Knowledge Organiser: Living Under Nazi Rule 1933-1945: Topic 5 Occupation

Europe in 1942 at the height of Nazi control Responses to Nazi Rule The Holocaust André French protestant pastor The first Nazi attempt to force Jews to leave Nazi held lands. Trocmé Arranged for Jews in his area, mainly children to be solution As soon as the Nazis took over Austria Jews were hidden. 1938-39 beaten and humiliated. The Nazis helped Jewish people leave Austria Coco French fashion designer who began a romance with a through the Central Office for Jewish Emigration. Chanel leading Nazi. 110,000 Jews emigrated in 2 years. This was called She attempted to persuade the Nazis to remove the ‘Vienna model’. Jewish directors from her perfume company. The second When the Nazis invaded Poland in Sep 1939, this Danish Allowed to keep their government during the war in solution changed the scale of the ‘Jewish problem’. people return for establishing favourable relations with the 1939-1941 Jews were concentrated into ghettos which were Germans. enclosed districts of towns and cities where Jews Ustasa, Extreme right wing party in Croatia: followed the were isolated. Croatia Nazis, built concentration camps and killed 25,000 The final The Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. This Jews. solution: is when the mass murder of Jews began. Chetniks Group of Serbian nationalists who helped Nazi forces murder Mobile killing squads called Einsatzgruppen followed invade Yugoslavia in 1943. phase one the German army into Russian territory they rounded 1941-1945 up Jews and Communists and murdered them in Bielski Escaped from Jewish ghetto in Poland and lived in the secluded areas. partisans forest. At its peak, the group numbered 1,236. The final Autumn 1941, the Nazis decided that the Jews of Nazi occupation of Poland from 1939 Nazi occupation of the Netherlands from 1940 solution: Poland’s ghettos would be exterminated by gas in death by gas specially made camps. Their sole purpose was to . Country split into different regions. All became part of Germany. Largest region = The Nazis saw the people of the Netherlands as Aryans = treated them much Phase two murder. General Government. better than the Poles: Jan 1942: the Wannsee Conference: Heydrich laid . From 1940s 100,000’s of Polish Slavs were forced to leave their properties. 500,000 . No mass murder of Dutch people at the time of invasion, no land lost to out plans for the mass murder of every single Jew ‘ethnic’ Germans moved into their houses and took their land. Germany, no Germans emigrated to live in Dutch land, education and culture from all across Europe. They would all be transported . Many Poles were forced to move to the General Government region. Governor = Hans not changed. in trains to Poland. There they would be murdered by Frank who ruled by terror & set out to destroy Polish culture. Turning point 1941-42 gassing. . The Nazis considered all Slavic Poles to be racially inferior ‘Dungervolk’ . First Jewish men were rounded up for deportation. A strike was called by the . By 1945 the Wehrmacht/SS had executed 1.9 million non-Jewish Poles and deported Dutch Communists: the Germans abandoned their ‘friendly attitude’. Auschwitz Birkenau II was created by late 1941, the over 1.5 million to Germany who were forced to work in labour camps. Nazi intimidation & violence Nazis had a special purpose for this site: all Jews of . In 1939, there were roughly 3.5 million Jews living in Poland. The Nazis murdered 3 . Deportations of Dutch Jews began, Dutch ex-soldiers sent to Germany for Europe would be brought here to die. Four gas million of these. forced labour, later changed to all Dutch men aged between 16 and 60 = chambers and crematoria were built. At its height, . The Poles formed one of the largest resistance movements. increase in Dutch resistance movement. this industrialised murder process was killing 12,000 . Polish leaders in exile helped to set up Delegatura, a secret state within Poland. people a day. TIMELINE OF MAJOR EVENTS 1939 1 Sep 1939 Oct 1939 .1940 onwards 1941 Jun 1941 Late 1941 20 Jan 1942 By 1942 April 1942 Apr 1943 Aug 1944 Sep 1944 1945 9.5 million Jews Germany Poland Polish Slavs forced to First death Nazis invaded Second site at The Wannsee Extermination Dutch Jews had Nazis Polish uprising Dutch railway The Nazis had lived across invaded ceased to leave their homes. sentences the Soviet Auschwitz: Conference camps Belzec, to wear the Star announced in Warsaw strike murdered 11 Europe Poland. exist. 500,000 ‘ethnic’ Germans issued Union, this is Auschwitz II- Sobibor, and of David 300,000 Dutch which lasted for million Jews, SS/Wehrmacht Country split moved in against when the mass Birkenau Treblinka were ex-soldiers 2 months. Slavs, Gypsies, started to into Polish Jews were Dutch murder of Jews all operational. would be sent Communists execute Polish different concentrated into citizens. began. to Germany for and citizens regions. ghettos forced labour homosexuals