existantes. L’on identifie aussi les priorités pour la recherche qui vise l’élaboration de méthodes de conception et de construction de couverture de sol qui conviennent aux régions froides. Les couvertures de sol sont très utilisées dans la gestion des résidus miniers et des stériles. Toutefois, les méthodes actuellement exploitées pour concevoir et construire des systèmes de couverture de sol s’inspirent largement de l’expérience provenant des régions tempérées, et aussi des fondements théoriques de la physique des sols appliquée à l’agriculture, une discipline qui, elle aussi, découle grandement de l’expérience accumulée dans les régions tempérées. Par conséquent, ces méthodes ne tiennent pas compte de nombreux processus et caractéristiques éventuellement importants et généralement présents dans les régions froides. Plusieurs douzaines de caractéristiques ou de processus touchant les sols ont été identifiés dans les régions froides. Les processus les plus fréquents sont la congélation du sol et la formation de glace dans les sols, le dégel du sol et le tassement dû au dégel, et le cycle de gel et de dégel. La turbation périglaciaire, la solifluxion, la gélifluxion et le refroidissement par convection se produisent quant à eux dans certaines conditions. La combinaison de ces processus et de certains sols ou de certaines conditions hydrologiques entraîne quelquefois la formation de traits caractéristiques de terrain, par exemple des blocs de glace, des pingos, du thermokarst, des terrains réticulés, des champs de blocs rocheux, des buttes ou des hummocks, et des marmites de boue, ainsi que de caractéristiques moins courantes. La progression de ces processus est quelquefois si lente que les processus sont imperceptibles lors des observations ordinaires des couvertures de sol mais elle peut être si rapide que les processus ont un impact important sur la durée de vie théorique des couvertures. En outre, les régions froides abritent des phénomènes hydrologiques distincts. L’effet du gel sur l’infiltration est un exemple de phénomène important pour la conception et le rendement des couvertures. D’autres effets moins évidents peuvent, eux aussi, s’avérer importants dans des circonstances particulières. L’on a identifié une centaine de couvertures de sol dont la construction sur des rejets miniers situés dans des régions froides a été proposée ou est terminée. De l’information détaillée est rarement disponible, mais il semble que très peu de ces couvertures construites ou proposées aient été examinées pour les régions froides. L’on examine dans le rapport les quelques cas où le lieu, soit une région froide, est entré en ligne de compte dans la conception et le rendement de la couverture. Il y a lieu de poursuivre la recherche sur les phénomènes fondamentaux des régions froides, afin de créer des instruments de prévision et de conception qui tiennent compte des phénomènes particuliers aux régions froides et d’élaborer des lignes directrices sur les meilleures pratiques. Plusieurs essais de couvertures à grande échelle sont en voie d’exécution dans des régions froides. La coordination de ces programmes offre des possibilités de réaliser des progrès importants dans la compréhension des effets, sur le rendement des couvertures de sol, des phénomènes particuliers aux régions froides. March 2009 Mine Waste Covers in Cold Regions Page i Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... i Résumé ............................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... i 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Report Structure.................................................................................................................. 1 2 Cold Regions Phenomena........................................................................................... 2 2.1 Cold Regions....................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Geographic Extent...................................................................................................................2 2.1.2 Distribution of Cold Regions Ground Features and Processes ..............................................3 2.2 Frozen Ground Phenomena................................................................................................ 5 2.2.1 Basics......................................................................................................................................5 2.2.2 Processes................................................................................................................................7 2.2.3 Terrain Features....................................................................................................................12 2.2.4 Rates of Frozen Ground Phenomena ...................................................................................20 2.3 Cold Regions Hydrologic Phenomena .............................................................................. 23 2.3.1 Precipitation...........................................................................................................................23 2.3.2 Snow......................................................................................................................................23 2.3.3 Energy Balance .....................................................................................................................25
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