Quadratic Functions Quadratic Functions a Quadratic Function Is a Function of the Form F(X) = Ax2 +Bx+C, Where A, B, and C Are Constants and a 6= 0
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A Computational Approach to Solve a System of Transcendental Equations with Multi-Functions and Multi-Variables
mathematics Article A Computational Approach to Solve a System of Transcendental Equations with Multi-Functions and Multi-Variables Chukwuma Ogbonnaya 1,2,* , Chamil Abeykoon 3 , Adel Nasser 1 and Ali Turan 4 1 Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki PMB 1010, Nigeria 3 Aerospace Research Institute and Northwest Composites Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; [email protected] 4 Independent Researcher, Manchester M22 4ES, Lancashire, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)74-3850-3799 Abstract: A system of transcendental equations (SoTE) is a set of simultaneous equations containing at least a transcendental function. Solutions involving transcendental equations are often problematic, particularly in the form of a system of equations. This challenge has limited the number of equations, with inter-related multi-functions and multi-variables, often included in the mathematical modelling of physical systems during problem formulation. Here, we presented detailed steps for using a code- based modelling approach for solving SoTEs that may be encountered in science and engineering problems. A SoTE comprising six functions, including Sine-Gordon wave functions, was used to illustrate the steps. Parametric studies were performed to visualize how a change in the variables Citation: Ogbonnaya, C.; Abeykoon, affected the superposition of the waves as the independent variable varies from x1 = 1:0.0005:100 to C.; Nasser, A.; Turan, A. -
Math 1232-04F (Survey of Calculus) Dr. J.S. Zheng Chapter R. Functions
Math 1232-04F (Survey of Calculus) Dr. J.S. Zheng Chapter R. Functions, Graphs, and Models R.4 Slope and Linear Functions R.5* Nonlinear Functions and Models R.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions R.7* Mathematical Modeling and Curve Fitting • Linear Functions (11) Graph the following equations. Determine if they are functions. (a) y = 2 (b) x = 2 (c) y = 3x (d) y = −2x + 4 (12) Definition. The variable y is directly proportional to x (or varies directly with x) if there is some positive constant m such that y = mx. We call m the constant of proportionality, or variation constant. (13) The weight M of a person's muscles is directly proportional to the person's body weight W . It is known that a person weighing 200 lb has 80 lb of muscle. (a) Find an equation of variation expressing M as a function of W . (b) What is the muscle weight of a person weighing 120 lb? (14) Definition. A linear function is any function that can be written in the form y = mx + b or f(x) = mx + b, called the slope-intercept equation of a line. The constant m is called the slope. The point (0; b) is called the y-intercept. (15) Find the slope and y-intercept of the graph of 3x + 5y − 2 = 0. (16) Find an equation of the line that has slope 4 and passes through the point (−1; 1). (17) Definition. The equation y − y1 = m(x − x1) is called the point-slope equation of a line. The point is (x1; y1), and the slope is m. -
Formal Power Series - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Formal power series - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series Formal power series From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In mathematics, formal power series are a generalization of polynomials as formal objects, where the number of terms is allowed to be infinite; this implies giving up the possibility to substitute arbitrary values for indeterminates. This perspective contrasts with that of power series, whose variables designate numerical values, and which series therefore only have a definite value if convergence can be established. Formal power series are often used merely to represent the whole collection of their coefficients. In combinatorics, they provide representations of numerical sequences and of multisets, and for instance allow giving concise expressions for recursively defined sequences regardless of whether the recursion can be explicitly solved; this is known as the method of generating functions. Contents 1 Introduction 2 The ring of formal power series 2.1 Definition of the formal power series ring 2.1.1 Ring structure 2.1.2 Topological structure 2.1.3 Alternative topologies 2.2 Universal property 3 Operations on formal power series 3.1 Multiplying series 3.2 Power series raised to powers 3.3 Inverting series 3.4 Dividing series 3.5 Extracting coefficients 3.6 Composition of series 3.6.1 Example 3.7 Composition inverse 3.8 Formal differentiation of series 4 Properties 4.1 Algebraic properties of the formal power series ring 4.2 Topological properties of the formal power series -
Solving Cubic Polynomials
Solving Cubic Polynomials 1.1 The general solution to the quadratic equation There are four steps to finding the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial. 1. First divide by the leading term, making the polynomial monic. a 2. Then, given x2 + a x + a , substitute x = y − 1 to obtain an equation without the linear term. 1 0 2 (This is the \depressed" equation.) 3. Solve then for y as a square root. (Remember to use both signs of the square root.) a 4. Once this is done, recover x using the fact that x = y − 1 . 2 For example, let's solve 2x2 + 7x − 15 = 0: First, we divide both sides by 2 to create an equation with leading term equal to one: 7 15 x2 + x − = 0: 2 2 a 7 Then replace x by x = y − 1 = y − to obtain: 2 4 169 y2 = 16 Solve for y: 13 13 y = or − 4 4 Then, solving back for x, we have 3 x = or − 5: 2 This method is equivalent to \completing the square" and is the steps taken in developing the much- memorized quadratic formula. For example, if the original equation is our \high school quadratic" ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the first step creates the equation b c x2 + x + = 0: a a b We then write x = y − and obtain, after simplifying, 2a b2 − 4ac y2 − = 0 4a2 so that p b2 − 4ac y = ± 2a and so p b b2 − 4ac x = − ± : 2a 2a 1 The solutions to this quadratic depend heavily on the value of b2 − 4ac. -
Factoring Polynomials
EAP/GWL Rev. 1/2011 Page 1 of 5 Factoring a polynomial is the process of writing it as the product of two or more polynomial factors. Example: — Set the factors of a polynomial equation (as opposed to an expression) equal to zero in order to solve for a variable: Example: To solve ,; , The flowchart below illustrates a sequence of steps for factoring polynomials. First, always factor out the Greatest Common Factor (GCF), if one exists. Is the equation a Binomial or a Trinomial? 1 Prime polynomials cannot be factored Yes No using integers alone. The Sum of Squares and the Four or more quadratic factors Special Cases? terms of the Sum and Difference of Binomial Trinomial Squares are (two terms) (three terms) Factor by Grouping: always Prime. 1. Group the terms with common factors and factor 1. Difference of Squares: out the GCF from each Perfe ct Square grouping. 1 , 3 Trinomial: 2. Sum of Squares: 1. 2. Continue factoring—by looking for Special Cases, 1 , 2 2. 3. Difference of Cubes: Grouping, etc.—until the 3 equation is in simplest form FYI: A Sum of Squares can 1 , 2 (or all factors are Prime). 4. Sum of Cubes: be factored using imaginary numbers if you rewrite it as a Difference of Squares: — 2 Use S.O.A.P to No Special √1 √1 Cases remember the signs for the factors of the 4 Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula Sum and Difference Choose: of Cubes: are primarily methods for solving equations rather 1. Factor by Grouping than simply factoring expressions. -
Write the Function in Standard Form
Write The Function In Standard Form Bealle often suppurates featly when active Davidson lopper fleetly and ray her paedogenesis. Tressed Jesse still outmaneuvers: clinometric and georgic Augie diphthongises quite dirtily but mistitling her indumentum sustainedly. If undefended or gobioid Allen usually pulsate his Orientalism miming jauntily or blow-up stolidly and headfirst, how Alhambresque is Gustavo? Now the vertex always sits exactly smack dab between the roots, when you do have roots. For the two sides to be equal, the corresponding coefficients must be equal. So, changing the value of p vertically stretches or shrinks the parabola. To save problems you must sign in. This short tutorial helps you learn how to find vertex, focus, and directrix of a parabola equation with an example using the formulas. The draft was successfully published. To determine the domain and range of any function on a graph, the general idea is to assume that they are both real numbers, then look for places where no values exist. For our purposes, this is close enough. English has also become the most widely used second language. Simplify the radical, but notice that the number under the radical symbol is negative! On this lesson, you fill learn how to graph a quadratic function, find the axis of symmetry, vertex, and the x intercepts and y intercepts of a parabolawi. Be sure to write the terms with the exponent on the variable in descending order. Wendler Polynomial Webquest Introduction: By the end of this webquest, you will have a deeper understanding of polynomials. Anyone can ask a math question, and most questions get answers! Follow along with the highlighted text while you listen! And if I have an upward opening parabola, the vertex is going to be the minimum point. -
Lesson 1: Multiplying and Factoring Polynomial Expressions
NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 1 M4 ALGEBRA I Lesson 1: Multiplying and Factoring Polynomial Expressions Classwork Opening Exercise Write expressions for the areas of the two rectangles in the figures given below. 8 2 2 Now write an expression for the area of this rectangle: 8 2 Example 1 The total area of this rectangle is represented by 3a + 3a. Find expressions for the dimensions of the total rectangle. 2 3 + 3 square units 2 푎 푎 Lesson 1: Multiplying and Factoring Polynomial Expressions Date: 2/2/14 S.1 This work is licensed under a © 2014 Common Core, Inc. Some rights reserved. commoncore.org Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 1 M4 ALGEBRA I Exercises 1–3 Factor each by factoring out the Greatest Common Factor: 1. 10 + 5 푎푏 푎 2. 3 9 + 3 2 푔 ℎ − 푔 ℎ 12ℎ 3. 6 + 9 + 18 2 3 4 5 푦 푦 푦 Discussion: Language of Polynomials A prime number is a positive integer greater than 1 whose only positive integer factors are 1 and itself. A composite number is a positive integer greater than 1 that is not a prime number. A composite number can be written as the product of positive integers with at least one factor that is not 1 or itself. For example, the prime number 7 has only 1 and 7 as its factors. The composite number 6 has factors of 1, 2, 3, and 6; it could be written as the product 2 3. -
Quadratic Polynomials
Quadratic Polynomials If a>0thenthegraphofax2 is obtained by starting with the graph of x2, and then stretching or shrinking vertically by a. If a<0thenthegraphofax2 is obtained by starting with the graph of x2, then flipping it over the x-axis, and then stretching or shrinking vertically by the positive number a. When a>0wesaythatthegraphof− ax2 “opens up”. When a<0wesay that the graph of ax2 “opens down”. I Cit i-a x-ax~S ~12 *************‘s-aXiS —10.? 148 2 If a, c, d and a = 0, then the graph of a(x + c) 2 + d is obtained by If a, c, d R and a = 0, then the graph of a(x + c)2 + d is obtained by 2 R 6 2 shiftingIf a, c, the d ⇥ graphR and ofaax=⇤ 2 0,horizontally then the graph by c, and of a vertically(x + c) + byd dis. obtained (Remember by shiftingshifting the the⇥ graph graph of of axax⇤ 2 horizontallyhorizontally by by cc,, and and vertically vertically by by dd.. (Remember (Remember thatthatd>d>0meansmovingup,0meansmovingup,d<d<0meansmovingdown,0meansmovingdown,c>c>0meansmoving0meansmoving thatleft,andd>c<0meansmovingup,0meansmovingd<right0meansmovingdown,.) c>0meansmoving leftleft,and,andc<c<0meansmoving0meansmovingrightright.).) 2 If a =0,thegraphofafunctionf(x)=a(x + c) 2+ d is called a parabola. If a =0,thegraphofafunctionf(x)=a(x + c)2 + d is called a parabola. 6 2 TheIf a point=0,thegraphofafunction⇤ ( c, d) 2 is called thefvertex(x)=aof(x the+ c parabola.) + d is called a parabola. The point⇤ ( c, d) R2 is called the vertex of the parabola. -
The Quadratic Formula You May Recall the Quadratic Formula for Roots of Quadratic Polynomials Ax2 + Bx + C
For example, when we take the polynomial f (x) = x2 − 3x − 4, we obtain p 3 ± 9 + 16 2 which gives 4 and −1. Some quick terminology 2 I We say that 4 and −1 are roots of the polynomial x − 3x − 4 or solutions to the polynomial equation x2 − 3x − 4 = 0. 2 I We may factor x − 3x − 4 as (x − 4)(x + 1). 2 I If we denote x − 3x − 4 as f (x), we have f (4) = 0 and f (−1) = 0. The quadratic formula You may recall the quadratic formula for roots of quadratic polynomials ax2 + bx + c. It says that the solutions to this polynomial are p −b ± b2 − 4ac : 2a Some quick terminology 2 I We say that 4 and −1 are roots of the polynomial x − 3x − 4 or solutions to the polynomial equation x2 − 3x − 4 = 0. 2 I We may factor x − 3x − 4 as (x − 4)(x + 1). 2 I If we denote x − 3x − 4 as f (x), we have f (4) = 0 and f (−1) = 0. The quadratic formula You may recall the quadratic formula for roots of quadratic polynomials ax2 + bx + c. It says that the solutions to this polynomial are p −b ± b2 − 4ac : 2a For example, when we take the polynomial f (x) = x2 − 3x − 4, we obtain p 3 ± 9 + 16 2 which gives 4 and −1. 2 I We may factor x − 3x − 4 as (x − 4)(x + 1). 2 I If we denote x − 3x − 4 as f (x), we have f (4) = 0 and f (−1) = 0. -
3 Formal Power Series
MT5821 Advanced Combinatorics 3 Formal power series Generating functions are the most powerful tool available to combinatorial enu- merators. This week we are going to look at some of the things they can do. 3.1 Commutative rings with identity In studying formal power series, we need to specify what kind of coefficients we should allow. We will see that we need to be able to add, subtract and multiply coefficients; we need to have zero and one among our coefficients. Usually the integers, or the rational numbers, will work fine. But there are advantages to a more general approach. A favourite object of some group theorists, the so-called Nottingham group, is defined by power series over a finite field. A commutative ring with identity is an algebraic structure in which addition, subtraction, and multiplication are possible, and there are elements called 0 and 1, with the following familiar properties: • addition and multiplication are commutative and associative; • the distributive law holds, so we can expand brackets; • adding 0, or multiplying by 1, don’t change anything; • subtraction is the inverse of addition; • 0 6= 1. Examples incude the integers Z (this is in many ways the prototype); any field (for example, the rationals Q, real numbers R, complex numbers C, or integers modulo a prime p, Fp. Let R be a commutative ring with identity. An element u 2 R is a unit if there exists v 2 R such that uv = 1. The units form an abelian group under the operation of multiplication. Note that 0 is not a unit (why?). -
9 Power and Polynomial Functions
Arkansas Tech University MATH 2243: Business Calculus Dr. Marcel B. Finan 9 Power and Polynomial Functions A function f(x) is a power function of x if there is a constant k such that f(x) = kxn If n > 0, then we say that f(x) is proportional to the nth power of x: If n < 0 then f(x) is said to be inversely proportional to the nth power of x. We call k the constant of proportionality. Example 9.1 (a) The strength, S, of a beam is proportional to the square of its thickness, h: Write a formula for S in terms of h: (b) The gravitational force, F; between two bodies is inversely proportional to the square of the distance d between them. Write a formula for F in terms of d: Solution. 2 k (a) S = kh ; where k > 0: (b) F = d2 ; k > 0: A power function f(x) = kxn , with n a positive integer, is called a mono- mial function. A polynomial function is a sum of several monomial func- tions. Typically, a polynomial function is a function of the form n n−1 f(x) = anx + an−1x + ··· + a1x + a0; an 6= 0 where an; an−1; ··· ; a1; a0 are all real numbers, called the coefficients of f(x): The number n is a non-negative integer. It is called the degree of the polynomial. A polynomial of degree zero is just a constant function. A polynomial of degree one is a linear function, of degree two a quadratic function, etc. The number an is called the leading coefficient and a0 is called the constant term. -
Formal Power Series License: CC BY-NC-SA
Formal Power Series License: CC BY-NC-SA Emma Franz April 28, 2015 1 Introduction The set S[[x]] of formal power series in x over a set S is the set of functions from the nonnegative integers to S. However, the way that we represent elements of S[[x]] will be as an infinite series, and operations in S[[x]] will be closely linked to the addition and multiplication of finite-degree polynomials. This paper will introduce a bit of the structure of sets of formal power series and then transfer over to a discussion of generating functions in combinatorics. The most familiar conceptualization of formal power series will come from taking coefficients of a power series from some sequence. Let fang = a0; a1; a2;::: be a sequence of numbers. Then 2 the formal power series associated with fang is the series A(s) = a0 + a1s + a2s + :::, where s is a formal variable. That is, we are not treating A as a function that can be evaluated for some s0. In general, A(s0) is not defined, but we will define A(0) to be a0. 2 Algebraic Structure Let R be a ring. We define R[[s]] to be the set of formal power series in s over R. Then R[[s]] is itself a ring, with the definitions of multiplication and addition following closely from how we define these operations for polynomials. 2 2 Let A(s) = a0 + a1s + a2s + ::: and B(s) = b0 + b1s + b1s + ::: be elements of R[[s]]. Then 2 the sum A(s) + B(s) is defined to be C(s) = c0 + c1s + c2s + :::, where ci = ai + bi for all i ≥ 0.