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Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto Žemės Ūkio Akademija VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETO ŽEMĖS ŪKIO AKADEMIJA AGRONOMIJOS FAKULTETAS BIOLOGIJOS IR AUGALŲ BIOTECHNOLOGIJOS INSTITUTAS Laurynas Visockis SPRAGŠIŲ LERVŲ (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) GAUSUMO IR RŪŠINĖS SUDĖTIES PALYGINIMAS EKOLOGINIAME IR INTENSYVIAME ŪKIUOSE Bakalauro baigiamasis darbas Agronomijos studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 612D72001 Agronomijos studijų kryptis Vadovas Doc.dr. Povilas Mulerčikas _______________ ________ (Moksl. laipsnis, vardas, pavardė) (Parašas) (Data) Apginta Dekanė prof. dr. Aušra Binstrubienė _____________ __________ (Fakulteto dekanas) (Parašas) (Data) Registracijos Nr. .............. Akademija, 2020 Agronomijos fakulteto studentų baigiamųjų darbų vertinimo komisija: (Patvirtinta Rektoriaus įsakymu Nr. ŽŪA, 2020 m. 12 d.) Pirmininkas prof. habil. dr. Pavelas Duchovskis, Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas žemės ūkio akademija Nariai: 1. Doc. dr. Zita Kriaučiūnienė, Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto žemės ūkio akademija 2. Doc. dr. Jolanta Sinkevičienė, Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto žemės ūkio akademija 3. Doc. dr. Irena Pranckietienė, Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto žemės ūkio akademija 4. UAB "ADAMA Northern Europe" generalinė direktorė Erika Pavilionienė. Agronomijos fakulteto studentų baigiamųjų darbų vertinimo komisijos įvertinimas: ........................................................................................................................................... Agronomijos fakulteto studentų baigiamųjų darbų vertinimo komisijos įvertinimas ir pirmininko parašas Darbo vadovas: doc. dr. Povilas Mulerčikas, VDU Žemės ūkio akademija, Biologijos ir augalų biotechnologijos institutas. Recenzentas: Lekt. dr. Nijolė Vaitkevičienė, VDU Žemės ūkio akademija, Biologijos ir augalų biotechnologijos institutas. Instituto direktorius: doc. dr. Natalija Burbulis, VDU Žemės ūkio akademija, Biologijos ir augalų biotechnologijos institutas. Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo recenzento įvertinimas: Teigiamai, neigiamai (recenzento parašas) ........................................................................................................................................... 2 BIOLOGIJOS IR AUGALŲ BIOTECHNOLOGIJOS INSTITUTO SUSIRINKIMO PROTOKOLAS 2020 05 13 Nr. 31 IŠRAŠAS Susirinkimas įvyko nuotoliniu būdu 2020 m. gegužės 13 d. 830val. Susirinkimo pirmininkė Natalija Burbulis Susirinkimo sekretorė Danguolė Tamutienė Susirinkime dalyvavo: instituto direktorė prof. dr. N. Burbulis, AF studijų prodekanė A. Adamavičienė, prof. dr. S. Gliožeris, doc. A. Amšiejus, doc. dr. S. Kazlauskaitė, doc. dr. A. Krasauskas, doc. dr. Malinauskaitė, doc. dr. P. Mulerčikas lekt. dr. R. Masienė, doc. dr. J. Sinkevičienė, doc. dr. V. Tamutis, doc. dr. L. Žilėnaitė, lekt. A. Šaluchaitė, dokt. N. Juškevičiūtė, sekretorė D. Tamutienė. DARBOTVARKĖ: Nuolatinių ir ištęstinių studijų bakalaurų Agronomijos ir Žemės ūkio technologijos ir vadyba programų baigiamųjų darbų svarstymas. SVARSTYTA: Nuolatinių studijų bakalauro Agronomijos programos Lauryno Visockio baigiamasis darbas. Darbo tema: Spragšių lervų (Coleoptera, Elateridae) gausumo ir rūšinės sudėties palyginimas ekologiniame ir intensyviame ūkiuose Comparison of Abundance and Species Composition of Click Beetles Larvae (Coleoptera, Elateridae) in Organic and Intensive Farms Darbo vadovas: doc. dr. Povilas Mulerčikas. NUTARTA: Nuolatinių studijų Agronomijos programos bakalaurui Laurynui Visockiui baigiamąjį darbą leisti ginti BDVK. Susirinkimo pirmininkė Natalija Burbulis Susirinkimo sekretorė Danguolė Tamutienė Išrašas tikras: Susirinkimo sekretorė Danguolė Tamutienė 3 SANTRAUKA Laurynas Visockis SPRAGŠIŲ LERVŲ (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) GAUSUMO IR RŪŠINĖS SUDĖTIES PALYGINIMAS EKOLOGINIAME IR INTENSYVIAME ŪKIUOSE Agronomijos studijų programos Bakalauro baigiamasis darbas 42 puslapių, 26 paveikslai, 4 lentelės, 97 literatūros šaltiniai. Bakalauro studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiama 2019 metais Vilkaviškio ir Šakių rajono spragšių lervų (Coleoptera: Elateridae) gausumo ir rūšinės sudėties ekologiniame ir intensyviame ūkiuose palyginimas. Darbo objektas - spragšių lervos (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Darbo metodai - kiekviename pasėlyje, rendomizuotai „kvadratų“ metodu buvo kasamos 25cm x 25cm x 25cm duobutės, iš jų žemės buvo beriamos ant ryškios plėvelės ir smulkinant grumstus ieškoma spragšių lervų. Surinktos spragšių lervos buvo identifikuojamos iki rūšies naudojant binokuliarinį mikroskopą „Nikon“ ir vadovaujamasi identifikavimo vadovais. Spragšių lervų rūšių ir kiekio gausumo priklausomybės nuo ūkio ir agrocenozės tipų tyrimų duomenys statistiškai įvertinti dviejų veiksnių kiekybinių požymių dispersinės analizės metodu. Eksperimento variantų skirtumai tiriamųjų veiksnių sąveikoje AB įvertinti pagal esminio skirtumo ribą R05. Duomenų patikimumas buvo apskaičiuotas statistinės analizės metodu, naudojantis statistinę duomenų įvertinimo kompiuterinę programą ,,ANOVA for EXCEL“ iš paketo SELEKCIJA. Darbo rezultatai - atlikus tyrimą 2019 metais iš viso buvo aptikta 271 spragšių lerva. Bendrai ūkiuose buvo rasta 10 spragšių lervų rūšių. Dažniausiai aptinkama buvo: Agriotes obscurus rūšies spragšių, o mažiausiai randama buvo Actenicerus sjaelandicus, Cidnopus aeruginosus ir Dalopius marginatus spragšių lervų rūšių. Gausiausia spragšių lervų rūšis buvo Agriotes obscurus - 58 vienetai, o mažiausiai rasta A. murinus - 13 vienetų. Selatosomus aeneus aptikta tik intensyvaus ūkio pasėliuose, o Agriotes sputator aptikta tik ekologinio ūkio pasėliuose. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog didesnis lervų kiekis buvo rastas ekologiniame ūkyje - lyginant su intensyviu ūkiu. Iki dviejų kartų daugiau spragšių lervų buvo rasta žieminių kviečių pasėliuose - lyginant su kvietrugių pasėliais. Ekologinio ūkio pasėliuose – pavasarį, aptikta iki 3 kartų mažesnis spragšių lervų kiekis lyginant su rudenį rastu kiekiu, o intensyvaus ūkio pasėliuose - pavasarį aptikta vos keliomis spragšių lervomis daugiau, nei rudenį. Raktažodžiai: spragšių (Elateridae) lervos, gausumo dinamika, rūšinė sudėtis, intensyvus ūkis, ekologinis ūkis. 4 Padėkos Esu dėkingas doc. dr. Povilui Mulerčikui už konsultacijas, reikšmingus pastebėjimus, patarimus, nuorodas, papildomą literatūrą, už pagalbą analizuojant ir apdorojant duomenis. Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto žemės ūkio akademijos dėstytojams, kurie prisidėjo prie teorinio baigiamojo darbo etapo. Nuoširdžiai dėkoju ekologinių ir intensyvių ūkių savininkams, bei pagalbiniams darbininkams, prisidėjusiems prie praktinio darbo atlikimo etapo. 5 SUMMARY Laurynas Visockis The study of click beetles larvae (Coleoptera: Elateridae) abundance and species composition under organic and intensive farming. Bachelor‘s thesis of Agronomy study program consists of 42 pages, 26 pictures, 4 tables, 97 literature references. The bachelor's thesis presents comparison of click beetles larvae abundance and species composition under organic and intensive farming in 2019, Vilkaviškis and Šakiai districts. The object of the work – click-beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Methods of the work – in every crop, 25cm x 25cm x 25cm pits were excavated in each field, squares were poured into bright film, and click-beetle larvae were searched for by crushing them. All collected click-beetles larvae species were identified by means of a binocular microscope “Nikon” and in accordance with the identification guides. The results - during the period of research 271 individs of Click Beetle larvae were caught alltogether. In total, 10 species of click-beetles larvae were found on the farms. The most common were: A. obscurus, and the least common were A. sjaelandicus, C. aeruginosus and D. marginatus. The most abundant species of click-beetles larvae was A. obscurus - 58 units, and the least A. murinus - 13 units. The study found that a higher number of larvae was found in organic farms - compared to intensive farms. Twice as many larvae were found in winter wheat crops compared to triticale crops. In organic farms - in the spring, up to 3 times less numbers of click-beetles larvae were detected compared to the number found in the autumn, and in intensive crops - in the spring - only a few more click-beetles larvae were detected in the spring than in the autumn. Keywords: larvae of Elateridae, abundance dynamics, species composition, intensive farming, organic farming. 6 TURINYS ĮVADAS ......................................................................................................................................... 8 1. LITERATŪROS APŽVALGA .............................................................................................. 10 1.1. Lietuvos vabalų faunos tyrimų pradžia ir raida ................................................................ 10 1.2. Spragšių šeimos charakteristika....................................................................................... 11 1.2.1. Kiaušinėlio vystymosi tarpsnis ................................................................................. 13 1.2.2. Lervos vystymosi tarpsnis ........................................................................................ 13 1.2.3. Lėliukės vystymosi tarpsnis ..................................................................................... 17 1.2.4. Suaugėlio tarpsnis .................................................................................................... 17 1.3. Spragšių lervų daroma žala ............................................................................................. 18 1.4. Ekologiniai ūkiai ............................................................................................................
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