CEU eTD Collection Department of Nationalism Studies University to Central European Submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of of Master Arts in A NTI (R Second advisor: Professor Florian Bieber -S Supervisor: Professor Andras Kovács E )I EMITISM IN EMITISM NVENTION AFTER Nationalism Studies Nationalism Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Dragana Kova Dragana 2008 By S þ ERBIA AND ITS evi ü 1999 CEU eTD Collection iiigah ...... 68 Bibiliography Appendix...... 67 ...... 62 Conclusion Chapter 4- The Research...... 48 Chapter 3- Serbian Right-Wing Organizations...... 37 Chapter 2- The Revival of Nationalism...... 27 Chapter 1- Serbia and Anti-Semitism...... 11 Introduction...... 1 Interview Questions...... 67 4.7. Russia and the United States of America...... 60 4.6. World Politics ...... 59 and Religion 4.5.. The Attitudes towards the Jews and Anti-Semitism...... 55 4.4. Opinions about Ljoti 4.3. Interconnections and Connections with the Serbian Orthodox Church...... 51 4.2. Nationalism ...... 50 and Ideology 4.1. Analysis of the Responses...... 48 3.3. Christian ...... 41 Right Wing 3.2. Anti-Semitism of the pro-Nazi Right-Wing...... 40 3.1. The Types of Right-Wing ...... 37 Groups in Serbia 2.3. Anti-Semitic ...... 35 Publications 2.2. Anti-Semitic Incidents after 1999...... 31 2.1. Rising Influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church ...... 27 after Communism 1.5. Social Federative Republic of Anti-ZionismYugoslavia; Anti-Semitism?.....23 without 1.4 Anti-Semitism in Serbia in ...... 18 1930s and 1940s 1.3. Anti-Semitic ...... 16 Tradition in Serbia 1.2. Serbian Orthodox Church ...... 12 and Anti-Semitism 1.1. Anti-Semitism; a Marginal ...... 11 Phenomenon in Serbia? ü and Velimirovi Table of Contents of Table ü ...... 53 CEU eTD Collection 1 Semitism is not merely an opinion him.invented existed; have not Jew the anti-Semitethe would had but a passion and a way of livingexplanation for anti-Semitism mustbein sought mindsthe of prejudicedthe and arguedthatif one's life.the Jews, in the instead The that claim the made Jew, He time. first the for in expression this introducing framed problem, Jean-Paul this how Sartre Jews” falls in of scope the without Semitism “anti- it calling for reason second The today. countries those of in most left no Jews almost thereare Jews”,since without “anti-Semitism in most of cases the so-called the societies, nationalism. VariousEast Europe has been closely accompanied by the returnauthors of overt and, in many cases, extreme link this additionallyshown that it is in the rise and the highest stage it has ever reached in this country . withhowever,involved factshave in the nor this dicourse, generalpublicisneitherthat included the rise of anti-Semitismin the other parts of Eastern Europe. It is pointed thatit still does notplay the central role and than less much certainly and today, then less much but Serbia, interward in in anti-Semitism was those that show there thesis will overviewin this hapenned. historical The had democratic changes theafter dissolution butespeically Milosevic’cof Yugoslavia, after had regimefallen and the a deeply-rooted antisemitic tradition? Why antisemitismdid findfertile ground in Serbia only 1920s, 1930sand explain 1940s. How to theemergence of antisemitism inacountry without inthe not twenty-first, the of beginning the and century twentieth late in the height its reached some of the neighboringin itdoes as rhethoric nationalist in the a role central play as not does this that true is still it countries , the singularity of the Serbian case is in the fact that it Jean-Paul Sartre. Jean-Paul The transition to capitalism in former communist countries of Central, East and South- Serbia has experienced the rise of anti-Semitism in post-Milosevic era. Although era. inpost-Milosevic anti-Semitism of the rise Serbia hasexperienced Antisemite and Jew. and Antisemite (Paris, SchockenBooks, 1948), 10. I NTRODUCTION 1 1 In Sartre’s view anti- CEU eTD Collection 6 5 contemporary anti-Semitism in Serbia and former Yugoslavia. 4 3 2 isfor. they andare needed emerge, what that of extremists groups where the is This act. collective a isalways action the finally, and feelings, of level the on emerges group the be alone, can individual the conviction of level the on that fact the by is proven This phases of the development of political anti-Semitism, which leads to anti-Semitic actions. mediocrities frustrated the of theories. conspiracy and spreadof the Right Christian anti-SemitismJews due without to very special Serbian situation, through lensthe of the of of rise the case Serbian in specifically is the interested beI will What in my thesis. covered compelling,become issuesofwhyindividuals butthe Jewsnot be anti-Semiteswill without most the are anti-Semitism for explanations psychological these myopinion, In groups. individuals express tends beliefs andto anti-Semitic attitudes and join ultra-nationalistic of type which explain helps it life, inner individual’s in tension asthe Seen a whole. as society tension within the system. scapegoating. of mechanism the as same claims, these with in accordance explained well be can processes and events problematic various for explanations as theories conspiracy the Finally, the last level is action which culminates in violence. in culminates which action is level last the Finally, strong ethnic finally andreligious distance, discrimination and publicopen propaganda. in Jews,of form the is expressed openhostility feeling thattowards is the manifestation Thesecond notexpressed. hatred, openly secret ismanifestation conviction, Thefirst groups: this sense, is only a pretext, on which the anti-Semite can blame anything. Ibid., 59. Laslo Sekelj. Laslo Szekely, being a Jew from Serbia himself, wrote a number of important works about historical and Paul Lendvai. Ibid. Serbian sociologist LaszloSzekely release is the appliedto Paul scapegoats of technique Lendvai,According the to Vreme beš Antisemitism in Eastern Europe. þ aš ü a 3 , [Dishonorable Times], (Beograd : Akademija Nova,1995), 60. This may be applicable both on individual’s inner system and the and system inner individual’s on both applicable be may This 5 , and he divided the manifestations of anti-Semitism into three into anti-Semitism of manifestations the divided he and , (London: MacDonald, 1972), 11. 2 4 characterized anti-Semitism as the rebellion asthe anti-Semitism characterized 6 Szekely wrote these are also the 2 The emergence of CEU eTD Collection Church, one of the main proponents of the return to pre-War World II Serbian tradition, he tradition, Serbian II World pre-War to return the of proponents main the of one Church, nationalistic pre-World Warideology, and kepthis from distance Serbianthe Orthodox Slobodan Milosevic himself in 1990s the notactively did influence the restoring of how by communistsandpraisedbythenewWhile the Serbiannationalists. wrote Byford tradition and rehabilitate certain very controversial individuals and movements, condemned War II pre-World revivein forces nationalistic tend to andare were which Serbia still there hasmetaphor been incriticized enough modern fieldthe itis of nationalism studies, clearthat 10 society“. More onAnti-Semitism in Serbia“ not be perceived as an isolated phenomenon but ascribed to the overall radicalizationof Serbianpolitics and andAnti-Semitism”Rights November on 2005 inBelgrade, and concluded anti-Semitism that inSerbiashould 9 Post-Totalitarian Europe 8 prone to anti- Semitism. societies, and therefore open tolerant are also basically toward Jewishproblems, ownminority. their have do Followingthey this although pattern,America, transition North and societies Europe Western are more Avineri, to Chase (eds.). 7 “unfrozen” bynationalistic in elites post-communist period. years,forty were for which“frozen” were right, of ideas the extreme the that are theories way to release the tension within the system. “explanations”, and all these “theories” are a specific sort of blaming as well, therefore societyalso a presents a fertile ground for the spread of the conspiracy theories and similar typesanti-Semitism many appeals of to inlosers society.Serbia’s troubled of University Belgrade Žarko Trebješaninpsychology view professor of expressed the that ina for HumanRights Serbia, Committee bytheHelsinki At table organized round the well. as Lowenstein to according freedom of problem to related crucially is anti-Semitism of Avineri, Accordingin to peopleareshockedby countries freedom andtransition problem the http://www.helsinki.org.yu/focus_text.php?lang=en&idteks=1564 The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia has organized the round table entitled “The NewSerbian “The entitled table round the organized has Serbia in Rights Human for Committee Helsinki The (eds). Chase Michael and Hanul Jan anti-Semitism”. of Motives “The Loewenstein. Bedrich Shlomo Avineri. “The Return of Nationalism and Anti-Semitism to Eastern Europe“, JanHanul and Michael Byford, Jovan. “Teorija Zavere” [Conspiracy Theory]. As Jovan Byford, another Serbian sociologist specialized in anti-Semitism notes; there notes; in anti-Semitism specialized sociologist Serbian another Byford, Jovan As Anti-Semitism in Post-Totalitarian Europe Anti-Semitism is as well crucially linked with the fear of life in an open society . (Prague: Franz Kafka Publishers, 1993), 26. 3 , (Prague: FranzKafkaPublishers, 1993),32.According Danas. Helsinki Committee Organization in Serbia http://www.danas.co.yu/20060519/feljton1.html 10 Although unfreezingthe 9 It is fair to add that such a Anti-Semitism in 7 8 . . CEU eTD Collection (Prague: Franz Kafka Publishers, 1993), 35. Post-Totalitarian Europe 15 history of anti-Semitism in Serbia in this thesis. other reasons, herview is this apologetic. Herview should be taken with reserve as well inthe chapteraboutorder to the show how Yugoslav communism managed to control and suppress anti-Semitism, and therefore, among being a person who was over a certain period a minister in Milo (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 225. Radmila Milentijevi RandolphL. Braham(ed.) 14 13 cemetery Jewish Prague the to role central a assign Conspiracy” Jewish the War with NATO 12 11 particularly in Central inpart. and Eastern particularly Central but continent, European whole in the is resurging nationalism that claims explicitly Wistrich did stopit. nothing to are returning to identities from pre-communist history, and “some of nationalistic of are and“some them history, from pre-communist identities to are returning broughtin anti-Semitism. Yugoslavia the resurgence former of world. in western the located is typically of conspiracy heartthe the authors, two these to According well. as anti-Semitism of rise the to contributing together all personalities, and ideologies controversial of rehabilitation the brought communism of fall the by brought history Serbia bombing inByford howespecially thecleansingafter NATO 1999. noted and Billig of spread in to Jewshavestarted to the related theories conspiracy The tradition. conjuration but Byford notes how Serbian conspiracy theorists in both camps relied on the same to look credible. look to right extreme the by promoted theory conspiracy of versions extreme the for easy is it sense, noted how and authors the once two status of the ideacommon powers, the achieves of this Yugoslavia. of dissolution the after especially West, the of suspicion a with itcorresponds because Robert Wistrich. Robert “Nationalism and Anti-SemitismCentral in andEastern Europe Today”, Radmila Milentijevi Ibid., 319 Michael Billig and Jovan Byford. “The Emergence of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories in Yugoslavia during Ibid. 12 One version of the World Jewish conspiracy is that Jewish lobbies control western Milentijevi 13 .” Patterns ofPrejudice, This isversion perhaps themostcompelling for Serbian anti-Semites, ü . “Anti-Semitism and the Treatment of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Yugoslavia”. , JanHanul andMichael Chase (eds). 11 Anti-Semitism andtheTreatmentHolocaust ofthe Postcommunist in Eastern Europe. The revival of right-wingleft The wasto such tendencies revival political of parties, ü thought that the social unrest caused by the demise of communism of demise the by caused unrest social the that thought (2001), 318.b However, Some of early versionsthe f “Worldthe 15 InAvineri’s of opinion people inthoseparts Europe 4 š evi Anti-Semitism in Post-Totalitarian Europe ü ’s regimeand she may be writing this in ü isIN A WAY aproblematic source, 14 In the same book, Robert book, same the In Anti-Semitism in , CEU eTD Collection Toronto: DC Heath and Company, 1991), 5. 1991), Company, and Heath DC Toronto: 21 20 19 18 17 16 existing Jewsin butdo help Serbia, of the spread andnationalism ethnic in intolerance withhavedo whichthe towards muchpolitical actions the to cannot actors areanti-Semitic nationalisticpurposes, fascism. and nationalistic for chauvinism litmus and satellite, continuous its is anti-Semitism ethno-nationalism, itimportantCroats and he not the manifestation most Although of admits that is Slovenes. history-analytical ofanti-Semitism description inYugoslavia Kingdom the since of Serbs by bethe extended needs to ethno-nationalisms of Yugoslav results thepractical investigates Yugoslavia. ofthe break-upof central the points According toSzekely, the rule of militant ethno-nationalism and the relations to minorities are Jews. andextremenationalism be would hatred situation towards people national of tolerant intolerant”. and political goals not directly bearing on the well-being of Jews.” of directly bearing well-being on the political not goals is main to”accomplishanti-Semitism other of purposes of two the Richard one Levy that for the rise of anti- everywhere where that politics. in powerful world’s the happens.so are they However,since side, own your on Jews have to beneficial is it that nationalists I of belief agree with the opinionside. These of mechanisms kinds may very the prove well actual level andof prejudice, the by how both denyingSerbian anti-SemitismitCroatian side kept and totheother attributing and between Jews of Zagrebwith Itand is Jewsinteresting of Belgrade, to note howfollowing during the the war Serbo-Croatian in Croatia, there conflict,seemed to exist and the split Richard S Levy. Richard Ibid., 79. Ibid. Sekelj, Ibid., 31 Avineri, Vreme beš Anti-Semitism in Post-Totalitarian Europe In many other opinions, nationalism makes the largest part of the explanations the of part largest the makes nationalism opinions, other many In 16 þ In addition to this, he wrote that it would be too much to expect that in a Antisemitism inthe Modern World:Antisemitism An Texts.Anthologyof aš ü a , 14. 20 and he called this the period of the functionalization of Jews. In line 19 All nationalismsYugoslav in Jews for 1990swereusing their own , 32. 5 18 He alsonoted that the research which 21 In Serbia, the goals of such (Lexington, Massachusetts, 17 CEU eTD Collection all connectedall and cooperating, in such way thismaking issue more important and worrying. 26 25 228. 24 23 (New York: Columbia University Press,1994), 13. extremism. right-wing with in association rise would republics Yugoslav 22 Yugoslav andinternational and scholars activists. tradition, numerous many countries, andhasnodeep-rooted European to according other in than Yugoslavia in phenomenon recent more is anti-Semitism in general that however, synagogues. vandalizing racist such graffiti, rarely minor sporadic and desecrations, andsporadic, as have been still thattheanti-Semitism of overt manifestations he although generally thought Europe, “theEurope, return tohistory incorporated phenomenonthe Jews”of without anti-Semitism Why is case? this in ideamaking even sense public sphere. common more this every-day more and widespread its interests, against andwork Serbia hate Jews, American especially Jews, belief that the express anti-Semitism strong andthebelief in conspiracy andtheories, insuchway promote in groups my extremeSerbia that is nationalistic hypothesis Serbs, for theme the important asan see andtheJews anti- not in Semitism society Although general does Serbian general. serious radicalization say in it small number to is of acceptable Serbiaactivists this society, through still went that of its official political scene as well, therefore the number of possible connected inter- probably various, of beliefs and actions in place programs, covertly takes or overtly either which anti-Semitism of kind new completely of invention the maybe even incidents, and fact groups anti-Semitic society, theappearanceof the that modern day and Serbian This too will be the subject of my research in this thesis , whether those small and marginal groups Ibid. are actually Yugoslavia“, in Anti-Semitism over “Concern Andrejevich. Milan Ibid., 1 Randolph L Braham. Randolph 26 organizations areattracting inSerbia. Eventhoughtheextremist groups relatively 23 Back in 1994 Braham expressed the opinion that even though in East and Central and in East though even that opinion the expressed Braham in 1994 Back To to a certain extent, all of these views explain the mechanisms employed in employed mechanisms the explain views these of all extent, a certain to To In a 1993, Andrejevich noted growing concern informer anti-Semitism that Anti-Semitism andthe TreatmentHolocaust ofthe Postcommunist in Eastern Europe. 6 25 Anti-Semitism Post-Totalitarianin Europe 24 He thought, 22 , , CEU eTD Collection Serbia in 1999 and the perceived role of some Jews in these events, and all this and all crucially in theseevents, this of some Jews role Serbia in1999andthe perceived alien inand unknown before, whichdeveloped dueto andSerbia after NATObombingthe of extremistinventgroups Or,do newkindof the Serbia anti-Semitism right completely proper. Semitic tradition by represented these Worldfigures,pre WarII SerbianChurch, or outside of anti- Serbian to whether thesis, their of support in arguments the find to turn they where readilyfarhow understand in rightgroups anti-Semitic ideology Serbia adopt and and rhetoric blue-print. ideological and tradition same the to belong they since openly, it express who those as ideas same in the believe actually they whether determine to websites, on their propaganda anti-Jewish and of anti-Semitism was notrace and Christian, pro-Orthodox declaredasstrongly were there factthat the basedon interviews for the arepicked organizations five these analyzes content of website be subject will the leadingfive members of in such moreorganizations Although then Serbia. fivethese groups individual interviewsgroups, andof internet with radical websitesthe right of basedon the analyses content those, to reactions and incidents anti-Semitic of investigation the after come Serbian insituation 1990s the and Theanswertothese afterwards. questions willhopefully theories and anti-Americanism, all causedthese notby Christian butby tradition specifically conspiracy in belief the on it base or tradition, Christian anti-Judaic of out beliefs Semitic anti- their draw organizations, Serbian nationalistic and Christian Orthodox as themselves see main I am question interested in investigating in this will work be whether those groupswhich of conspiracy theories,which is based on conspiracy theories, accordingand towhich the Jews are the target by anti-Semitismextension which is based primarily biggermuch then numberthe its of active members. on hatred of Jews.followers of nationalistpossiblythose or these groups, influencedmightme by their agendas, The The answer to these questions, as it was said, are expected to lead usto are expected to asitThe answertothese questions, was said, anti-Semitism between very is introduced be to needs which distinction The 7 CEU eTD Collection Tel Aviv University. 30 29 University of Chicago Press 1978). 75 31 28 27 inher book Law Faculty even equated examples,other Smilja Billig that and note Byford Avramov, aretired professor of Belgrade pro-Russian sentiment, out of pro-Russian sentiment, followingthe out of reasons: same American existing beinvestigated, as hypothetically towards will their administration regime. Milosevic the of months last the during already emerged actually had themes anti-Semitic Billig, and conspiracy. Serbian anti- the in role a key Jews the to attributed and community Jewish the with Commission unusualconspiratorial emergeandexplanations traumaticevents. inresponse to theories, conspiracy of proliferation along the bombinga lesserbroughtbefore extent SerbsinvolvedNATO the Jewsupto 1999.The the such beliefs.Also,Westernprevious the conspiracy conceptions about World the of against influentialvery in the 1990s but NATObombingthe already, the in1999fostered spread of were in Serbia theories Conspiracy matter. this for important very is in general ideologies of a newsituation. challenges the which isanswering construction a new or anti-Semitism, is Serbian or is continuity there is whether address to intend I question central the Thus, theories. conspiracy of problematic the with linked claimed that top Jewish officials European countries, attempted tolink with interests Jewish US and NATO policiesand in the US were behind withinYugoslavia in1999,anti-Semitic Serbia, factors andoutside asin andEast Central the attacks. University inis 2001it explicitly followingthat states the NATO offensive against “Yugoslavia2000-01”, Billig and Byford, “The Emergence of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”,313. Billig and Byford, “The Emergence of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”.315 S.M. Lipset and E. Raab. Billig and Byford, “The Emergence of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”,310. The link between anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism in anti-Western in anti-Americanism and anti-Semitism between link The http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/yugoslavia.htm 31 29 In order to answer these doubts the attitudes of the rightists groups A report on anti-Semitism in (then) Yugoslavia made by Tel Aviv Tel by made Yugoslavia (then) in anti-Semitism on A report The Stephen Roth Institutefor theStudyof Contemporary Antisemitism andRacism, The Politics of Unreason:Right-wing in America, Extremism 1790-1977. Trilateral 8 27 which is expectable if it is true that true is itif expectable is which the US establishment and the Trilateral the and establishment US the 30 According toByford 28 Among (Chicago, CEU eTD Collection 33 the whether theories, conspiracy in the beliefs in the bases their find which explanations USA as well. of the most important individual figures for this research, was a part of Serbian diaspora in the 32 diaspora as one of the possible importers of anti-Semitism to Serbia. Bishop Velimirovi Bishop Serbia. to anti-Semitism of importers possible the of one as diaspora this to points mainly nationalistic, was diaspora War II post-World Serbian fact that the and in States, United the diaspora Serbian comesthe from later, mentioned be Serbia,will which in literature anti-Semitic of main publishers one of factthat the identity. The a with Serbian for national identity Yugoslavismnew of nationalists,Wistrich according it and is to of usually a part strugglethe conspiracy. asJewish with communism seeing connected incidents besides being crucially connected with anti-Americanism, areaswellcrucially and tendencies anti-Semitic that wrote Wistrich right. far Serbian new the of communism anti- inline and anti-Yugoslavism the with confirmed goes research empirical This through farbrought right only Serbia,bad things to this is and hypothesis alsobeexpected to the of eyes the in which communism, of leaders main the and inventors the as Jews the sees Slavism and to Orthodoxy, with Russia being a ‘big brother’ of Serbia. pan- to link a has nationalism Serbian nationalists. the especially many, by one traditional a as isconsidered with Russia Serbia of connection this However, Stalin. under especially Jews in thenineteenth century, and strongly anti-Semitic ideologies in the 20 from which it is imported, since it was the scene of horrible pogroms and persecutions If Russialikely beSerbia can of so, bemostthis regardedasimported. wouldonly is the place the Ibid., 35 Wistrich, Anti-Semitism Post-Totalitarianin Europe All these presuppositions are very All arevery presuppositions with much these already connected the mentioned Another type of explanations refers to the so-called Judeo-Bolshevik myth which myth Judeo-Bolshevik so-called the to refers explanations of type Another in anti-Semitism any that opinion the share authors many hand, other the On 33 , in this specific case, the replacement of widespread Yugoslav identity 9 , 36. 32 Anti-Semitism is linked with anti- with linked is Anti-Semitism th century, ü , one , CEU eTD Collection 35 Semitism Post-Totalitarianin Europe Wistrich, integral. as be regarded cannot Serb-Jew opposition the but considered, be may Albanians include the word ‘integral’. As the integral part of Serbian identity is differentiationfrom Croats, Bosniaks Centralor and Eastern Europe in general. In the case of Yugoslav republics, the definition cannot be as strong as to 34 present. minority Jewish significant is no there if even anti-Semitism as beconsidered will it Jews, about ideas found and ifhave are goals. stereotypes with tonegative However crucially some other they acting likely, against? More foris anti-Semitism them a rhetorical tool of nationalism,linked sense. in that Semitic be anti- not wouldmovements far-right even means, Serbian against the Jewsby political act to awillingness actually is anti-Semitism that in saying isright Levy if And case. the is this Semites, and itis still quite amarginal phenomenon. Itwill be explained further how and why of the domestic national identity. national of domestic the the entire population which is informed about it, and itis an important part of the construction same in, for example Poland, Hungary, or even the then Romania, different very is whereSerbia in this is problematic and an importantsubject a as Jews issue without foranti-Semitism how notice to important be would it introduction the with conclude to However, movements. thebackground. be Each these of can linkedto far-right Jews inthe view of typical ideological anyother or Freemason communist, capitalist, and is pro-American conspiracy Levy. Wistrichsays that anti-Semitism is an integral part of the struggle for national identity, having in mind Antisemitism in the Modern World: An Anthology of Texts 35 In Serbia, with such a small number of Jews, who would they be , 35. 34 In Serbia, anti-Semitism is not that important for non anti- 10 , 5. Anti- CEU eTD Collection is really true that that tradition doesit ofand whether are phenomenon that where theroots askinglinked notbe with questions must exist. This is important to clarify years. inAll these recent publicof initthe part discourse has become where only case specific order to turn to opinion most with anti-Semiticin authorsandhistorians, nothe of but strong tradition, the with practically noJewsleft with practically incountry a ideasemerge these only not how that question the to down comes Serbian case NATO bombing in matter 1999, nohow sporadic andmarginal. The central problem in inphenomenon Serbia. contemporary marginal is a theory- Jewish conspiracy of form the takes sooften ideology- which anti-Jewish inYugoslavia, anti-Semitism of analyses a number of recent to according about Jews were nevertheless widespread in this area. in this widespread Jews nevertheless were about stereotypes that written also has he But country. non-anti-Semitic be relatively to known is Serbia that enemies’ ‘national important more other, had history throughout Serbs that fact the Many agree with academics According toTodosijevithis observation. federation. former Yugoslav inthe anti-Semitism of tradition nosignificant was there that 1.1. Anti-Semitism; a Marginal Phenomenon inSerbia? 40 matterquite is liberal, and the numbers are not reliable. belief thattheactual numberbe might between2000 and 2500, thatnoting thedefinition of thatforJewish community group thatmonitors anti-Semitism Serbia,in 1158 persons declared as Jewish.He expressed the Totalitarian Europe 39 38 Psychological Determinants. ( http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/yugoslavia/yugoslavia.htm 37 36 Japan is quite a famous example, but also Indonesia. also but example, famous a quite is Japan 1981 In Yugoslav census only 1384 people declared themselves asJews. Andrejevich, Byford and Billig, “The Emergence of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”,310. Bojan Todosijevi Bojan “Yugoslavia(Serbiaand Montenegro)” However, anti-Semitic incidents and doemergein sincethe incidents However, anti-Semitic groups especially Serbia, A 1996 report on anti-Semitism in Serbia and Montenegro explicitly claimed explicitly Montenegro and Serbia in anti-Semitism on report A 1996 , 249. In 2002 census, according to my interview with Aleksandar Lebl, the head of a Jewish ü , Anti-Jewish andanti-Gypsy attitudes inHungary andYugoslavia: Social and C HAPTER Budapest :CEU,Budapest College,1998), 4. 39 , which is the case in many other societies as well 1- 38 S ERBIA ERBIA AND 11 Antisemitism and Xenophobia Today A NTI 37 Byford and Billing also note how -S EMITISM ü , it isit, probably due to Anti-Semitism in Post- 40 and in the in and 36 CEU eTD Collection Institute’s website sees him as highly educated man who became a symbol of Serbian thought, considered more seriously and critically then itis the actual case in the Church Stephen Roth as a saint, and widely read by the believers, the accusations for anti- Semitism need to be message that it sends to its believers is very controversial. If Nikolaj Velimirovi Nikolaj If controversial. very is believers its to sends it that message the kind, any of anti-Semitism rejects officially it although and politics, in Serbian involved famousmost ideologue within Church.the TheSerbian Church isOrthodox very much morally due rehabilitated to theinfluence of nationalismSerbian and clericalism,beingits Velimirovi church, in especially lightof of Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovi canonization the 1.2. SerbianOrthodox Church andAnti-Semitism Serbia. in anti-Semitism of review historical as well as thesis, this of part separate a in religion, and Church Orthodox Serbian of role the of light in the explained and linked be to needs various opinions, ones supporting such othersthe and completelystand, it.opposing All this andgroups individuals, isolated wasno and there significant before? anti-Semitism are There beginning of anti-Semitic traditionin marginal which Serbia, was only presented through writings of Milorad Moji Milorad of writings writingsandlater actionsthrough the of Ljoti Dimitrije isif it itsimply beclaimed can that in tradition Serbianpro-fascist 1930s,mostly expressed apologists of Serbia claimed and still claim, where itis imported from and when. The question it question was in in whether Serbiana wayimported from society asmany outside, stands. The questionthe of modernwhere in anti-Semites toin turn Serbia history the supportto their own question of where this “new” anti-Semitism comes from is actually also a ü was a controversial religious figure from the first half of the twentieth century, Can Serbian anti-Semitism belinked tothe growinginfluence of Orthodox ü , Lazar Proki Lazar , ü and bishop Nikolaj Velimirovi Nikolaj bishop and 12 ü and his movement, butalsohis movement, the and ü present the present ü is accepted is ü in 2003? CEU eTD Collection antisemitic incidents, whether in individual cases or in general. But it also it stresses that the that stresses it also it But in general. or cases individual in whether incidents, antisemitic denouncefail Jews not towards to positiveJewish issuesand does officially and attitude antisemitism in from Serbia 1996 claims that officialthe churchSerbian Orthodox maintains a nineteenth century tradition of conspiracy theories. conspiracy of tradition century nineteenth him religious and blend an anti-Judaism the of references, to present whichaccording rejects anti-Semitism,expected Byford to be claimsone of thethat findingswhich claim legitimacy precisely on “forgotten”the of aspects his literary output. the Christian of right, my Christian the of own exponents the and research culture Orthodox rightmainstream between point meeting readilyas well. Whileadopts the hischurch anti-Jewish officially www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2004/02/4-180204.asp the Legitimizationof Religious Anti-Semitism in Contemporary SerbianSociety Racism, Tel Aviv University, controversy Velimirovi surrounding authorities, church the by 46 45 44 43 42 41 society. Serbian in contemporary right Christian the inspire Velimirovic Bishop is prove hehave that Dachau usedtonot could been an anti-Semite. forin arepublishedhis these imprisonmenthow the books apologists, However, repeatedly. Byford andBillig Velimirovi arguethat years.lastten over havebeensold million copies of andover all Serbia, can bebought over world. Orthodox the of unity and values and strength Serbian of promotion German hadimprisonedoccupiers him because of he due posed perceivedthreat the to his including works, from his those daysinDachauconcentration camp in1945,wherethe spiritualismfreely and his Orthodoxy, who expressed anti -Semitic inseveral beliefs of his Ibid. Byford, Billig and Byford, “The Emergence of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”,309. Ibid. Byford. Jovan “Republic of Serbia2005” " Canonizing the Prophet of Anti-Semitism“, Prophet the Canonizing Jovan Byford has shown how the liberal left often stresses how the teachings of teachings the how stresses often left liberal the how shown has Byford Jovan " Canonizing the Prophet of Anti-Semitism : The Apotheosis of Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovi http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/serbia.htm 44 The Stephen Roth Institute fortheStudy ofContemporary Antisemitism and and that most of the Orthodox believers seem to be unaware of the of be unaware to seem believers Orthodox the of most that and ü ’s Byford, .According to writing. Velimirovi ü ’s antisemitism has never been has never’s antisemitism condemned been officially 13 www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2004/02/4-180204.asp 46 The already mentioned report on " FreeRadio Europe 41 Itis also noted 42 Hisbooks 45 ü This is This is the ü and 43 CEU eTD Collection 50 http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/22byford.pdf officials the and Holy thatSynod canonized him,as itis believed thatOrthodoxchurch just Semitism, hadwhich a long history in Orthodox Christianity, of and prejudices, anti-Jewish spread the Velimirovi for respect that view Byford’s empirical partof for research the this thesisthis will be questioned thoroughly, as same In claims. ideological anti-Semitic and neo-fascist clerico-nationalism, supporting for views used areexplicitly wherethose literature, extremist existin not rightist does repression him notbecausedespite, of his problematic views. Byford also thatthis stresses kind of denounced him and nationalist traitor. himasaclerical denounced myth replacement as offered has been in Dachau martyrdom bishop Nikolaj’s this story the of According author, to theory century. 19th the of anti-Semitism. 54 53 52 51 Vreme beš 49 48 180204.asp 47 whom whom why?”. and Sava. St medieval the since figure second half he as Serbian1980s. Today of iswidely most respected the religious regarded Velimirovi are followers of Nikolaj church is notmonolithic and there are a number of clergymen who hold antisemitic views and Byford, Ibid.,16. Ibid., 13. JovanByford. "From "Traitor" to"Saint": BishopNikolaj Velimirovi Ibid., 2. According to Szekely as well, this church has neverofficially left the accusationfor Christ-killing. Sekelj, Ibid. Byford, þ " " aš Canonizing the Prophet of Anti-Semitism“, Canonizing the Prophet of Anti-Semitism“, ü a, Velimirovi The disputable elementsof Velimirovi 78. 47 52 Byford, however, thinks that the church and the general publickeep praising church the and general Byford,however, thinksthe that andhe was forgotten for decades, until the rise of Serbian nationalism in the 54 ü ’s canonization was said to be the will of people, by church the bepeople, of will the to wassaid canonization , 53 ü . And this is all dependent on ”who wants to remember 48 since hiswritings were mixture of anti-religious ü perpetuates and legitimizes political extremism political legitimizes and perpetuates 14 www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2004/02/4-180204.asp www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2004/02/4- 51 Even some institutions within the church ü ’s biography ’s biography coverare repressed to his 50 , after the communist authoirites 49 and anti-Semitic conspiracy ü in Serbianin Public Memory". CEU eTD Collection Velimirovi srpskoj pravoslavnoj kulturi 60 misao: Hilandarski fond, Srbinje: Univerzitetski ““Obraz””ovni pravoslavni bogoslovi, 2004,) 5. 2004,) bogoslovi, pravoslavni ““Obraz””ovni 59 Univerzitetski Srbinje: fond, Hilandarski misao: what leading Serbian sociologist of religion Mirko phenomenon, not only a Catholic invention, as the Serbian Church tries to prove. to tries Church Serbian the as invention, Catholic a only not phenomenon, Serbia. across people at shouldhis look namely actions, he that saved Jewsbyhiding them in monasteries Semitism. Jews inhis view, he not even Godgiven religious, aspecial did study write anti-about in interest subject. eventhat special show since hedidnot Semitism” in the New Testament and “Anti-Semitism” of Bishop Nikolaj in Context]. (Beograd: Hriš Semitizam “ Vladike Nikolaja u Kontekstu Tel Aviv University. 58 57 56 55 Samard him. accept they unless cursed, are and therefore Christ Jews killed that rhetoric, Semitic this presents the repetition of one of the oldest presuppositions of traditional Christian anti- Jewish sentiment were to be found among Orthodox clergy. bring them to the true God. Nikolaj “objurgates because he loves” God. becausehe Nikolaj “objurgates the true bring them to Amfilohije Radovi bishops, nationalistic influential most the of one to According anti-Semitism”. biblical argument for Nikolaj is that this attitude writingsbelongs his of parts to anti-Semitic the specificmentions rarely still Church Orthodox Serbian the of mainstream type of “benign theologicalpeople wasadeedfew of influential nationalistica bishops within thechurch. The or confrims existingbut already aremany the cult, there proofs his cult spreading that among JovanByford. Ibid., 14. Samard Predrag Samardzi Predrag Byford, “Yugoslavia2000-01”, Ibid.,10 ži 55 " ü ü Canonizing the Prophet of Anti-Semitism“, and this only in order to deny it, altough already in the 1990s isolated cases of cases already todenyit, and in inorder altough 1990sisolated anti- of the this only incontemporary Serbian Orthodox culture]. (Beograd: HCHRS, 2005), 2. 58 in his apologetic book says that Velimirovi And,Samard Byford still concludes that distrust and hatred of Jews are a pan-Christian 59 Potiskivanje iporicanjeantisemitizma: secanjena vladiku Nikolaja Velimirovi ž http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/yugoslavia.htm Lü ü argues that the bishop criticized Serbs too, so did that meant he anti-Serbian? was he meant that so did too, Serbs criticized bishop the that argues , ü - Nikolaj - Nikolaj hisloveactually showed for Jewsby his the words, to wish Episkop Nikolaj i NoviZavet oJevrejima: Novozavetni “Anti-Semitizam” i“Anti- The Stephen Roth Institutefor theStudyof Contemporary Antisemitism andRacism, . [Repression andDenial of Anti-Semitism: Representations of Bishop Nikolaj ži ü ’s main’s is argument thatinstead of paying his attention to words, . [Bishop Nikolaj and the New Testament about Jews: “Anti- 15 www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2004/02/4-180204.asp Ĉ ü cannot be an anti-Semite especially or ÿ He wrote NikolajHe wrote that talked about evi 56 The most often used apologetic ü says, the church has lately 57 , and according to Byford ü 60 a usavremenoj If it is true ü anska CEU eTD Collection anti-Semitism,be hadandfrom the imported –began to discourse beingabroad disseminated Serbian indigenous been nohadsince before, there which ever – unlike discourse Semitic rhetoricwas aconsequence sudden the andof of agitation anti- availability and acceptability anti-Semitic and anti-Semitism political of rise the that seems “It period: II War World inSerbia Tradition 1.3. Anti-Semitic Pravoslavlje explicitreference to Jewsantisemitism as usually.Pravoslavlje These articles alsoin of publishedarticles house that publishesanti-Semiticbooks, a publishing did make no mention ofwould Jews, probably sincenot have been tolerated by the editors and readers of http://www.bhdani.com/arhiva/281/t28109.shtml Byford Billig, and Racism, Tel Aviv University, 63 62 61 proclaimed an anti-Semite recently Church the other, the on Orthodoxy, Serbian of nature in the not is anti-Semitism andthat acts have condemned of stated Church hand, anti-Semitic the one representatives it are knownwith associated forgroups and Church their Orthodox Serbian the both that claims ambivalentwebsite Institute’s attitude toward enourmous that number of people Church.the trust Tel Aviv the University’s Stephen Roth Jews and anti-Semitism.in Serbia,andclaims main artbiter Church calls the even the poor anymore. He not certainly While on the become political actor with enormous political influence, political with actor enormous become political Billig and Byford, “The Emergence of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”,317. “Republic of Serbia2005” Mirko , or by the Orthodox mainstream ingeneral. mainstream Orthodox by the or , no made he time that although Church., Orthodox Serbian of magazine a , According to Emil Kerenji, anti-Semitism in Serbia originated in the in pre- in the originated Serbia in anti-Semitism Kerenji, Emil to According Ĉ or ÿ 63 evi Ratibor ü . “Ideje koje ostavljaju pustoš“, ostavljaju koje “Ideje . http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/serbia.htm The Stephen Roth Institute fortheStudy ofContemporary Antisemitism and í Archbishop Velimirovi Nikolaj Ĉ ur ÿ evi ü , a former member of Ljoti 16 61 especially due to the fact that it is üí asaint. ü ’s movement and the owner Bosanskohercegova 62 Also, according to þ ki Dani CEU eTD Collection 70 69 Holocaust “conspiracy against the good name of Serbia.” Ibid. 68 ofSerbia.” name good the against “conspiracy only be the result of influencean form outside. The claims that anti-Semitism inSerbia exists would be just a E.B. Gaic, after the World War I, that in Serbia there can be no anti-Semitism, and even if it is possible, it can 67 Post-Totalitarian Europe 66 and psychological determinants young students Jewish played active inillegal role communist party. According to openantisemitic texts.” Todosijevi stereotypes ..However, place. about Jews arewidespread, non-anti-Semitic and in certain berelatively to right-wing known publications is Serbia it is possible occasionallyAlbanians, or to find more Croats or less Germans, 65 1998), 35 within Yugoslavia of Yugoslav Jewry.attitude Paši Nikola leader andtheir Jewishcause the to were sympathetic radicals Serbian time, atthe that, and identity, national Jewish of acceptance the facilitated minority. national a than minority inthatwrote fulland formally 1918 Jewshadachieved equality,more of were they a religious of the general discriminationin 1878 although against Jewsbefore discrimination may beregardedas the Serbia still a part against monarchy, Austro-Hungarian in then present less much was Jews the toward discrimination Jews in the Eastern Europe, although Milentijevi in Serbia. nospecificanti-Semitismpopulation and that existed thinks dealing with VonKohl trade, and discrimination. exposed andto integrated not Worldwerewell the WarII Serbia andMacedoniabefore basis.“ a regular on rhetoric this utilizing started movement 64 tradition? from the highest place, became an acceptable means for political –Ljoti struggle political meansfor an place, became acceptable from highest the Ibid., 228. Ibid., 227. Milentijevi Ibid., 245. Von Kohl is referring to the book Christine VonKohl. “Anti-Semitism inPresent-Day “Yugoslavia” which noLongerExists”, “Perhaps due to factthe that Serbsthroughout history had other, more important ‘national enemies’ like Turks, Emil Kerenji. Emil , 226. 65 67 AccordingChristine to VonKohl, Sephardic the Jews dominated in Bosnia, ü Generally, because of the Ottoman millet system, the historians agree that the agreethat historians the system, millet Ottoman of the because Generally, , Why is Serbia generally considered not being a country beingWhy is considerednot generally acountry with anti-Semitic Serbia Anti-Semitism and the Treatment of the Holocaust Anti-Semitism and the Treatment of the Antisemitism and corporatism in the writings of Dimitrije Ljoti 66 From fifteenth From century Jewson, the forming had been partof town 70 andmonopolyhad it Jewish number press.Besides,asizableover of , 242. , 4. 69 ü The Zionist federation was the strongest organized Jewish force organized Jewish wasthestrongest federation TheZionist , Anti-Jewish and anti-Gypsy attitudes in Hungaryand Yugoslavia :social 68 She wrote that the national complexion of Yugoslavia of complexion national the that wrote She Yugoslavia and“Jewish the Problem” 17 64 ü was supporting the Zionist the was supporting ü . (MA thesis, CEU, Budapest, CEU, (MAthesis, written by Serbian officer Anti-Semitism in ü ’s ü CEU eTD Collection led to a disconnect of the Jewishcommunity”. Ibid. for that herknowledge about Yugoslavia seems poor,since she mentions that ” Serbia's break from Yugoslavia Europe 1918-1995" 72 fairytale/index.htm 73 71 74 Jews had insaving succeeded fromand rescuingmany of compatriots their Germany and positive andpublisheslight, adocument, whichstates thanksthat totheSerbs, Yugoslav the completely untrue. is it says Stefan but II”, War World in the victory the to contributor alleged an and coalition in has worn today, a hero’s halo Serbia martyrs a landof asamemberof anti-Hitler the types. In contrast with these claims, Ljubica Stefan, a historian from Zagreb wrote how until and even traditional allies likeRussia submitted pogromstheir Jewsto and of persecutions all for example,for being a hadcountry which nowide-spreadanti-Semitism whileits neighbors given inmapa specialplace the together anti-Semitic of with Bosnia Europe, andMacedonia 1.4 Anti-Semitism inSerbia in1930s and 1940s thelastincidentsover have years anti-Semiticthat occurred 500 sporadic –but andlimited. Andrejevich well,beforeas 1941,noorganized anti-Semitic existed. movements that in Serbia there was a Quisling type of collaboration occupiers. with the type of therecollaboration wasaQuisling in that Serbia year. “ each decreased in area the Jewish population the blatantSerbian anti-Semitism, “Because of didparliamentnot liftits restrictions onJewish citizens until 1889 and even following: the andperiod theyears precedingit, butalsofor theend of Serbian19th century. Shesays that WarWorld II for only the not sources, of mostthe then picture adifferent provides also Ljubica Stefan,. Antisemitism inSerbia during the World War II. Ljubica Stefan. “From Fairytale to Holocaust:” Andrejevich, She does give similar view on Serbia during Milo 74 Serbia is, to repeat it once again, according mostto of the sources and authors Ruth Mitchell’s book Mitchell’s Ruth Anti-Semitism in Post-Totalitarian Europe . http://www.hic.hr/books/seeurope/014e-stefan.htm 72 She wrote a book called abook Shewrote Serbs Choose War Hrvatski Informativni Centar. š Obrenovi 18 From Fairy TaletoHolocaust , 250. ü as Szekely, and possibly uses him as but aside from in Serbsfrom avery presents 1943 An International Symposium "Southeastern http://www.hic.hr/books/from- 73 in whichshe says Stephanie Persin Stephanie He wrote 71 CEU eTD Collection http://www.nspm.org.yu/debate_2007/2008_sl_g_markovic1.htm objectionabout publishing house Ihtus in 2005 and factthe hat Serbian authorities did not ban itfrom work. 84 83 82 81 80 79 to Orthodoxy,but unlike Hitler. Markovi influenced by French model of fascism andCharles Maurras, who was very attached to Catholicism, like Ljoti 78 77 out from Serbia from monastery to monastery by the Serbian clergy. “. Ibid. 76 mreza.com/library/facts/mitchell.html Yugoslavia his name cannot be used.” RuthMitchell, credible enough,to a friend although in London75 it wason hisexplained: escape from “As Yugoslaviathe writer isin a 1942.”Jew, for However, the sake ofit isrelatives anonymous who andremain therefore in not that Serbianthat fascism, it although legal,remained limited hadvery influence. Anglo-Americans, were seen as the tools in hands of the world Jewry. and saw the conspiracyclaims anti-Semitism. how:as both thenthe as totalitarian now, of Serbiansourceversion fascism was the strongest national-socialist proponentof became model of all anti-Semitism,role the 1940s evil. All opponents of fascism, Bolsheviks and Patriarch Gavrilo, and his clergy tried to save Serbian Jews and Gypsies.” the Church, Orthodox Serbian the how mentioning without report this conclude cannot "I countries.” German-occupied distance and the absence of anti-Semitism from every day life. day every from anti-Semitism of absence the and distance based hisinterviews, on everybody spoke about the high level lowof tolerance, ethnic Yugoslaviafirst was at copy Austro-Hungarian andof Frenchmodel publishing centers. and literature prohibitanti-Semitic to itneeded when be very uncooperative to proved people. and mentality Serbian to alien completely are anti-Semitism of all forms that is true it feel Itwill be mentioned later how contemporary leaderof Belgrade Jews Aca Singer hasexactly the same 1930s and 1940s Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Parliament. ofthe Member a became of Zbor leader the even Not Ibid., 68. Szekely, Vreme beš Vreme Szekely, Slobodan Markovi “Today the chief rabbi of Yugoslav Jews lives in America. He was saved from the Gestapo, being Belgrade, of University smuggledthe in of Medicine Department the in professor physician, Jewish by a written “Letter 82 He explicitly claims that both in Serbia and Croatia at that time Szekely explains how the form in which anti-Semitism appeared in the first in the appeared anti-Semitism inwhich form the how explains Szekely þ ü 84 aš does not agree that Ljoti . ü a, 31. a, 75 It also contains another document, which states the following: the states which document, another contains also It ü , Slobodan. “Crkva iPolitika”, ü , forexample, was national-socialist and claims he was 19 The Serbs Choose War. 81 However, Szekely does not does Szekely However, Nova SrpskaPoliti 79 But, Szekely stresses 77 76 , but in, but 1930s and 83 80 , the government, the http://www.srpska- He claims that claims He þ ka Misao, 78 He ü CEU eTD Collection Zbor and anti-Semitismthe inthe was church, there somethingin else happening atthe Serbia from influence andUSA.Apart inreputation becauseandbishop’s good Britain Kerenji, of Ljoti 92 91 believes that Velimirovi that believes He pact. signingChurch Three-Power the against leaders of actions Serbian Orthodox of the and Ljoti 90 89 88 87 86 85 establishedin Serbia in 1930s. Velimirovi with connected Dostoyevsky. Fyodor and Pascal Blaise by Charles Maurras, how he Hehimself from was influenced selection variousstated eclectic intellectual positions. establishedin Yugoslav arena political beforeright World the WarII. beginning of some kind of anti-Semitic tradition in Serbia, and that anti-Semitic theory was movement. their ruin, and that Judaismpeople use was the appearingexplosiveslinked to the writingsasin and actions of Dimitrijea their Ljoti cultural hearts andto destroynational Christian danger. communities and lead them to of of Ljoti Velimirovi beof found writings inthe can theory conspiracy modern notions Christian mediaeval from derived is prejudice his that hiswritings of most from Protocols of the Elders of Zion the Elders Protocolsof of combined time with conspiracyat the theories and popular like dubious publications The leader of Serbian Nazi-backed puppet government and also an anti-Semite. an also and government puppet Nazi-backed of Serbian leader The Ibid., 56 Kerenji, Byford, Ibid., 45. Ibid., 38. “which we must be free of as soon as possible”. Ibid. Ibid., 37. ü ’s, but Ljoti but ’s, It was mentioned how Emil Kerenji has also written that this period marks the ü , and even, according to his in words accordingand behind to even, Zbor own eminence grey the 1953, the , From a Traitor to a Saint, Antisemitism and corporatism in the writings of Dimitrije Ljoti ü in this context, dueto factin the context, Velimirovi that this 89 Apart from Velimirovi ü and Nedi and ü was personally more the follower of follower the more waspersonally ü , and the anti-Semitic Orthodox National Christian Movement, Christian National Orthodox anti-Semitic the and , ü 92 91 8. werestruggling win his according affection to and support, to Slobodan Markovi 88 . The same combination of religious anti-Judaism and anti-Judaism religious of combination same The . ü ’s influence, most of Ljoti 20 ü ü . The leader of Zbor wrote that the Jewish does not agree with relating Velimirovi ü ü was actively involved into all into involved actively was 90 , 53. However, he was very However, hewasvery much ý etnik leader Mihajlovi leader etnik ü ’s ideas were a result of ü , at the time close friend time close , atthe 85 This was specifically was This 86 t is obvious ü 87 then but The ü CEU eTD Collection Neubacher, they traveled to Slovenia where they stayed until to the end of the war. Contrary Milan with Nedi in1944.Together actually released American 36th American division reached Dachau, both he and Patriarch Dod Patriarch heand both Dachau, reached division American 36th American officer's medical services. Contrary to the reports that Velimirovi that reports the to Contrary services. medical officer's to had and access never tortured hewas clothes, wear hisownreligious to he allowed was 95 94 by forcesin historical a certain figures, society. of certain of rehabilitation process the two examples do not stand alone. Almost every East European country is faced with the whom rememberandwhy”, these to “whowants issueof the again inaction, samerevisionism collaborator and a Nazi, and a person who has been saving Jews . It is the same historical Yugoslavia, Croatian Catholic cardinal Alojz Stepinac, who is both said to be Paveli to said both is who Stepinac, Alojz cardinal Catholic Croatian Yugoslavia, by religious the break-upof figurecondemned after communists andcanonized Yugoslav another of case the to similar very and parallel is attestation This papers. false with on move byVelimirovi shewassmuggled monastery where Ljubostinja Serbian Orthodox Church in 2001,claiming thatshehad spentmonths 18 hidingin German occupation. German theleadershipinover took Serbia after orientation, hadwhoand anti-Semitic apro-German in Serbia. movement anti-Semitic only the was which movement 93 Nedi after Warhasstarted, the besides Zbor, withpeople collaborated and Nazis the directly involved were inkilling Jews. But, Serbia’s contemporary Serbian nationalists. Kerenji still believes that Ljoti that believes still Kerenji nationalists. Serbian contemporary 1930s”. of the part time: in “theeverincreasing proliferation inYugoslaviaof anti-Semiticthe texts latter Romania and Antonescu, Hungary and Horty, etc. Ibid. Kerenji, In Dachau camp, according to many Velimirovi sources, to In Dachaucamp, according Antisemitism and corporatism in the writings of Dimitrije Ljoti According to the church sources, Ela Trifunovi Ela sources, church the to According 93 Some of the texts from that period will be found on the websites of 21 ü , former Minister of Army, of former Yugoslavian the Minister , ü and German general Hermann andGerman general ü ., 58. ü , born Neuheus, wrote tothe wrote Neuheus, born , 94 ü ü had a privileged hadtreatment, aprivileged During the warhim hisand , guarded and later helped andlater , guarded ü ü was liberated when liberated was was a leader of a of aleader was ži 95 ü were ü ’ CEU eTD Collection Serbia, werebrought Banjica tothe beingafter camp caughtbyLjoti in villages infound some refuge whohad September Stefan, 1944,Jews, from 1942 upto to aroundestimated accordingin tosave that joined 5000Jews But, partisans order themselves. were the Ustaše took on the task on themselves on on task the took Ustaše the were Croatia in unlike liquidated JewsSerbia, ones the were occupiers her German knowledge, become is ofJews,has ‘Judenfrei.’" city which cleansed onlylargerEuropean the in"Belgrade - bragged: A. Schafer Serbia, German Security Service solved."the The chief of followingin 1942:“Serbiais in a nation which problemof the Jews and hasbeen Gypsies Ljoti deported from Serbia, because the “problem” has entirely been solved on spot. been solvedentirely has on from “problem” because the deported Serbia, Arendthas confirmedBelgrade, fact this and about saying she noJews was that were it was already widely known that Ljoti funeral infuneral 1945. On occasion,bishopthat the spoke very and Ljoti of positively 100 The Report on Banality of Evil] (Beograd: Samizdat B92, 2000.) 53. 99 98 97 96 Ljoti would first beof tostop importance the terrible persecution of Serbian the Jews.” by Nedi given were reasons following the Jews.The toward people of Serbian feeling the the shows Jewish againstproblem,no measures whom drastic should and incould betaken Serbia, in Serbia and the Banatview onNedi that he and his governmentmost sources should that be denote given himthe as righta harsh to anti-Semite,settle the Mitchell gives a somewhat unrealisitc Hannah Arendt, Hannah Arendt, Hannah. Ibid. Byford, RuthMitchell, Von Kohl, ü ü , got arrested in , got 1940 by government, Velimirovi Yugoslav old as of of nationalism"."ideologue asof Serbian Harald SS-memberthe Turner, stated ü From Traitor to Saint to the Germans for this demand. If the Germans wanted the Serbs to calm down, it Anti-Semitism Post-Totalitarianin Europe Zbor wasactively involved in rounding-up and murdering Serbian Jews. ü The Serbs Choose War.TheSerbs Choose : "The fact that Nedich twice demanded from the German commanding officer from German commanding the Nedich demanded twice fact that : "The , 8. Eichmann uJerusalimu- Izveštaj obanalnostizla. http://www.srpska-mreza.com/library/facts/mitchell.html ü was collaborating with the Germans. He spoke of 22 ., 246. 100 and Arendt makes the claim that it is ü ’s and Nedi [EichmannJerulasem- in ü attended Ljoti attended 99 ü According to 96 even though ü 98 ’s men,’s as Hannah 97 When ü 's CEU eTD Collection Virtual Library Virtual http://www.porges.net/JewishHistoryOfYugoslavia.html#Relations%20with%20Israel agreement trade first the and relations diplomatic full of establishment the by followed was recognition and this 19, 1948, of May on newIsrael state Yugoslaviarecognized the federal state. based for it solution was itself probably Israel on factthat lf the and Palestine, a multi-ethnic anti-Semitism. from strongly distance to tried always has Yugoslavia it but Warszav communist marginal,anti-Zionism, wasvery and unlike pactcountries, Israel. of criticizer loudest the Semitism low, wasvery and it But of in becameall cases were persecuted. 1967, Yugoslavia and 1967 all anti-Szekely,from waslatent, nationalism According prevailed.to 1945to that stand pro-Arab sharp the and Israel with relations diplomatic Yugoslav of independently and be separately regarded theabsence issue cannot both presence or the of anti-Semitism the of Semitism? 1.5. SocialFederative Republic of Yugoslavia; Anti-Zionism without Anti- forin transport. were charge police police andspecial is not known that anyone else but the Germans took part in mass executions. However, local 105 . Yugoslavia” of History ”Jewish Porges. Nenad Croatia. of Republic the of Economy 104 103 102 101 establishmentof Statethe of Israel in Yugoslav 1948,the Palestineattitude to Jewry was According to Porges, between the creation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, and the use thatopportunity. themdecided Israel.goMajority to to of to and permitted 1949 "Southeastern Europe 1918-1995" well by as Persin, Stephanie. ”Virtual Jewish History Tour Jews of the Former Yugoslavia after the Holocaust”. The source Ibid., 74. of these facts Sekelj., is a text by II”. War Nenad World the during Serbia in “Antisemitism Ljubica. Stefan, Porges, who was, among other things, the Minister of the Vreme beš 104 ý etniks for which they received financial rewards. . The Jews from Thefrom Jews Yugoslavia thatsurvivedtheWorldWar IIwerealready in 1948 In 1947,being a amemberfederalUNSCOP, Yugoslavia of proposed state Federative Yugoslavia, Republic of Socialistthe In the of of existence the period http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Yugoslavia2.html þ aš ü a. 71 http://www.hic.hr/books/seeurope/014e-stefan.htm 103 Szekely maskthinks still anti-Semitism appear,under did of 23 102 101 Unlike her, Szekely Unlike her,Szekely says: “it An InternationalSymposium All about the Porges All aboutthe Jewish 105 . CEU eTD Collection http://www.porges.net/JewishHistoryOfYugoslavia.html#Relations%20with%20Israel 110 Beograd: Institut zasavremenu istoriju, 2007 Military Aid to the United Arab Republic 1967].in 111 109 108 savremenu istoriju, 2007), 29. 107 http://www.porges.net/JewishHistoryOfYugoslavia.html#Relations%20with%20Israel 106 for TheIsraeli U.S., allegedly Yugoslavia's independence. forces,"endangering especially the Committee, which took place whichCommittee, in took Belgrade on July 3 his party comrades. RadioFree Europe reported The Seventh Plenum of the Yugoslav Central linking Israel with USA and other capitalist countries in order to delegitimize itaccompli. in a fait with Government and Party inthe thecomrades eyes of was consideredincommitment ashis Belgrade ownpersonalaction by he faced his which sympathies “. "aggressor" the as Israel branding of the Yugoslav people still seemed to incline toward Israel, and that Tito's Palestine friendly foundand in expression allowing passagetothousands of "illegal" immigrants to after the Six-Day War. Yugoslav reaction was quick and decisive, and wasquick reaction War.Yugoslav Six-Day the after Non-Aligned culminating Movement, of with break-up the diplomatic ties inwith Israel 1967, inpresident started Tito, 1950s,the with along formation the and the strengthening of the imperialism. British the of and feudal creations asahalf half-colonial states Eastern Middle perceived all. inexpressinterest years, Middle Yugoslavia much didnotEastat during post-war the first it addition, Even,was, until fairly balanced even sources those testify attitude. 1956, a that Israel bebeing considered before as cannot generally favorable, even the Suezcrisis. In towards attitude Yugoslav the that opinions the are, however, struggle. There imperialist Porges, ”Jewish History History of Yugoslavia” ”Jewish Porges, Ibid. AleksandarŽivoti Ibid. 30 VladimirPetrovi History of Yugoslavia” ”Jewish Porges, 107 And whenitdid, atit Yugoslavia looked from a doctrinal Marxist and positions 106 . He claims that from the Yugoslav point of view, this formed part of the anti- 108 The real strengthening of standand government Thereal strengtheninga pro-Arab of Yugoslav of ü , ü Jugoslavija stupaIstok naBliski . ”Jugoslovenska vojna pomo 110 The same source proceeds by saying that however, the ü Istorija 20.veka 24 Ujedinjenoj Arapskoj Republici 1967.godine” [YugoslaviaEnters the Middle East]. (Beograd:Institut za rd 1967, Tito’s 1967,Tito’s speech "imperialistattacked . [History of Century]20ththe Issue no.1. 111 But Tito’s strategy aimed at 109 “culminating in its in “culminating Yugoslav CEU eTD Collection http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/78-3-276.shtml 116 115 114 113 Archives. http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/77-2-287.shtml 112 American propaganda.” in haveandanti- indulged press radio Yugoslav the of Arabs, existence the the Jews threaten by so many millions of Arabs, and in order to create the impression that two and a half million Party. Communist in the and peoples Yugoslav the among present been that before never had astrong positionpaper took Americanthe againstsuch Jews,andthat an anti-Jewish attitude political decision with an anti-American attitude. followIt followedmany pressandradio this Yugoslav fertile willinghim.to andwere ground, is noted that for the first time, a Belgrade commercial and cultural ties as well as cooperation in the areas of sports and in tourism of as sports ascooperation theareas well cultural commercial ties and restoredhad diplomatic not relations broken with Israel the Six-Dayafter Warin 1967, betweencontinue. Although Jews were contacts Yugoslavia to only permitted trade, personal from countries, apart two the between relations of diplomatic the non-existence the years of Arabs.” be by mustdefinitely recognized the pastreality the years and this 20 annihilated. This isnot only impossibledo, but to is nonsense. Israel has for existed asa state sea totally the into and must thrown be Israelis the slogan that preaching thepropaganda stop should Arabs ” the extremism: anti-Israeli Arab of critical was in Cairo correspondent forces" imperialist of "instrument asan state," asanartificial Israel created "was claimed that howTito Itisnoted aggressor. call itIsrael the and totakeastand Committee against convince Central the strategy to in forces" world."all the progressive against against isexplainedasapart Arab the attack plot imperialistcountries of a worldwide Stankovi Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Stankovi 114 The source makes it clear how at The Seventh Plenum Tito had the plan andthe had plan the Tito Plenum The Seventh at how makes itclear The source It was needed to justify the breaking of diplomatic relations with Israel, “surrounded with justifyIsrael, was needed relations thebreaking of diplomatic It to ü ü , Slobodan. ”Yugoslav Journalist Critical of Arab Anti-Israeli Extremism”. , Slobodan. ”Afterthe SeventhPlenum of theYugoslav Central Committee” 115 Despite of this, Radio Free Europe also reported that Yugoslav 113 112 . In Tito’s addition, in fell decisions Yugoslavia a on 25 Open Society Archives. 116 During the Open Society CEU eTD Collection were strictly banned in Yugoslavia all until 1990s and the revival of nationalism. and expressions literature Anti-Semitic by anti-Semitism. tobeaccompanied standnot Israeli countries surrounding some as anti-Semitism of tradition same have the not area did that fact that the again, Moscow the approaching was Yugoslavia and Anti-Semitism of andexporter center wasthe Lendvai, Moscow to according Although, Yugoslav the anti-ZionistCommunists also publicly castigated in campaign Poland.” CEU III, 2002-03. Communist Policy the Six-Day and 1967”.in War Andras Kovacs Eszter Andorand (eds.) Semitic passions, but mostly out of fearthat this could en up in anti-communism. Kovacs, Andras. “Hungarian 124 123 120 119 118 http://www.ourjerusalem.com/history/story/history20030601.html 117 stand anti-Israeli sharp “…the communism. Violent anti-Israel campaign prevail did ever since 1967, butin Yugoslavia carrying was communism that assimilation of promise 122 ( Semitism inYugoslavia“,Anti- over Hanul, Jan. and“Concern Michael Chase (eds).Milan. Andrejevich, restored. fully were ties diplomatic the 1991 In maintained. links 121 Totalitarian Europe, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Yugoslavia2.html well. as Kohl Von to according politics Tito’s in any anti-Semitism not was andthere state of Jews incommunist agreattrust was there period, anti-Semitism overt little was there Yugoslavia Tito’s in that is burgeoned during 1980s. the Prague: FranzPrague: Kafka Publishers, 1993), 250. For example, in Hungary, the government wanted to make sure that the anti-Israeli stand would Ibid., not 10 revive anti- Shlomo Avineri. “The Returnof Nationalism and Anti-Semitism to Eastern Europe.“ Von Kohl, Persin, Stephanie. ”Virtual JewishHistory Tour Jews of the FormerYugoslavia after the Holocaust”. ofYugoslavia.” History „Jewish E. Ruth Gruber, Paul Lendvai cultural and economic but broken, were relations diplomatic the 1967 in well, as Andrejevich to According The question is how this reflected on and related to the anti-Semitism. General opinion Anti-Semitism in Post-Totalitarian Europe . Antisemitism in Eastern Europe. (Budapest, JewishStudies Project, Central European University, 263 2006.), 32. 117 121 was not only free of any taint of racial prejudice, but the (London: MacDonald, 1972), 22. 26 , 245. 119 This has probably been so because of the of because so been probably has This Anti-Semitism in Post-Totalitarian Europe. 124 120 118 made it possible for the anti- the for possible it made , especially the Yugoslav the especially , . In the post WorldWar II Anti-Semitism in Post- Our Jerusalem Jewish atthe Studies 123 122 . . CEU eTD Collection Bosnia, when very influential bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church supported the supported Church Orthodox Serbian the of bishops influential very when Bosnia, inCroatia and Church wars the during problematic of SerbianOrthodox position andthe role The Kosovo. in especially issues nationalist in raising actors main the of one was Church respectively, nationalism,butespecially with beginningsince the of 1990s.In the 1980s, the been very much with isconnected what seen of and thought nationalas identity,Serbian and always has Church Orthodox Serbian The nowadays. Serbia in church the of strengthening the and in obscurities very the isdoctrine of It church.the still case,especiallythe having inmind tomany misuses door andopenedthe nationalists by beSerbian used to acceptedand prone Bosniaks, was even officially „for Serbs only” Serbs „for officially even was Bosniaks, with Islam and in Croatia Catholicism unlike church particularistic and national a being Church, Orthodox flock. Serbian determined ethnically lost, the over causes andthecontrol to regain what was traditionally their “right” and their traditional role, the care about national thechance churches havebeen The given same which the in language. cases of shared groups roleimportant is in distinguishing “who in who” areathe once especially called Yugoslavia, been suppressed andmarginalized during the communism, buthave always played an religion,in the sense of belonging to a certain religious group. the and church the of influence rising the with along went identities national to attachment everby factors since influenceof theradicalized 1980s,and various the the under growing the 2.1. Rising Influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church after Communism they “fail to see” this. The church has no problem over “rightfully dominating the surrounding Slavs”. surrounding the dominating “rightfully over problem no has church The this. see” to “fail they maybe although of Serbs, sort” “specific as Montenegrin and connected is Macedonians both refusal sees the church since that fact the with condition, only” Serbs “for against proof a as stand not does Church, Orthodox 125 The complex situation with SOC not recognizing the independence of Macedonian and Montenegrin and Macedonian of independence the recognizing SOC not with situation complex The The religiosity in general, ofreligious andthe activities organizations, have In Serbia, asinneighboring Bosnia the andhas Croatia, been society gradually C HAPTER 2- T HE R EVIVAL OF 27 125 All these characteristics made itespecially made characteristics All these N ATIONALISM CEU eTD Collection of of a traditional, society. patriarchal In writingsthe of bishop can Nikolaj, these groups and do lead to? one of mainthe in question interviews forconducted this thesis.What conclusion does this officiallygroups stating ideologicalleader him an figure, andas be sacrosanct and this will manymembersthese of after are 2000.There examples inemergedespecially Serbia that groups right-wing radical by proclaimed values the of source the even, or congruent, and Velimirovi Nikolaj of beliefs and values The canonization. his official and highly regarded,especially since stands, generally widely undisputed read, religious celebrity, with his books being sold everywhere, from major bookstores to street episcopate is dominated by hard-line nationalists. 126 possibly possibly a hidden,or not explicitly ideology admitted withinit. cleansing history,history return of to the interpretation with a new,verydifferent it,of and rhetoric official beyond look to need a for calls interests, national of guardian self-proclaimed the and standings unification of all lands inhabited mostly by into Serbs one state, and churchthe re-emerged as of the church officials, and investigate the specific cases of the Velimirovi Nikolaj of treatment the and writings the in predominantly lies basis common this extent, great the up to is clearthat it be, may case Whatever the connection. the denies cases Church some in and it, of independent be to claim generally they although SOC with cooperation only itinvestigated be how but this, even some, will most havesuch of close groups more and morebeing and influence in gaining are heard that society in Serbian elements radical very of,and extremist share a certain common and it; within elements dominating and influential basecertain least at or Church, Orthodox for their clerical-nationalist ideologies. Not Democratic critics withinSerbia keep claiming claim that the highcouncil of bishops, the Holy Synod, or ü . As already noted, in Serbian society nowadays, Velimirovi Just like Serbian Orthodox Church, those far-right groups claimhavevision like groups far-right a Just Orthodox to Church, those Serbian Relating to the last comment, the main problem refers to the fact that the Serbian the that fact the to refers problem main the comment, last the to Relating 28 ü , however, are strikingly similar strikingly are however, , 126 ü is a sort of a CEU eTD Collection Once More", Patriarch Pavle and Holy Orthodox Synod announced that the text sounds anti- sounds text the that announced Synod Orthodox Holy and Pavle Patriarch More", Once Christ Crucify "Jews in Israel correspondent their by 1992 in January article anti-Semitic an printed "Pravoslavlje" patriarchy Serbian the of newsletter the When community? Jewish the canonization of Velimirovi well,today. even credibility. Kosovo Albanians stand totheSerbs gaining Israelis astheto Palestinians started in that and sacrificed, and are slaughtered that peoples chosen the are /Jews and Serbs both intellectuals that paved the way for Miloševi for way the paved that intellectuals him according apartof national provided to the by was discourse of groups Serbian which elements, narrative Serbian of important most oneof « the the denote to trop Jewish comparison may even go deeper and further. According to MarkoŽivkovifurther. may Accordingcomparison godeeperand to even (l'URMIS Jasenovac camp and other places in the World War II, as victims of as victims II, War World in the places andother camp Jasenovac in died together Jews and Serbs that fact the on insistence the continues and Jews, and Serbs pogromsin Kosovo being Kosovo, of Serbs links “SerbianJerusalem”, and compares which possibility anti-Semitism. of the official Moreover, includesdiscourse church thetalk about support. Thewilling to official standingof churchincludes the denial reluctantthe of any 129 William Markiewitz. “Nationalists win in Serbia.” Ask their parents teachers. and by comrades treated they're how how "Diaspora" they'rethe in children Serbian treated“Ask He says: 1990s. in war at work. I know Serbs who hide their names and origin128 - sound familiar?”, structure. hierarchical 127 130 http://www.vagabondpages.com/january04/nationalist.html Velimirovi one partof Western propaganda, anti-communism and anti-Semitism anti-Yugoslavism.But the isthe find some other things they need and look for: extreme nationalism, fundamentalism, anti- Marko Živkovi Marko the during media by Western created anti-Serbism about talks he when Jews, neo Serbs- calls Markiewitz very this, in instance powerful most the as Synod Holy the mainly and officials, church the mind Ihave Here Ibid., 73 nº 6:69-84, March 2000. 130 But how can the church reconcile this stand and the fact that they went on with on went they that fact the and stand this reconcile church the can how But The Holy land of Kosovo is one of the main discourse tools of the church as ü . The Wishbe aJew: to The Powerthe Jewish of Yugoslav Tropeinthe Conflict,Cahiers de ü ’s opus that the official church official that’s the opus http://urmis.revues.org/docannexe329.html ü , even against the protests of domestic and international Tucson Citizen Thursday 29 ü ’s rise to power. to rise ’s 127 does notdare, oris does genuinely not , 129 ), 69 Suchideas theones as that Usta še ü and Nazis and , coins the phrase the , coins 128 The CEU eTD Collection Church was able to bash the communists and once again. Yugoslav communistgovernment again.Yugoslav once bash communists and the Church to wasable the case his through that fact the in lays factor convenient Another doctrine? official Church’s http://www.hic.hr/books/seeurope/014e-stefan.htm L&T=0&F=&S=&P=79806 State University of New York 133 132 131 parts of Velimirovi becauseother happened assume thatthis Svilanovi from protests drew Foreign Goran defectiveincest, and Yugoslav becauseof Israel Minister ŽarkoGavrilovi maderemarkspriest bya Orthodox retired well. as communists the of then and Nazis, interpreting certain of hisparts in biography such way thathe isportrayed asthevictim of and andwarnings, accusations forget the to and trying by neglecting case, in useful,the this stressing and unpleasant the forgetting of astrategy chosen has Church The writings. Semitic Church. Orthodox Serbian the of history and tradition the to alien is completely anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism Semitic, things are carelessly reported" and at the same time claimed: "the phenomenon of Velimirovi in heardhatred" Yugoslavia. recently remarks andactions, and also denounced the of "language they were." for what camps ofAuschwitzin Jasenovac, and whichSerbsand Jewsperished only and died together death of anniversary closing the the we aremarkingof 60th the that andnow insulthurt particularly These acts War II. World during Jews of the Holocaust the minimizes act that Negotin in Serbianthe Orthodox "vigorouslyChurch andunconditionally 2004, deplored any “Serbian Orthodox Church Condemns Anti-Semitic Comments by Retired Priest.” Ibid. Stefan, “An International Symposium "Southeastern Europe 1918-1995" ü . In . In a statement,thechurch said itresolutely andcondemnedrejected anti-Semitic ü ’s rehabilitation, the question is question motive whatthe the ’s rehabilitation, behinditwas. Isitpossible to In 2002, The Synod of In 2002,The of Synod Church Serbian the Orthodox condemned anti-Semitic 131 132 in Belgradeand anti-Semiticgraffiti which appeared reactingAlso, to Despitedenounce this,the officialnot Velimirovi did . http://listserv.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0202&L=TWATCH- 133 If from all this we come back to the matter the back to from all we come this If 30 ü , in he, Jewswereborn which said ü ’s doctrine perfectly feet in feet perfectly ’s doctrine Hrvatska izdava University of Buffalo, the ü for hisfor anti- þ ka djelatnost. CEU eTD Collection by NATO, a number of articles containing references to anti-Semitic ideology in ideology appeared anti-Semitic to references containing articles a number of by NATO, 2.2. Anti-Semitic Incidents after 1999 chapter. infollowing be which will exposed analyzes and discourse an research empirical combined with nationalism ideologies toanti-Semitism,and rightist relates have conducted I and Serbian isracist.” even It party. greater political of a kind in fact is Church Orthodox Serbian the say, is to “ That writing: is Stefan politics Church before, duringWar andafter Serbian the Ljubica of theWorldOrthodox II. and ideologies constant of the one was anti-Semitism is that Stefan view of Ljubica the Nazis, 135 Church always refers to the fact that Jews and Serbs together were the victims of Usta of victims the were together Jews andSerbs that fact the to refers always Church incentive radical to begroups right anti-Semitic?to Although official Serbian Orthodox a silent giving and act, strong a such by it to legitimization and consent implicit giving Velimirovi in action. main Butthe isif problem asking church the with canonizationandthe through of 134 Mirko offer. to is obliged church the myth that replacement and repression of kind this for need no has right radical the how understands of the wish the been decades for has This radical climate. political of changes political the and the land the in situation followed literally has saint”, a to traitor a ”from elementsjourney his rehabilitation, moral in thehas condemned thisbishop as Nazi a fascist, and collaborator ananti-Semite. Besides,his church. Velimirovi andrespected justified. Stefan,. Antisemitism in Serbia during the World War II. His nephew Jovan Velimirovi ü ü influences, tolerates, or simply does not stop the acceptance of anti-Semitism, of acceptance stop the simply doesnot or tolerates, influences, ’s teachings which the church tries to forget, neglect Byfordforget, even hide? to tries or whichthe church ’s teachings According to ByfordAccording in andJune Billig, bombardment the to of 1999,after Serbia Should we agree with Byford that the radical group use exactly those parts of ü , Amfilohije Radovi 134 135 His nationalism is defended and evenhighly ü 31 , bishop Artemije, Atanasije Jevti . In order to find out how Orthodox Christianity Orthodox how out find to order In . Ĉ or http://www.hic.hr/books/seeurope/014e-stefan.htm ÿ evi ü agrees that historical revisionism is historical revisionism agrees that ü . še and CEU eTD Collection with the Jews. Icannot say that about many other peoples in Europe." Church,Orthodox Singer following:the Serbian said "The people haveaspecial relationship under and struggling Nazis,the against using andtherefore similar tools as discursive the "encouraging." this was and that past fewyears the over republic Balkan troubled in the anti-Semitism of cases few very been had there that fear among the members Jewishthe of community inin Serbia. But 2004 Aca said: Singer of State. 141 140 139 137 Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”,322. 136 Church. Orthodox Serbian tothe closely connected some inSerbia, active are organizations far right nationalist numerous that is it stated report the of Jewish facilities, as well as on property of institutions allegedly under Jewish control. In media insome Serbian stances speechandanti-Semitic hate in voiced of Rights itsmanifestations concern against andSerbia over continuing cautions http://www.balkanpeace.org/index.php?index=article&articleid=13180 138 for Human Rights in Serbia Semitism. ledmail anincreasethisconsidering of expressions often to that inhate and other anti- Serbia continuingreported incidentsof anti-Semitism,including anti-Semitic books, newspaperleading Politika. Serbian Racism, Tel Aviv University. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-13647179_ITM Smederevo, Novi Sad, Niš along with nationalistic slogans such as "Serbia for the Serbs." in appeared graffiti Anti-Semitic nationalism. with as as well sentiments, globalization “Serbiaand Montenegro (includes Kosovo). International Religious Freedom Report 2006”.US Department “Republic of 2005“ Serbia “JewishLeaders Visit Serbia to Build Ties”. “Helsinki Committee forHuman Rights in Serbia- 2001(2002). Report on Antisemitism.“ Billig Byford,and Emergence “The of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy”,317. Billigand Byford, Emergence “The of “World Jewish Congress Promotes Religious Tolerance in Serbia.” in Tolerance Religious Promotes Congress Jewish “World http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/ 141 These same sources associated anti-Semitism with anti-Western and anti- However, a great deal of anti-Semitic graffiti was reported in 2005 on the walls For International Religious Freedom Report 2006, the Jewish community in http://www.helsinki.org.yu/hcs/HCSreports.htm http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/serbia.htmn TheStephen RothInstitute forStudy the of Contemporary Antisemitism and 136 . Already . Already in 2001Helsinki for Human Committee 32 138 Alluding to a sharedhistory Alludingsufferingof to The Centre for Peace intheBalkans The Centre 140 137 . and warned that this causes this that andwarned 139 Helsinki Committee AccessMyLibrary. CEU eTD Collection ý Serbia.” “Serbian people who try to be anti-Semitic are stupid people. Itis not part of the history of saying he hopesanti-Jewish willsentiment in disappear new,the multicultural Europe. http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/eastern_europe/849 144 143 142 march in support of the National Front. It remained it a in would organize 2005 that not incidents the “Obraz” announced after however, had heathen; clear whether some of their members of a possible rebirth fascismof in Serbia. Clerico-nationalists usually view skinheads as Women inorganization black in from Belgrade warned “Obraz”2001 that avant-garde asthe mayorBelgrade Nenad Bogdanovi File). Stroj” (National “Nacionalni group, unknown an by signed sicknesses.” Western other and homosexuality drug use, supporting influence... spreadingof the because“Boycott of anti-Serbian putting showing upposters thelogo of a B92station in of a Star David with messagethe for were arrested Serbia.” perpetrators Three and throughout feeling inBelgrade anti-Jewish month last has the saying: “Although Jews livein only 3,000 Serbia, seena resurgence of http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/eastern_europe/849 http://www.ajn.com.au/news/news.asp?pgID=4162 marginalized. mostly members andare few have usually the World Jewish Congress. afterand itnon-governmental by Front) was condemnedorganizations (National Serb parties, It is noted that 'Marchneo-Nazi for Serb Unity', planned by a small neo-Nazi organization groups“Nacionalni Stroj” are onReuters reported on September Serbian 2007that police banned arally in Novi Sad calledThe the rise in Serbia, but publicly earlier 2007, inApril appeared then 2005 ast" and "Rasonalisti" as neo-Nazis , and “Obraz” as a clero-fascist group. Some time after, group. asaclero-fascist , and“Obraz” as neo-Nazis andast" "Rasonalisti" Jeremy Last, “Belgrade mayor speaks out” speaks mayor “Belgrade Last, Jeremy “Belgrade MayorSpeaks Out.” “Serbian Police Ban Rally by Neo-Nazi Group”. 144 After these incidents, the police officially proclaimed “Nacionalni Stroj”, "Krv i "Krv Stroj”, “Nacionalni proclaimed officially police the incidents, these After 143 Belgrade was covered by anti-Semitic graffiti and fliers. At the time ü has spoken out againstin recentrisehas anti-Semitism, the spokenout 33 European Jewish Press European Jewish European Jewish Press. Jewish European 142 The Australian Jewish News. “Nacionalni Stroj” has first has Stroj” “Nacionalni European Jewish Press online source was source online . CEU eTD Collection Serbs and Jews perished and died together only for what they onlyfor whatthey Serbs andJews together anddied perished were." Auschwitz in campsof andJasenovac, which of 60thanniversary the closing the death the of markingand that hurtnow weare particularly insult World acts Jews WarII.“These during the of Holocaust the minimizes that act any unconditionally and vigorously deplored Church Orthodox Serbian the that said however, is, It integration. European towards step important of an government the of interests the targeting aredeliberately acts these that argue others Semitism" on social intolerance, wars, poverty, and other negative consequences of transition, followed, aswell many the Alexanderof 1999 NATO bombing Serbia. Lebl,saidthat key American some prominent of role Jews inthebreak-up Yugoslavia and of the warsthat Party. Radical Serbian nationalist even elites, political the and Church Orthodox Serbian the government, the by condemned firmly been has Serbia in speech hate anti-Semitic although extremism, institutions political enough really against doing wondering are Serbia’stop whether http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=F294F464-6274-4724-AB5E-271B5FE7985D 146 145 anti-Semitism. my empirical research as well, same as the content of their web pages and the attitude towards of and be this will [Serbian “Dveri Gates], subject the determining organization Srpske". the "Sveti Justin Filozof", and clero-nationalistic inBelgrade, Faculty Philosophy of on studentorganization active with be connected closely web portals such as saidto is sometimes Stroj”.“Obraz” “Nacionalni members of the with together were arrested (Ibid.) Miti ü , Aleksandar. “Anti-Semitism: The Writing onthe Wall”. Many see these extremist tendencies also as a reaction to what is perceived asa iswhat perceived to as areaction also tendencies extremist seethese Many At the same time, a journalist reporting for reporting journalist a time, same the At 145 He says that while some analysts blame what they call a wave of anti- 34 Transitions online www.gazimestan.com 146 Transitions online website was website , and . CEU eTD Collection had ruled the destiny of peoples since forever, threatens to fulfill\ their satanic intentions in intentions satanic fulfill\ their to threatens forever, since peoples of destiny hadthe ruled which forces underground preparedbysecret, carefully.“The bigcatastrophe book read this Zion” instarted 2000, ayear theNATO after bombing. over ahundred have anti-Semitic books been published in Serbia, forces of Jewish conquest in Balkans. the conquest Jewish forces of the Jew’of Serbia in publishing1990. His house,IhtusChristian published Book, to Warand returned following World II the United tothe immigrated States organization, War andPeace Reporting, http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=9750af0d-656d-4aac-adb0- 151 7653e0e84532&articleId=f294f464-6274-4724-ab5e-271b5fe7985d 150 149 to the rise of intolerance, contribute racism,indirectly anti-Semitism, achievements, nationalism democratic as etc. of publishing, freedom the and expression of freedom the way, same the In ofdemocracy. name inthe be banned cannot groups anti-Semitic openly even since democracy., 148 147 http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847267359&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull its influence. and literature Semitic 2.3. Anti-Semitic Publications Albright,” Madeleine state, of secretary Serbs “think bombing NATO by the of Belgrade leda conspiracy was U.S. Jews likethe Communities' complaint filed against Ratibor Ratibor against filed complaint Communities' Jewish of Association the on ruled been yet not has which judiciary, Serbian the of critic his in in Negotin 2005stated Belgradeand graffiti anti-Semitic to Auschwitz reacting survivor, Anonymous, Miti Ljubiša Ivanovi Aleksandar Lebl in a talk which we had expressed the belief that anti-Semitism Dinah comes out as a downside of Spritzer. “Serb Extremism on Rise, but Jewish Life Flourishing.” 151 ü , “Anti-Semitism: The Writing on the Wall” , by an unknown publisher, it is stated firmly that every patriot and the Slav should and other anti-Semitic works. He argues that the Serbs are an obstacle to the to areanobstacle Serbs He argues the that works. anti-Semitic andother In the older preface of Serbian version of “the Protocols of the Elders of One of the main indicators of anti-Semitism in a country is a presence of anti- of a presence is country a in anti-Semitism of indicators main the of One Protokoli Sionskih Mudraca ü and and Dragana Nikoli http://iwpr.net/?p=bcr&s=f&o=242031&apc_state=henibcr2005 ü -Solomon. “Anti-Semitism Raises its Head in Serbia” 148 [Protocols of the elders of Zion] elders the of [Protocols 147 Aca Singer, the leader of Belgrade Jews and an 149 Singer2005, said thefive that over to years prior 35 Ĉ ur ÿ evi ü . This former a member of Ljoti of member a former . This , ( Belgrade 150 The Serbs in theClaws which shows that it that shows which , Anonymous 2001), 4 The Jerusalem Post The Jerusalem Institute for ü ’s CEU eTD Collection 153 152 close future”. close websites in question. the on place important an occupy publications anti-Semitic other many but this, only not that book aboutattitude is Zion” that Thehypothesis of personholds. the andwhat of Elders the “The has Protocols read individual the bewhether main will questions of one the conducted, befollowers, and in thatwill theirreadersand interviews the publications theyare addressing whatinvestigate type of to analyzesinterned websites, right-wing of content during the Jews. the author- this is,to answer The government. French and American behind hides who out find to is enough it enemies participateeven not did that inSerbia, and land, Serbian civil away gives administration American that war, is blamed for everything,Serbian people ontheland of their ancestors.” by enemies andin and ex-Yugoslavia” mind “they that united of Germany,butdon’t they mind do united Serbs. In search forpossibleimperialistic that Jewsnowsupport“Nazi-fascist forces the genocidal and in Europe, those is itis how of wondering author The Serbs. and satanization World of Order actions New the proven through arecleardouble standards andthatthere “the of proletariat”, the dictatorship Ibid., 14. Ibid., 6. It will be crucial, in order to answer the question about their anti-Semitism. their about question the answer to in order be crucial, will It 152 The preface to 2001 edition starts by saying that people are made poor by made bysaying poor 2001 editionpeople are that starts Thepreface to 36 153 Theproceedsby author (unknown) saying CEU eTD Collection interview for this thesis and will be discussed more in a following chapter. 155 interviewedwas leader by their me in order website, to their on find out problematic his attitudes Jewish ofthe coverage in no this is regard. there since and Serbia, Central Na Serbian which meaning, the and openly promotes anti-Semitismbeis say hard it strictly to although fair firstdetermined, organizations of the the type to that and most of the organizations of the second convictions.type try to deny Nazi to nor Christianity to neither noreference makes which organization, focus of this central Semitic anti- is extremely which League Defense and Serbian the of website the included I while analyses, operated by SrpskiAmerican Nacionalisti which do notclearly define as Orthodox Christian right, were left out of the resident, since anti-Semitic motives seem to make the andFamilija Navija Srpskih Naši organization the calssified also have I research the for important wing right Christian Semitic “Obraz” (Dignity) toextremely anti-fascist grouops such as “1389”. As mostimportant Christian wing, whichright is initself, diverse varying from clerofascistand openlyanti- is typeThe other Nationalists. term of Racial version the made Serbian of the out term and andFront) called butalso Blood (KrviCast.), is Honour the group Rasonalisti, which the Serbian ofinternational of sections type,that groups “Nacionalni suchas (National Stroj” different types of such groups. One type may be called Nazi right-wing extremists, typically the conclusionorganizations, first is the are,roughly thatthere two speaking, predominantly 3.1. The Types of Right-Wing Groups in Serbia 154 The family of the Serbian sport fans. This organization, same as “1389”, have has also given me the Na 154 š i stands for stands i (Ours), “Dveri” Srpske (Serbian Gates), Sv. Justin filozof Sv. Justinfilozof Justin Philodopher) the (Saint Gates), “Dveri” Srpske(Serbian (Ours), However, the borderline between the twp roughly defined types is very hazy and hazy very is types defined roughly twp the between borderline the However, After the analyses of the website moderated by Serbian extreme right-wing C TheOurs HAPTER or Our Own (People) þ 3- a (Family of Serbian a (Family the of Supporters) š S i are cooperating with closely. They are based in Aran in based are They closely. with cooperating i are ERBIAN R , and there is also Russianorganization with the same name IGHT 37 -W ING O RGANIZATIONS 155 . The organizations such as ÿ elovac, a town in town a elovac, CEU eTD Collection http://gorandavidovic.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemid=49 the most extreme attitudes can be found on the website of the abovementioned Serbian abovementioned the of website the on found be can attitudes extreme most the well, them puts in secondthe group. as Church the with but type, that of organizations other some and Filozof Sv.Justin “Dveri”, with ties close have to said are they that and Church pro-Orthodox extremely are they that mightbe than they in Butthe Christianright-wingfact classified group. the groups, first other anti-Semitic openly more certainly are they that fact the as well as in 2007, Stroj” “Nacionalni they factthat supported the and clero-fascists, accordingofficially to as proclaimed case types.“Obraz” bemay between two the regradedastheborder background. pagan Serbian to refering clealy is antisemitic, violently and is extremely which Rasonalisti be the guideline for the classification at all,in their case. However, the clandestine organization should this whether or sense, in religious classify them to how and draw heline to where clear provide links for some slavonic websites promote that it paganism, is therefore completely not in1999“ aggression Serbianvictims tothe NATO of formation dedicated their website in a church,attending andduring praying the “Memorial meeting of National members were arrested together with the members of ““Nacionalni Stroj”” of““Nacionalni members the with together arrested were members 158 Blood and Honor Serbia. 157 156 Ljoti Dimitrije be the leader, Goran leader,Davidovi be Goran the who is certainly person closely the examle, For stands. own their connectedpromote to well as motives Christian to Orthodox “Nacionalniuse Stroj” and Blood and Honour, groups “pagan” those some of that is clear it However, neo-Nazis. the and themselves between even said to difference the make way in these and it simplify to like would groups Christian anti-Nazi some assimpleis pagans calssifyingsuch the notatall,allegations andNazi .But groups although The already mentioned march in support of ““Nacionalni Stroj””. It remained not clear whether some of their of some whether clear not remained It Stroj””. ““Nacionalni of support in march mentioned already The “Memorial meeting of National formationdedicated to the Serbianvictims of NATO aggression in 1999“ Vladimir Maksimovi As far internet asSerbian notoriginating anti-Semitism isin proper Serbia concerned, ü 156 , who was a Christian facist, and Serbian Blood and Honour are shown at http://www.bhserbia.org/main.htm ü ,. “PomenLjoti ü , on his own internet website has motives such praising motives such hasas website his owninternet , on 38 ü u”, Zvani þ ni sajtGorana Davidovi 157 . This also groups 158 Being ü a. CEU eTD Collection f1/jevreji-koji-su-nam-dosli-glave-t20.htm?highlight=jevreji 161 160 159 inStates, hewhich isbased, as a Zionist superpower,saying thefollowing: “ importthat of the anti-Semitism SerbiaDiaspora. through Pribichto goes sees the United issue important hypothesis is thatthisthe contributes Another case Serbian anti-Semitism. influenced bysuch ideas and whether the existencesuch of may help websites rise the of gets who investigating of worth is still It website. the administering are who individuals, fewor only a of person, of single one andconvictions reflect opinions website can the that fact the anti-Semitism, internet about issue problematic the raises case this and California, Jews. However, this website is run by person named Boris Pribich, isliving who in Zionist genocides on Serbs. on genocides Zionist destroyed Yugoslaviasodomestic Jews could it. rule SDLclaims they are documenting League,Defense politics. Americanare seen figures intheworld aspowerful Cohen Holbrook, Jewswho and Richard William Clark, Wesley James Rubin, Soros, George Albright, areMadeleine to them, those destroyedlistAccording of forum Serbia.Jews that Lazar] the gives of their on Emperor the Guard CaraLazara[The Garda Kosovo, of independence the of declaration after the protests in issues andparticipating Kosovo the regarding years, especially of pastcouple for the active kill in Americans toprofit order from spilled blood” like Americans words of their representative, connected with, or at least sympathizers of Serbian Radical Party. Radical ofSerbian sympathizers least orat with, connected representative, oftheir words although they are strongly nationalistic, and according to one of my other interviewees, but also accordingthe to findingsthe of the interviews how “1389” most clearly distances themselves from anti-Semitism and Nazism, the have tried to cooperate with,but turned out not to be serious. Itwill be shownlater, interview in the chaptercontaining given to the author of this thesis in Belgrade, on16.05.2008, marked Garda Cara Lazara as the group “Forum Garde Svetog Cara Lazara”. Cara Svetog Garde “Forum Ibid. silence” the breaking “CompuSerb Somewhat similar, extreme nationalist organization which which loud been has and very organization nationalist extreme similar, Somewhat 161 cattle Compuserb against one people after another and they sell weapons to the enemy to enemy the to weapons sell they and another after people one against 159 The death of Slobodan Miloševi Slobodan Thedeathof , where it is claimed how powerful Jews from the world CompuSerb Garda Cara Lazara http://compuserb.com 39 The representative of the organization “1389”, in an “1389”, organization ofthe representative The 160 http://kosmetskiboj.7forum.net/obavestenje- ü is also seen as caused by isalsoseenas the Jews herd stupid CEU eTD Collection beliefs are the combination of extreme anti-Judaism and political anti-Semitism based on the on based anti-Semitism political and anti-Judaism extreme of combination the are beliefs wall; whether it is f howthey game, saying word interesting came up with races. Rasonalisti the Wailing wall,claims, asor well as Rasonalisti,the that they believe in the biologicalWall inequality individualso and street-in that way assaultingit democracy andis the rights of thesethe groups. “Nacionalni Stroj”same. explicitly the for order“Theits of march masters banned to Serbianunity” in2007according Zionist Zionist, and based on Zionist, andbasedthat, on preface. Serbian Zion, with Branimir Maleš http://www.nacionalnistroj.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=47 165 164 iAškenazi”. “Sefardi Maleš Branimir races. different 163 162 http://www.stormfront.org/forum/forumdisplay.php/stormfront-srbija-43.html?f=43 contributing andisdiscussing who isa Jewand who not. make world.forums, On oneof the listtheir members aretrying to the Jewsin of the Serbia, hosting Serbian neo-Nazi web portal international the through and racist organization, as well as many others from3.2. Anti-Semitism of thepro-Nazi Right-Wing all over the anti-Semites Jaša Tomi Jaša anti-Semites purposes, the hate speech in posts is extremely is present. extremely in speech hate posts the purposes, Although of author the forum the is list howthis for informativekeeps repeating only Jews. as intellectuals Serbian liberal non-Jewish label to attempting repeatedly are they “Rasonalisti” include Hitler’s “Rasonalisti” “Neprijatelj”. “““Nacionalni Stroj””: Saopštenja“. two are those claims he which in Ashkenazi] the and Sephards [The Aškenazi” i “Sefardi text a Hewrote “Stormfront Srbija“ The main anti-Semitic internet activities and propaganda for Serbian audience go Serbian for propaganda and activities internet The main anti-Semitic The online libraries of "Krv i Rasonalisti Srbije. 163 , and of course, all refer to the full text of The Protocols of the Elders of Stromfront White Nationalist Community. ü , Milorad Moji Milorad , These groups see both the media in Serbia and the government as government the and Serbia in media the both see groups These Krv i Krv http://www.rasonalisti.net/neprijatelj/ Mein kampf ““Nacionalni Stroj””. ý ast i “Nacionalni Stroj” i “Nacionalni ast ü Stormfront, WhiteCommunity NationalistStormfront, , Danilo Gregori Danilo , , anti-Jewish books by Serbian pre World War II ý Krv i 40 ast" “Nacionalni Stroj” and the website of ý astSrbija ü and Lazar Proki Lazar and 162 http://www.bhserbia.org/glavna.htm claim that that Serbian authority Serbian that that claim It is especially interesting how interesting especially is It 165 ü , books by a racist by books , Therefore, their Therefore, ight against the against ight , which is which , 164 , CEU eTD Collection 167 166 Orthodox Church. 168 analyses. these in included not is it therefore and anymore operate not does http://www.rasonalisti.net/neprijatelj/mrtvekraveprotivmrtvihjevreja.php on speech promoted becausehate of notthe react clear Artemije did how itin itsgets total, read www.gazimestan.com inin to give not heis an announcement way English to that any connected one of mostthe prominentnationalists within Churchonchurch’sthe official decidedwebsite, Artemije, bishop when church was the to relate that groups nationalistic of activities internet 3.3. Christian Right Wing is:conclusion thekillings of so many Jews never happened. dead cows, therefore itis possible that the Nazis managed disintegrateto manyso Jews. Their the of bodies the destroy completely to manage not did century twenty-first in the Britons have could the bodies since not such alargenumberThey areclaiming disappeared, that of inUK, “Mrtve krave textmrtvih the protiv Jevreja” DeadJews]. [DeadCowsAgainst the based evil”, and comparison onthescandalous madof Holocaust, deny Jewsand in the cows ancient “the and enemy” “the Jews the call They economy. world control Jews the that ideas support the Gazimestan website Gazimestan the support not he does that announced defending, aresupposedly self-proclaimed these Artemije, who bishops, attempting to,in a very manner,faithless divisions create in Churchthe itself. most ouroldest esteemed and ofsome andpersons of things, work the mudding, others among Church, Orthodox Serbian the attack way callous most in a who Orthodoxy, of defenders various self-proclaimed from websites, anonymous of creation the of frequency increasing “Mrtve krave protiv mrtvih Jevreja” mrtvih protiv krave “Mrtve “The Holy Hierarchical Synod of Serbianthe Orthodox Church against Slanderous Internet Activity.” www.gazimestan.com The only case I could track in which the Serbian Orthodox Church denounce Church Orthodox Serbian the in which track could I case only The http://www.spc.yu/Vesti-2007/02/14-02-07-e.html was fora certain period very popular amongChristian nationalists,but the website 167 in particular. In proclamationthis he is due to saying that the Rasonalisti Srbije. www.gazimestan.com 41 . 168 However, if the announcement is announcement if the However, 166 Serbian CEU eTD Collection show can be viewed on ““Obraz””’s website “B92 dvougao” Mediji. dvougao” “B92 website ““Obraz””’s on be viewed can show the declaration ofindependence the of talk-showKosovo, in DvougaoRTV onB92Belgrade. in The whole Lawbased Faculty in is moment atthe of Nomonkanon, typeatthis organization of that influentialfunctioning. studentlonger The is no most have thatthis organization discovered I in2008 research this of time at the However, in Serbia. universities in many exist movement the of Branches Church. Orthodox by Serbian supported reportedly is and members, Orthodox Tel Aviv University. Order? World Open New the and Society theSoros of in will sewers or the we…drown murderers?... 172 171 170 169 Velimirovi of a pupil after named movement, Filozof) Justin (Sveti proven. been not have but “Obraz”, to attributed been have Rights), Human for Committee Helsinki TV, B-92 Faculty Philosophy, of University’s (Belgrade liberal/open-mindedhouse people perceived to racial mentionedincidents previouslym such as graffiti facilities,Jewish or on institutions Shiptars “Willeventually with inreplaced text: Serbsexistfuturethe orwill near the we be by murdered for Enemy,” the whichthreatened Itwas or Judeo-Masonic Jewish individuals orgroups. According the 2005report, includedoriginally, official“Obraz” website to a“Declaration the “Obraz” is strictly and originally Serbian, and directly inspired by Velimirovi by inspired directly and Serbian, originally and is strictly “Obraz” support ofmagazine "“Obraz””, 2000 in1993,and evolved late into apolitical organisation. is “Obraz”, Orthodox officials. clero-fascistChurch someattach other to in order used isthere names his is that said it because but websites, those organization which was established as a movement, in “Republic of Serbia 2005“ “Proglas neprijateljima.” Albanians for term Derogatory Obradovi Mladen According to the same source, the nationalist, religious Saint Justin the Philosopher the Justin Saint religious nationalist, the source, same the to According 171 170 The Stephen Roth’s Institute’s website in its report notes thart many antisemitic and antisemitic many thart notes report its in website Institute’s Roth’s Stephen The those who converted to Islam, or die by the hand of Judeo-Masonic NATO As it was mentioned repeatedly, the most extremist organization in organization As itwas mentioned most extremist the repeatedly, this groups http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/serbia.htmn 172 ü , the leader of ““Obraz”” , stated explicitly Velimirovi explicitly ,stated of ““Obraz”” leader the , ““Obraz”” The Stephen RothInstitute of Contemporary for Studythe Antisemitism and Racism, . http://www.”“Obraz””.org.yu 42 ““Obraz””. ü as his role-model, a few days after few days a role-model, his as ü http://www.Obraz.org.yu/ , attracts conservative and conservative attracts , ü ’s ideology. ’s 169 CEU eTD Collection http://www.Dverisrpske.com/tekst/45 175 174 173 has a journal and isexpanding Serbia.rapidly throughout movement The religiously. and nationally unite to Serbia requiring xenophobia, extreme and their ideology is based on conspiracy theories (such as powerful forces controlling the world) those who donot accept the Truth, such as Jews,Muslims, Protestants. According tothe report, meetings. attheir lecture sometimes weekly linksChurch SerbianChurch Orthodox officials and tothe right-wing, movements attracting both extreme right and Orthodox supporters,, that it has close political. or activistic whichareclearly andinlcudeonly those exclude students’ organizations to I have decided due tothefactthat contactedinterview either, for the werenot itsbut representatives Belgrade, nation is untouchable. Hethinks it is amoral label to Jewishevery talk about influence in the memberhave Jewish position Semitism, people of Jewish such every that privileged cannot anti- as labeled gets Jews certain of behavior and actions of critic every acceptable that not is it how and complained of people wholethe Jewish notmean representatives does are the they made Serbian USandespecially France, that the abigsintoward people. worlds, in the Jews were there but Jews, the to wrong did who Serbs no were there how mentioned. influential all organizations andof most the the organized best the be largest, to the are considered organization from other the intervieews the accusations sinceanti-Semitsm be of and to, thoroughly “Dveri” this will referred according to Boško Obradovi Boško 2005 Ibid. http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/serbia.htm The Stephen Roth Institute’s website says that “Dveri” (Gates) is one of the largest Boško Obradovi Boško 173 In2001,“Dveri” claimedthatOrthodox Serbian beunity achieved cannot with ü , “Trojanski konj anti-Semitizma”. konj “Trojanski , ü , the editor-in-chief of “Dveri” magazine, wrote in his article “Dveri” of one magazine, wrote of editor-in-chief , the 43 Srpski Sabor“Dveri” 174 But, they they denounce the But, publicly 175 He added that this that Headded CEU eTD Collection http://www.scribd.com/doc/15031/Sveti-Vladika-Nikolaj-Kroz-Tamnicki-Prozor Srpski Sabor“Dveri” 180 179 178 http://www.Dverisrpske.com/tekst/150 177 176 world as anti-Semitism. as world Serbian people andtheChurch. the of expression real the not is that however beliefs, such with Serbs of a group or Serb unstable some appears from there totime time might that itbe case the text, the to according although, anti-Semites, or been ever have Nikolaj bishop nor people Serbian neither that words. their then twisted who researcher, ayoung help to desire and them, Christian hisinanswering honest to according the questions,proving, that way published selectiveonly results, even ofhisthough some interviewees spentup tofour hours bishop Nikolaj as indirectly on Serbian attack the people .They howByfordalso claim and they are involving much wider audiencein issue,the presenting the accusations against and Church the to belongs Serbs of most how insinuating are authors the way, this In people. butinsinuates wholethe notonly Serbian Nikolaj mostthe lies Church Saint of the and of culture.” Theylabel as a of book this by a campaign louda smallbut group of people that Mladenovi andRadoš influence in worldthe cannotbe doubted. sentence “the Jews and their father the devil” father the their Jewsand “the sentence Semitism: Representations of Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovi whichtext talks againstByford’s brochurefrom 2005 “Repression and Denial of Anti- equating is Serbian with butpatriotism nothing effrontery.Nazism words, nor in nor words, The “rehabilitation” of Christ. church the since Jevti word isalsoproblematic, Pharisees, so according to this text, that proves there was no anti-Semitism in Nikolaj’s Nikolaj Velimirovi Ibid. Ibid. Atanasije Jevti Ibid. According to a text at “Dveri Srpske" website co-authored bybishop AtanasijeJevti a textat“Dveri website co-authored According Srpske" to ü and Radoš Mladenovi . ü http://www.Dverisrpske.com/tekst/150 .. “Kroz tamnicki.. prozor” [Through the Dungeon Window]. ü , the accusations for anti-Semitism in Serbia are completely false and are completely inSerbia anti-Semitism for accusations , the 176 In that very sentence, he inserts the comment how that Jewish 179 According to this apology, the famously quoted Nikolaj’sfamously apology, According this quoted the to ü .“Novi napadi na vladiku Nikolaja“. [New Attacks onBishop Nikolaj]. 44 180 was actually what Christ said to the ü in contemporary Serbian Orthodox 178 177 (p.65). They insist on repeating on insist They They have also issued a Scribd . ü ü CEU eTD Collection in another text how Nazism and anti-Semitism do not exist in Serbia, but fall in the scope of scope the in fall but in Serbia, exist not do anti-Semitism and Nazism how text in another ends by for significance Serbian identity.Jewish heritage claiming of claimsown the Healso Nikolaj]. inmediakitchens” is “prepared inSerbia anti-Semitism that doubt He expressesthe himdonothingwith.and the that Christians West, isaccording this godless Serbia to want to from imported the but Serbianorganization not skinheadsif the are so, even been and Serbs, gave graffiti the wrote who those that claim advance in can one no that well is as insinuation 184 181 http://www.Dverisrpske.com/tekst/45 183 182 Obradovi exist. always examples the and exaggeration an is it although never, and examples no words the uses literally He pogroms. about talk to not difficulties, any had never in Jews have Serbia inSerbia,that. of examples anti-Semitism claims no are there The author interests. political serve becomeitto anideology cannot justification, has no any chauvinism as just him, anti-Semitism to according although However, nation. for a accusation possible place worst isthe anti-Semitism first century, twentieth the after since Church, Serbian against directed the at is campaign that is judgment His itself. reality the than real more becomes reality virtual in times modern the factthat the to thanks imputed, deliberately are accusations not about anti-Semites among Serbian people, who have has a lot of friends among Jews. Serbs amongJews, Albright, contemporary again, such Holbrook as, Soros,Abramovich and authors of textgivethe isfor Byford“others behind and him” mentioned previously, apartof him well. churchdenouncedthe recommendation as the The butas itwas communist allegations, accepted Yugoslavia informer people only the that forin NikolajHowever,they bebecause notnoreason rehabilitated. to are wrong saying this, was there accusations, communist never accepted has Church say the that and co-author the Ibid. Atanasije Jevti Boško Obradovi Boško Ibid. Bo Srpski Sabor “Dveri” ško Obradovi ü and Radoš Mladenovi ü , “Trojanski konj anti-Semitizma”. konj “Trojanski , ü ’s text “The Trojan horse of anti-Semitism” of horse Trojan “The text ’s . http://www.Dverisrpske.com/tekst/150 ü .“Novi napadi na vladiku Nikolaja“. [New Attacks on Bishop 45 . 181 to investigateanti- about to 183 Srpski Sabor “Dveri” Srpski insinuates how these 184 182 and ü ’s CEU eTD Collection the first place and asthe first enemy listed come the Zionists, defined asanti-Christian Jewish enemies the to proclamation its has “Obraz” of“Obraz”. web pages the on exist participation of Jewsthe in is political power toobig. not the Israelis the not but Jews, are who in those is problem key the that say they However, negative. something as anti-Semitism define clearly they way this In irrational. always is nation entire the must be made clear. It is a consequence of the hatred and wild passion, and the hatred towards this that isand racism anti-Semitism isitthat stated importance, national which areof the falselydeliberately caused in to Serbs.order accuse the are incidents and exist, not do Serbia in anti-Semitism and Nazism argumentation: of Davidovi seems to be typical for the Christian Right. Christian the for be typical to seems http://www.”“Obraz””.org.yu/”“Obraz””/Nacela/Srbskim_neprijateljima.htm anti-Semitic”, “ideally looks incidents like their thatthe “Nacionalni appearance of and Stroj” groups accusationsthe insinuate and 191 190 189 http://www.Dverisrpske.com/tekst/249 188 http://www.vidovdan.org/article259.html 187 resistance, heroic Serbian of symbol a as mythology national Serbian in used is and Turks, the and Serbs medieval between century fourteenth holiday has a special significance forSerbian nationalists. The Battle of Kosovo happened at the end of the 186 185 www.vidovdan.org reality. what hecallsvirtual “Proglas srbskim neprijateljima” “Nacionalni interes”. Itwill be clarified in thechapterwith the interview findings what “1389” means by this division. Vladan Gliši “Podse Radun. Branko Vidovdan is religious orthodox holiday Boško Obradoviand the day on which the Battle of Kosovo took place, therefore this To conclude with this, it would be important to note that that kind of denial does not note kind does of that that to denial concludebeimportant it would with this, To According to the website of the group “1389”, in the section where they list the issues in list the “1389”, they where section website group the the of the According to Another memberAnother of “Dveri” even defends a neo-Nazi Goran Davidovi ü said he saida neo-Nazi, wasnot he him. believed ü “Nacisti nisu srpske patriote. Firer nije pravoslavni Srbin“ ü 189 ,“O nacizmu u Srbiji ”. , and that is why anti-Semitism develops in societies in which the . 186 Srspki Narodni Pokret 1389 They suspect that someone name ruin that Theysuspect istrying to with Serbia’s good ü ““Obraz”” anje: Kako se pojavio ““Nacionalni Stroj””“. ““Nacionalni sepojavio Kako anje: 185 Similar opinions can be read at the website Srpski Sabor“Dveri” Srpski 187 . and might therefore be a manipulation. Such a denial http://www.1389.org.yu/nacionalniinteres.htm 46 190 188 http://www.Dverisrpske.com/tekst/268 His text goes alongline same goes His the text Srpski Sabor “Dveri” ü , saying that if , sayingthat 191 , where, at , where, Vidovdan. CEU eTD Collection ”Racism, Fascism, Xenophobia...” in 2005. exists, capable and hasless links with but Church,the although linkisthis longer no direct, it still http://www.helsinki.org.yu/hrantisemitism_t01.html 197 196 195 positionsince 2003. yetnot formed after the last Parliamentary is elections in SerbiaMay in Government new 2008) , the and has been(since occupying of Serbia the Minister Prime technical current is Kostunica Milosevic. against running 194 193 192 Church, Orthodox Serbian to close very 1996, when KostunicaVojislav organization.Accordingit Byford, to had been anti-Semiticoften and back racist even in anti-Semitic openly an is “Obraz” that one the but be cannot say themselves they organizedfinanced and thebiggest world warsand The revolutions.” conclusion from what was killed in 2001. Byford claimed MladenObradovi claimed that Byford in2001. was killed magazine. having insane wishtorule an the world. Pharisees the Manichean being eversincethe in Christ aquestagainst Christians andall the accusesJewsof “Obraz” and the cabalists,“You begun takingstraying and you awayfrom people lostother byyour what fault.” own all through Masonrythe andobvious the hateIlluminati, speech and with continue They century. includingin thetwenty-first for Christ-killing accusation Christian old the and for all the Jews as a target use hesitate toopenly not “Obraz” does Him. andcrucified rejected butthey despised, them, of their threat when they say: Zioniststhe belong to peoplethathadthe such a uniquemercytohave Christrevealingthe to all how but“Obraz”word claims Jews. The to senseof inthat nor in “Obraz”’s nor exact the Zionists, the to address not do words following that is clear it how before was said .It Racists Through theSerbian Popular Movement ‘Svetozar Mileti “aman whom Patriarch the awarded fora paper he had written student as a atthe Theological College”Ibid. ““Obraz”””. to article an contributed “Kostunica The leaderof Democratic Party of Serbia, who has become the president of Serbia Ibid.in 2000, when he was Ibid. 197 and the official hasChurch until not, day the of Byford’s speech at the forum 195 However, Byford said that the founder of “Obraz” Neboj 194 had written one nationalistic article for the “Obraz“ for the article nationalistic one had written 196 193 Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. but tie this has when abated considerably Krsti The proclamation continues by the words: “you 47 ü ’ close to Bishop of Ba ü , Krsti , ü þ ’s successor, wasless ’s successor, ka Irinej. Ibid. ša Krsti ü was a man 192 ü CEU eTD Collection Semites, conspiracies, communism, famous anti-Semites Ljoti anti-Semites famous communism, conspiracies, Semites, Jews, anti- ideas about theirfinding out at aiming weremainly issue. questions The the about which I was interested in, so the interviewee could say whatever he whatever say could interviewee so the in, interested which Iwas inwere conducted in Belgrade in May 2007, early Serbian language. the author discussed in The andquestions, willbemy findings of “Naši” and chapter. representative presented this the views of that groupmentioned. The representatives of have threethe remaining groups all responded to of the on several differentfunctionas already not anymore, does the organization it that out turned concerned, occasions. The interviews“Dveri” did of The representatives reply. to wish at not he did which in advance,after besent to questions all respond andSupporters “1389”. at my wish to contactJustin filozof“ (Saint“FamilijaJustin the Philosopher), Navija Srpskih them. “Naši“ Gates), (Serbian “Dveri Srpske“ (Dignity), were“Obraz” contacted As far as “Sv. The interviews conduct groups. organizations I decided withthesix such membersof to Justin filozof“conspiracy theories much more then motivated by traditionalis Christian anti-Judaism; I to isit related and 1990sandonwards, inthe late Serbian problems reaction political to among the members of radical4.1. Analysis ofthe Responses Christian right-wing organizations in Serbia, comes as a 200 199 chapter. previous the in analyzed been have not need website coverage of theJewish–related issues onSerbian “Naši” website, neitherpositive nor negative views, sothe which Serbian Naši are closely 198 cooperating with. (I.I. in an interview to the author on 20.05.2008). There is no All the interviewed person were Battle. Kosovo of the of year the male gender. after is named which Belgrade, from organization ofthe name the is “1389” Ithas beenmentioned how organizationthis was created aftera Russian organization with the same name, In these very and aboutthe Iwasposing interviews subjects general broad questions In order to verify or falsify my hypothesis that anti-Semitism, if there is to be found 199 The leader of “Obraz” responded at first and asked for the C HAPTER 4- 48 T HE R ESEARCH ü and Velimirovi and 200 thinks and wants tosay þ a“ (Family of a“ Serbian of (Family 198 ü (Ours), “Sv. , and other and , CEU eTD Collection integral part of their ideology. gather around one thousand two hundred this around one for gather thousand two action. people organization has memberssixty in thirty and town that around init Zrenjanin, able to was of the Serbs is inseparable from the Orthodoxy, which had saved the Serbs over history. 203 202 subject. the about asked are they once ideas anti-Semitic express they whether out the Jews not about anti-Semitism, nordoes the website of ““FSN””, therefore it is especially interesting to find Semitism is,anti- such then as protestspublic againstgeneral the Serbian independencefor interest of bigger Kosovo. ofmuch Theirwebsiteare which containsissues at no aimed declarationand Party, about Democratic 201 of the liberal radio and TV show “Pe more people. “Na of by representative answer given the a small number of the active members, but testimonies. own their from time accordingthis which, to my presupposition patriotic and with the organizations official theyarechurch, with and well connected other and also to was them hasconversations.for been important It throughoutme how findconfirmed to out the themselves pro-Russian and Anti-American. The hypothesis that this will be the case for all of Jews, butalsowhetherinvestigate about only not they consider to wanted their attitudes I motives. anti-Semitic to related appear typically which subjects similar and communism, additionally in interested right-wing groups’ members’views freemasonry, the about additional information, for as acquiring apreparation, aswell away served as questions while thesis, other the such as the size of the groups, forinvestigateinterestmeant this subjectsof the the to 9d,10dand11-20were questions the length of its existence out questions previouslywereposed, todetermineof listed issues. the which this, order In the etc. I was “1389”- R.P said that Serbian people is one of the main pillars of the authentic I.I. Christianity, in an interview and thatgiven the to thefaith author on 30.04.2008. Liberal- and media liberal against directed are they but anti-Semitic, not are organizations of that actions The All these organizations declare as orthodox believers, with their religiousbeliefs being In general, organizations all “Obraz”targeted except wereformed and 2000, after have 201 He gave the example when the organization decided to prevent promotion the decidedto organization the when example Hegavethe 203 š þ anik” inAran ši“ , for certain actions they are able to gather much gather theyare able to certain foractions , 49 ÿ elovac, and said although that the 202 CEU eTD Collection 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 us.” then more extreme much are Party Democratic Liberal and Party Democratic extremists. extreme saying right, aswellthefollowing many “Although see would likeasthe to nation. Serbian of renewal organization is and proudly Theclaim fact. this representative of “ 4.2. Nationalism and Ideology “Rad” from “Rad” from knownfor itsBelgrade, skinhead fans. is calling for. In his heremake andthere”. incidents some views these Nazis arenationalist who cannotmainlydo anything. All they isdo that they “spit on the Jews and the Gypsies, teenagers or Serbia is something and imported ridiculous: Itdisables anationalist,sincemeansfootball that beinga fans of Serbia. of people clubthe to alien completely called expressconvictions. groups three anti-Yugoslav strong and anti-communist fascist and anti-communist, and think that any ideology would lead people side wards. All any sense of the word, ideological sense, and claim to be against all the ideologies. all the be against to claim and sense, ideological War II World the for affinity his expressed interviewee The Orthodoxy. and nationalism” “healthy Ibid. I.I. in the interview 30.04.2008.on Ibid. R. P. in the interview to the author, on 16.05.2008. V.S. in the interview to the authoron 13.05.2008. Ibid. Ibid. 205 “FSN” representative declared they were even willingconfront to for the homeland, in None of the organizations in question deny they are nationalists and the right-wing, the and nationalists are they deny in question organizations the of None “1389”, convictionsmentioned, anti-Nazi andsay expressedstrong as Nazism is that ý etnik movement. the protection of Serbian national interest; economic, spiritual and cultural and spiritual economic, interest; national Serbian of protection the 206 and that they were not interested in politics, but what hehadcalled but in interested politics, not they were and that Themembers “1389” donotwantclassify of in to their the group 204 However, he does not want his group to be classified as the 209 But, this actually prevents the real action he himself 208 The member of “Naši” said that being a Nazi in Nazi a being that said “Naši” of member The 50 210 Naši“declared that the aim aim the the of that Naši“declared 207 They are both strongly anti- strongly both are They CEU eTD Collection perspective of of perspective organizations. all Christian that“Dveri”notes mostare serious,well Church. the and representative “Naši” organized Orthodox with Serbian wellconnected the “Dveri” thatvery are note and cooperation with, 213 previously mentioned. 212 211 said much morebutit about, was it clear how was meant unite various to different did wasisdone with aim the making organizationbigger inof which one future, hehad not members. known backin forincidents, although days30000 thehave only weresaid old to they up to nationalistic organizations, but after that. the said interviews death of their founder,while theyand cooperation, close became and I respect mutual will of cases the mention ridiculous explicitly only will I views, mention and certainnegative cite their to not Asked of others. the some views on havepositive all them not of criticalphone numbers and have cooperated on various occasions, over different actions,view although, abouthave declared, “Obraz“, they allinterviews what the to According connected. all knoware practically they conclude that is fairto each otherI will (at least notthe leadership), write have which each others personalof my suspicion. He denotes them as “the so-called cyber-Serbs” so-called “the as them Hedenotes suspicion. likely that he meant their real motivation andinfluence are much different and under is these groups they not asthey that explain doesnot seem.in He more this details,is butit popularity,have and strong resoundingdeclarations, but realitythe and the background of 4.3. Interconnections and Connections with the Serbian Orthodox Church I.I. in the interview to the author on 30.04.2008 Anonymous respondent in aninterview to the author. Note how opinionhis agrees with Byford’s observation V.S. in theinterview on13.08.2008. One of the interviews said how “Obraz” used to be the most perspective of all As far asthe mutual cooperation of groups the of typethe in isquestion it concerned, “FSN” considers that over Internet appeared certain groups that in this way gain in in waygain that certain this appeared Internet groups over “FSN” that considers 212 Both “Naši” Both “Dveri” and “1389”list as thatthey organization the have close 213 He even said how all that his own organization own his that all how said even He 51 211 CEU eTD Collection 218 217 216 215 214 “not “everything can besaid explains::publicly”. “Obraz” had kind done inmaking this open of and public because, ashe proclamation, asstronglybut analyzed intherepresentative this not previous think chapter anti-Semitic, did of their stands, mentioning explicitly theaccepted. Proclamation to Serbian example of Slovak girl being amember of “1389”, which they have recently gladly enemies, whichall Orthodoxhas and Slavic,been also either Orthodox or Slavic people and organizations.accept He to They are willing gave oriented. nationally only not means are they him an that to according with from since andorganizations Russia,whatRepublika heisespecially Srpska about, glad that some things must be kept silent insome to positions. how silentbeget the mustorder Completely that aware kept things theSerbian for since Nazismhadbeen a catastrophe people clash, ideological enormous had they an which with for Nazi organizations, except of those, however,very cooperate with been small; theyhadsince thebeginning aware theyhadto all task to collect information the andbreak unity the of Serbianthe national being”. well. He claims: “At least 70 % of them as some conspiracy of for being apart arenationalistic organizations suspects activist nationalist the creation of different secret servicesresemble conspiracy This the isaveryinterestinggroups. casein the finding, which a with the branches ofvarious and political organizations andsects, he by addedhow their structure they sub- be the to out turned had mostly those because time their lost only had but names, “FSN” membersaidhow they hadcooperate with tried to mentioning others,notthe any had Russiansorganizations, andit beenimpliedhavea thatwould the inthattoo. role I.I. Ibid. R. P. in the interview to the author, on 16.05.2008. V.S. in the interview to the authoron 13.08.2008. Ibid. Coming back to “Obraz”, the representative of “Naši” said how he agreed with most “Naši”saidhowheagreedwith of representative “Obraz”,the Comingback to “1389”said thatsince which member organizations thereweremanypatriotic were, 217 52 218 He expresses a very Machiavellian view Machiavellian avery He expresses 216 . They are also cooperating 215 214 CEU eTD Collection was an anti-Semite. two the either of deniedthat All therespondents andcondemned. rejected not but criticized, 222 221 220 elections, but the organizations did not want that. 219 Ljoti while light, positive absolutely in seen is Nikolaj be true. to proven has Saint”, representatives of the right-wingthey will condemn have and reject thesefiguresabout intwo, order andto see whetherespecially theythe see them notin an apologetic“theanti-Semitism way, and what kind of opinion of the two. The hypothesis was that neither of the Church. the with connected more“Dveri” closely were that He repeated strictfor for his anditconvenient toohierarchical seeinghis organizations, as own purposes, Churchbishops much, the functioned inits too ownstrange wasnot andthat way, which can”, and search for the guidance in it so they losenot their in it path. guidance so they would for the can”, andsearch forclaim theChurchmuchasthey anylink “theyhelpthechurch thefactthat exceptas with officials. church the be independent, but since many of them are theologians as well as him, they are respected to Churchandwanted from the by receive instructions how to they refuse testified representative relationshaveinterviewed individuals said“Naši” good to the and blessingof Church. the him personally. areto they although inSerbia, wider population acceptable to not are stands radical “Obraz”’s 4.4. Opinions about Ljoti for some of their actions, as well as oral blessing by the Russian Church. have excellent relations with the Church, and that they had got the official blessing from SOC R. P. in the interview to the author, on 16.05.2008 V.S. in the interview to the authoron 13.08.2008. Ibid. parliamentary local running were they when lists their on be to wanted official Church some Even I.I. I wanted to investigate the attitudes of the interviewees about these two historical two these about interviewees of attitudes the the investigate I wantedto As far as the link between right-wing organizations and the Church is concerned, the concerned, is Church the and organizations right-wing between link the as far As 219 He says that the main problem with the priests was that they obey the obey they that was priests the with problem main the that says He ü and Velimirovi 53 ü 222 221 220 “1389” claim to “FSN” did not ü is CEU eTD Collection 227 226 People, 62. against Europe, he did so also because, as he wrote: “Today’s Europe is Judaized.” Velimirovi 225 224 223 ask him. individual defines asanti-Semitic, provided which thathehas readbishop’s books, not I did found, be can that Nikolaj bishop by article anti-Semitic single one not is there claims representative been in German camp Dachauandhad from seen insidethe all irrational “1389” hatred. that had he when anti-Semite, an he was that possible logically is it how wondered interviewee followers hethe and hardcritics the hehadfor Western gathers, the philosophy. The has, because he influence the of frustrated and were this they hated He saidauthor that hatred. the of out it done had they and culture, and spirit the above materialism puts values of system materialistic whose bythose done being was that but exists, accusations those that aware pro-Russian. but German,nor neither that supported hewas pro-English supported the stand before that WorldWarnot heshould II,and have Serbian tradition. and of prophetically foreseen from dangerthatcomes givingthe upon out the Europe the had he believe They said. had never he what attributed been has bishop the “1389”, nonsense” are nonsense is a saint, saint “A for anti-Semites,: accusations naminghistory, “Saint theand him following Nikolaj says Serbian”,the the about false. were anti-Semite movement from the havehim. he aseparate not badis should created because things about criticized He Ibid. Ibid.. R. P. in the interview to the author, on 16.05.2008. It is interesting to note that when bishop V.S. Nikolajin the interviewwrote to the authoron 13.08.2008 I.I. in the interview to the author on 30.04.2008. 227 As far as Ljoti As faras which is definitely far from the truth, and whichisdefinitelyfrom the far dependenton whattruth, this probably “Naši” representative said that the accusations that bishop Nikolaj’s was an was Nikolaj’s bishop accusations that the that said “Naši” representative 225 Themake, “1389” representative, said that did bishop the mistake the ý ü etnik one, and created an additional division among the Serbs. Good is concerned, “1389” representative said that there are both good and good both are there that said representative “1389” isconcerned, 223 “FSN” memberlistsbishop as this figurea positive inthe Serbian 54 226 This that said hewas representative 224 ü , “ To the Serbian According to CEU eTD Collection ideas that the Jews rule the world and are to be blamedfor everything. are to and theworld Jews rule the that ideas the namely sentiments, anti-Jewish as well as in Serbia, spread be to ideologies Nazi some 4.5.. TheAttitudes towards theJews and Anti-Semitism apolitician. only still, but Serb, honest believer, Ljoti characterizes “FSN”shortly last, At inSerbia. ideas anti-Semitic fascist and presupposition from beginningof the thesisthis thatLjoti man” Semite sincehe hadnever said something He likethat. said Ljoti about been working against the interest of those countries. According to I.I., Ljoti and II,peoplein all countriesEuropean beenand turning against Jews,the becausethese had University,from The History includedof Religion, explanations beforethat theWar World I does not see he fact personally the him; more that SOCof anti-Semiticthen due to by the being accusing that the Church is anti-Semitic. He testified how his school book at the 231 230 229 respect. the deserves 228 Serbia. “Naši” member, a graduated Serbia. “Naši” defended member, agraduated Ljoti theologian, not and Western, again, is which means, the justifies aim the that principle the to according they were acting because this happened and explains notes, interviewee the Germans, the namely allies, wrong the choose to them lead this about passionate too were followers character of the communismcommunism and strong Christian note, theand fact that Ljoti the SatanistLjoti things about elements within it. The fact that him and his R. P. in the interview to the author, on 16.05.2008. V.S. in the interview to the authoron 13.08.2008. The Serbian nationalists. (Comment by D.K.) His original sentence was “Onje faca”, and the term “faca” inSerbian is a slang term denoting someone you 228 “1389”by communismmade chaos caused representativethat claims for possible On je faca (the man)” and “We man)”and On jefaca(the ü , according to this person, were that he had based his beliefs on hehis beliefs on anti- hadbased that this person,were to , according 229 were all breastfed on this source” This proves the 55 230 ü is the of source contemporary ü warned about anti-Christian ü in a very ina interestingvery manner, 231 He says that among ü was not an anti- ü : “Heis the ü asagood CEU eTD Collection 238 237 Christ-killing. Sekelj, 236 235 234 233 sued Szekely writingfor such things about them. meantbelieved hehe this and of implications said, context the what to according likely, Jews, most they in linkedtothe his view andthefactthat revolutions were spared clearly in are, banks The revolutions. during down burnt been never had banks that possible was it how Serbia, but they Serbia, but they all high positions. occupy worse to him.” I do not judge them for that. stand anti-Jewish The Christian traditional is the This Christ came there to be killed. theirchildren. and goes on sin them his the that for Jews ofJerusalem death,agreeing asked And the Serbs would do the 232 saysso.” book Holy “The responded: is two thousand yearsis long.” twothousand isinbutheavens, for emperor Thisis that Christ andhatred hesays: Christianity the why their earth, on emperors above all theemperor in vain for They still wait savior. the recognize not Zionists or something different. notprofessorganizationsdo Judaism. that however, profess Judaism;many Jews who are Serbian patriots, in Kostunica’s Democratic Party of Serbia, patriots who,and in line with friendship Serbian-Jewish the Society of indicates Serbs.He the this, he stated thatfriends of honest therearemany Jews him, the According among to anti-fascists. andanother he saw evil in those Jewishnations. He alsoidentifies the two different currents in the Christian right, one that is pro-Nazi other asall well as Serbs, also are there but Jews, are there in theworld rule who people the Ibid. Ibid. According to Szekely as well, the Serbian Orthodox Church has neverofficiially left the accusationfor Ibid. I.I. in the interview to the author on 30.04.2008. Ibid. Thisorganization hasbeencriticized Szekely’sin book According to “Naši” member, the Jews are biblical people but unfortunately they did butunfortunately biblical people Jewsare member,“Naši” the According to 237 The same person expressed the view that there are no more then 500 Jews in Vreme beš þ aš 234 ü a, Asked about whether he thought that the Jews killed Christ, he Christ, killed Jews the that thought he whether about Asked 78. 235 According to the book, the Pilate asked them and the and them asked Pilate the book, the to According 233 238 Itwas not clear who hehad in mind, whether the 56 He was wondering, right after these statements, 236 Dishonorable Times , but the interviewee interestingly adds “But adds interestingly interviewee , butthe as pro-Milosevic and they even they and pro-Milosevic as 232 . He says that there are CEU eTD Collection “It says he“It stated. everything”, communism. and masonry links which mason a form stolen book excellent an was that saying especially conspiracies, about the books many other he recommended willing to see as authentically Serbian. He also stated that one of the leaders of Zionist the leaders of of the thatone stated Healso Serbian. see asauthentically to willing not was education, of religious school teacher elementary which this Nazi sympathizers, the one easilylikely most is in question found list the that matter no reliable, view on his in was list thethe that implying websites of the want!” if you you ultrato it give I’ll somewhere. list a have “I right-wing minority. existing anti-Semitic groups,Serbian most likely Jews onhehe forhad a time answered that and of break-up clarification, wereJews, Serbia asked his mind, not some foreign politicians, therefore the members of the real 243 242 241 number. 240 laughed at that statement of his. 239 yourself”. for andsee it, read it. “Read to author the advised He self-obvious. is it that implied even there, was written what believed he that implied and Zion”, of Elders crimes against humanity. He also stated he owned and had read a copy of “The Protocols of the peopledobe wouldtoevil protected any nowadays, without anddeeds punishment, perform Jewish powerful sothat compatriots, of their millions sacrificed people those hebelieved that and behind is there this numbera small ofJews as well, some fantasies, hehasa specific world believes its this that movinggot way end, towards of but, as he says, 0.5% of Jews. of 0.5% says, he as but, rightafterstated all this, not because inhisviews Jews the areincludedin these conspiracies, an anti-Semite, despite of all these views and the belief in the conspiracy theories which will be he notseehimself as revolutions. organized However, does financed or those bankerscaused, Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. He mentioned then and said “ he ofthem one am I see, you “so Jewish, was grandmother his that said he this, Besides Ibid. the percentage again, for the third time, Jews not saying how he came up with that The same interviewee has also said that the major part of the politicians involved in the involved politicians the of part major the that said has also interviewee same The 239 242 So,he explicitly said he believed in conspiracy theory, but not 57 240 as he says, 0,5 percent. He stated He percent. 0,5 ashesays, The Red Symphony The 243 241 He exclaimed, Besides this, Besides CEU eTD Collection 248 247 246 245 244 the Jews such as Marx opened it. “And if even they cannot understand it, how can we?” lives. own was much so solidarity among them and many hadbeen Serbs saving Jewsandriskingthe their there War therefore “ World II, during the in basket same the were”put Serbs Jewsandthe the of West.” the products the are communism and Both Nazism Serbia. West to countries,is therefore: “It absolutely certain stupidridiculous and import ideologies to from the meaning, that one should be embarrassed if he is with the Jews. inits Thejokeoriginal implied, Serbian settlements. leadembarrassed to themthrough Moses leadThis individual has also decidedMoses, ajoke totell about whichlike Why went this: did the Jewsmoney, and the power. Those withthrough their accomplices are the evil for the entire humanity.” Serbian friendship. Unlike the powerful theworld Jews, those mighty infidels Jewish- of whose societies the of religion number large is a by desert? isconfirmed which are, we as martyrs, religious And the answerknow? “ he gaveWhatdo I for, Devil.Freemasons. The “America. answerwasfollowing:worked Thethe the was: He from inoutside, could view, person’s sothedemocrats this question today. rule Atthe hewho was too someone from the outsidefor him,worked Milosevic Accordingto consequences. worst the Serbia hadexperienced and deliberatelycondemnedby it UN, the and that installed hadbeenthe in project all communist countries, but lost all those Serbianmovement territories. Hewas was imputeda Serbian Jew, buried in Zemun, and said that movement had even been Ibid. Ibid. R. P. in the interview to the author, on 16.05.2008. V.S. in the interview to the authoron 13.05.2008. Ibid. “1389” therole memberthoughtthat as of Jews inSerbia isnot bigin as other are Jews “Israeli Jews. towards attitude adual has he said explicitly member “FSN” 244 247 Buthe continues bysaying Jewish that is the very question complicated, and even 58 246 He notes how 248 245 CEU eTD Collection Asked about the role of Asked aboutthe role in of he religion the politics, saidthatnowadays, unlikeinpast, world remained is alone. that people Israeli among religion believers in notthe world, modern the of number small only has it although Judaism, how claimed He Catholicism. the from Protestantism then and Christianity, from original separated the Catholicism while Christian, Or it might be that he sees the parallel to Orthodoxy in that, claiming its authentically 251 250 249 aswell. respected Judaism is thereligion which stayed thesame overall centuriesthe and that shouldbe that said He also enemies. asSerbian in general countries see Islamic not does and preserves Judaism,butnegative onCatholicism. said he respected traditional that He values thatIslam 4.6. WorldPolitics and Religion in Serbia. are nottolerated parades, as gay he it, same calls world, as Western happen all over that bigfactthat gatherings the Nazi support of the Nazi theories but now those in used has been says this He claimed. heexplicitly Jews, Sephardic not are but those Jews, many are bombedthere Serbia that in say administration American to is that ithim,realistic According to of consequences communism. badmany asone hesaw of which organizations, previously hehad how indirectly itadmitted appeared lately, with together Nazi the alien Serbian to people and says hadthere neverbeen any anti-Semitism in Serbia although good terms. With the second- in very bad.” thesecond-invery good terms. With Judaised people of different origin,Khazars, etc. He said: “With the first groups, we are in very just are others the says that and Israelis, authentic as Jews sees Sephardic He sense: following R.P. in the interview to the author, on 16.05.2008. Ibid. Ibid. “1389” representative expressed very positive and respectful view on viewIslam and on and very respectful positive expressed “1389”representative He makes the division of the Jews into Sephardic Jews and the Ashkenazi in the 251 Very conservative view, he respects the preservation of oldtraditions. of thepreservation he respects view, Very conservative 250 theories are falling apart, he believes. He is proud of 249 59 However, he sees anti-Semitism as absolutely CEU eTD Collection 257 256 pleasures. I.I. in the interviewbodily about they speak to the spirit, author about on speaks 30.04.2008. Orthodoxy while that Hesays want. may one as virgins young many behind Christianity also because theirvisionof heavenand paradise include foodhaving drinks, and and as 255 254 253 252 visit each other, with “Naši“,and contacts Russian havethey constant “Naši“ saidthat of The representative exactly at the month of the interview.4.7. Russia and theUnited States ofAmerica He said that it is truecrazy. that empty, it is nothing,itbut because people be needspirituality, interviewed will person, offered accepted and he said. butinvolved,again,“those of 0.5 percent all Jews.“Thisthe newreligion, the accordingto It is false spiritualityWorld Religion, by meantthe empty. are others all present, sinister to make New Worldthe Order,masses in whichstupid he considers God. and that the Jews from All arefaraway andeconomic. both religious structure, organization, by their are sects, are they they tocarry itare willing willfully. organized whichheconsideredreligions, ascults and Orthodoxy is that burden, aheavy but religion. misused politics but politics, influenced religion that is not it that he said But inhis view thisis onlybecauseis it an organized state, nota religion anymore. Ingeneral, much influence Catholicism. anymore, not exception the with soof religionthe does politics lead wars their role inpolitics, buthas only added: “Some of them deal with world economy I.I. in the interview to the author on 30.04.2008 Ibid. far is Islam that said Nasi of representative the interviewee, another that fact the on based is guess This Islam? Catholicism? Judaism? V.S.in the interview to the author, on 1305.2008. 257 “Naši” representative said that Orthodoxy is the only religion where the Holy Spirit is Spirit Holy the where religion only is the Orthodoxy that said representative “Naši” “FSN” representative said he did not wish to saywish main other about saidhedid not three “FSN” to anything representative All Serbian Christian right-wing organizations are pro-Russian and anti-American. and pro-Russian are organizations right-wing Christian Serbian All 254 , some make their religious objects into objects for fornication. 256 He has also stated Hehas alsoheinstated the believedimposing New of the 252 He explicitly said that he did not want to comment 60 255 A lot of them 253 Russia , other CEU eTD Collection decades, and did manydecades, and to did Serbs. the wrongs because it is a fact aredoes that not they mean had Serbs lead shouldanti-Serbian hate them, politics but hestopped, then itallhopes is the apocalypse, the end of the world.the “ fortimenot is thedomination “if their in says: and end Gomore, and the Sodome of tale ofbiblical past the of him Americanreminds two domination of Therule influence. USA theirthe preventing only andChina arethe ones Russia and 261 260 which he holds the globe people in Jewish Claws” by Milorad Mojic, with ascary picture of bearded Jewish with horns and claws, in 259 258 him, was very important. him, very was for leastwhich, hesaidis arealso at andsinceRussians Serbia as orthodox equal partner, an want not Union European way, indoes militarily and any since other Russia, economically, be to close itmoment to interest is inright but atthat Serbian interest, its own after watches R.P. Ibid. Ibid. and the usage of this word is very interesting, since there is anti-Semitic book form Ibid. the 1930s “Serbian “1389” member said all Serbs were secretly anti-American. According to him, this him, to According anti-American. secretly were Serbs all said member “1389” 258 He also said that 261 61 . America held the entire world in its claws its in world entire the held America 260 259 , CEU eTD Collection anti-Judaism as more acceptable term than anti-Semitism is, with all its political itsconnotations. all political is,with anti-Semitism term than more acceptable anti-Judaism as Holocaust and anti-fascist tradition of Serbia, even bishop’s right-wing apologists seem to find since general that, of despite sanctified and is respected He anti-Semitism. about accusations accept the not public seesexample of popularity the bishopof Nikolaj,itis clear how most of whothose praise him do anti-SemitismAt the aswell. theories anti-Semitic the of future wide-spreading the influence might fact This asWest. the is seenas of what character anti-Serbian ideas about tothe not but anti-Semitism, a potentialto immune relatively remained public general the individuals, of type psychological specific stain on his pure image. charges. anti-Judaic Christian traditional the then Serbs, the against conspiracy After the much for more belief asreasons inviews, the list often, Western the their are anti-Semitic, growingthe influence of Church,the since even the members of Christian providedright, they conspiracy. In my view, both factors contributed much more to the rise of anti-Semitism then countries as mere pawns of the USA, andlast, at linking American administration to the Jewish conspiracylead tolinking the already existing 1990sconspiracy anti-Serbian about theories Western almostmoresentiments, but crucial role shouldbeto attributed NATOthe bombing whicheventually exclusively of anti-Semitic role intheappearance play findings,both the a significant 2000”. Accordingto “after “after time1999”or the have determinant included whether of should title the this thesis to Americandetermine me to for hard been had it that in time close so are Both Yugoslavia. communist the in banned been have that organizations administrationright-wing the of proliferation the it with brought after indemocratic.theof fact 2000,and transition Serbia in1999or whether that bombardment the and seen all other involved However, even though However, being even though influencing widespread theoriesthese started and certain It is hard to claim what contributed more to the rise of anti-Semitism in Serbia; C ONCLUSION 62 CEU eTD Collection not stop the acceptance of anti-Semitism. With this act the Church is giving implicit consent implicit is giving Church the act this With anti-Semitism. of acceptance the stop not Velimirovi of the canonization through and church with anti-Semites. themain But, problem Churchasking with respect tothe comes downto if the that an that likeanti-Semite is possible to see how someone like Nebojša Krsti it persons, those to thanks itself, Church the within extremists those for true is especially This extremists. the from enough itself distance not does church official the that and prejudices, Velimirovi Byford’sfor I havefoundresearch lot respect support viewthat the of a to reasons Ljoti forin figures respect Velimirovi my such Semite. wide-spread the However, opinion anti- is an one mean necessarily not does organization right-wing the of member is a one fact that the in Serbia, right theChristian of types various are there Since compelling. most the are theories psychological these said I beginning the at why is that and personality, one’s Whetherin myview, on highly, an anti-Semitic depends one becomes author. anti-Semite dangerthe an least,turning at individualinto of this theapologistanti-Semite, or of a clearly carries also wing right Christian the in involved easily get may Church the of a believer that fact the right, Christian the of exponents the and culture Orthodox mainstream between point case when anti-Semitism without Jews appears. If, as Byford says, Velimirovi Thus, the purpose is not it. of legitimization anti-Semitism the or anti-Semitic carry as by-product could narrative a newhistorical but the end result gets close to it and words. in even Christ’s this is often the Paul, Theytracked in St preachingof in those down Holy the such of theBook. very writings However, they coined the “benignphrase biblical anti-Judaism” andtried tofind the examples ü makes it easier for anti-Semitic ideas to be spread as well. In the empirical part of my of part empirical In the aswell. be spread to ideas for anti-Semitic iteasier makes ü perpetuates and legitimizes political extremism and the spread of anti-Jewish of spread the and extremism political legitimizes and perpetuates Here it is very important to stress how the intent of the new nationalists to create to nationalists new the of intent the how stress to important very isit Here Ĉ ur ÿ evi ü had in although both officialtexts Churchnewsletter, were 63 ü was closely affiliated with the Church, or ü , influences, tolerates, or simply simply or does tolerates, influences, , ü is the meeting ü and CEU eTD Collection 262 up to Dimitrije Ljoti Dimitrije to up “Serbia’s coalition present government hasbeenformed by leader party the looks of the which following: from the stated committee of report 2004 which Helsinki the attention the to wider mainstream audienceand mightbe political well.the ifas concluded It wepay the Semitism, or for anti-Semites, for possibility of anti-disregarded. sympathies dangercomes out the the that The real which is not thebe cannot which same,organizations right-wing the get and Church the upbetween link the to exist a certain extent spread on Velimirovi of theexample the on same forhas as itthe Jews,the official Church, the been proven toward attitude an ambivalent has wing right Christian that view the proves This negatively. extremely viewed are which said religious and positively viewed Israeli Jews, and also rich powerful Jews from theWorld, as he him, makes between,to according third The arenot. thesimilardistinction one Ashkenazi who Another individual explicitly divides JewsintoSephardicthe and Jewswhoarefriends the repeat, according To kindsJews. of different are two there belief the that expressed interviewees All Jews. three to one of them, there adivisionthat fact is Jews madebetween good and thebadJews, Sephardic andAshkenazi 0.5 per cent of all American that Jewshavehatred Serbia. for This is powerful cognitivedissonance solved bythe the Jewsthe about talks that one the and arefriendship, Serbian-Jewish the about discourse present bad,publicly rich Jews. even likely, adopt anti-Judaic and anti-Semitic beliefs. or necessarily, would Church the of believer a that be said cannot if even and it, deny to tries ChurchSerbian not is openly proclaiming Orthodox certainly anti-Semitism reluctantly and even though may holdofficial the truth ofthe teachings. allaccept This Nikolaj’s parts andlegitimization and incentive perhaps radicalto, a silent even to groups Christian rightto Kostunica A different kind of justification is used to explain the fact that there are both strong both are there that fact the explain to is used justification of kind A different ü 262 , well-known ideologist of fascism before and during the World War II, ü ’s canonization. It was proven throughout the analyses how there how analyses the throughout proven was It canonization. ’s 64 CEU eTD Collection http://www.helsinki.org.yu/projects_oas_t04.html 263 from not come, connected are crucially imperialism American Jewsand the beliefs that the of source Serbia.The legacy of communist the to related arealso conspiracy those already, enough elaborated been had what with besides that conclude to important very is it theories, andanti-Semitism. totheriseof Nazism contributes democracy inline opinion definitely wereviolated, that Lebl’s cited with goes rights fairitnot for“March was Unity” their that Serbian the saying wasbanned, their democratic prove to in order argument as an usesdemocracy Stroj" "Nacionalni fact that church.The the branchesimported ofinternational and whichgroups, are typically Serbian by and supported “Obraz”, it is clearlike groups the of existence due tothe fact that as the aswell Serbs, to more attract to motives draw the Christian use line also groups Nazi the that fact is the who opinion, my in this, to the related phenomenon Nazis and the fascistsmost dangerous agree with members electronically. standswhichareproclaimed the whoThe are, which of them factare that an organization ones. central the has a websitepublic,is not It anissue definitely importance of to everybody, farfrom is and itbeing oneof does not Semitism is only provedebated incidentsshortly after happens, and quicklyforgotten by general that it anti- The then this. media muchmore andSerbian people Serbian that occupy wing, democratic has significant and nationalists between instablethe scene pro-European political radical Serbian divided the number the and areissues there that like dueto in mediaKosovo, fact Serbian andmainstream politics, of “financed by Jewish lobby.”Soros’s validity fascist ideas,of butalso collaborators’ abannon-governmental on organizations, the only not advocating intellectuals the promote in Serbia media The ideal. political his as ”Lessons from Kristallnacht in Serbia 2005“. Coming back to the, forComingback tothe, important subjectthis extremely issue of conspiracy the As far as the so-called Cyber-Serbs and cyber-anti-Semitism are concerned, the 263 Still, subject isthe onlythat this sporadically appears Helsinki committee for human rights in Serbia. - 65 CEU eTD Collection in Post-Totalitarianin Europe, 52 264 and scape-goating. more for ismuch usedasa blaming theneed rationalize way intheories belief to conspiracy the times modern In ideas. their for cause main the not but be rationalized, to prejudice one’s for way another just is prejudice Christian inherited the therefore anti-Semites, are they admit to they refuse isthat anti-Semites of Christian feature Serbian interesting The most stronger. Christian beliefs only,ithave much would appeared earlier, and itbeen have would much it problem.been specific by Had as comes cause Serbianpolitical to Orthodox a reaction Serbia is anti-Semitism rise thatthe aside,out inpost-1999 of this of research, puttingthis only,since there is also continuity speicficof religiousbeliefs. But, the conclusion that comes anti-Semitism was hazy, politicsbetween andconspiracyborderline AsBauer andmodern said,Christian theories. the and of by only modern-day anti-Semitic the influence hatred, that the become Christians communists,those and they inheritedpartly this. by exactly crucially established was America and Israel of the link andthe anti-Israelism the that fact the to immune not are they , Jews the to communism link even and communism, Semitic, clero-fascist orNazi, Serbian extremist rightists are unanimous in their ‘fight’ against anti- whethernationalist, modernAlthough this conspiracy theorists, accepted viewsreadily. and theParty, stand public Yugoslav once thishasgeneral been Tito the of official the is that, note to important is What Arabs. the supported strongly and conspiracy imperialistic gives enough Yugoslav how proves communist leadershipviewed making the of Israel as by label andAmerican efforts to which are described, as theaggressor protected Israel Tito’s source in Tito’s times. That is pre-Worldthe wartradition, andwhere notonly from eventsthe in mostly 1990s,the have but the roots of anti-Americanism are as well. The part in Yehuda Bauer. ”On the Applicability of Definitions- Anti-Semitism in Present-Day Europe.“ All this does not meanAll have doesnot this thattraditional not Christianity roledoes its intheJew- 264 . and it still is today. Itis not easy dwellto on the conspiracy theory 66 Anti-Semitism CEU eTD Collection 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. this book? 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. d) Judaism Islam? c) b) Protestantism? Catholicism? a) 10. d) Judaism Islam? c) b) Protestantism? Catholicism? a) confessions? 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. are those? 4. 3. 2. 1. Interview Questions Whatyoudo think Velimirovi about Whatdo you thinkFree aboutMasonry? Whatdo you thinkCommunism? about isWhat your toRussia? attitude organization’s isWhat to attitude USA? your the organization’s Do you own and did you read“The Protocols of the Elders of Zion”? Your opinionisWhat your opinion the roleaboutabout of Jewsthe in the NATO bombing of Serbia today? Serbia in Jews the of role the about opinion your is What is role the What of your in opinion Jewsin about the Serbia past? the religionWhatdoes howshouldsuggest, be ethnic other groups treated? politics? world in religions these of role the is What main other and Orthodoxy between difference main is the what you, to According shouldHow the country be organized for political point of view? What is the religious background of your political stand? is What you political Serbia? model the for hope Church? Orthodox Serbian with contact any have or cooperate you Do andwhich ideologicalsimilar with background of organizations you other Do cooperate Whatis your ideological background? When and why organizationwas the founded? isWhat the nameyour of organization yourand function in organization?the ü A and Ljoti PPENDIX 67 ü ? 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CEU eTD Collection ------http://gorandavidovic.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemi http://www.iwpr.net/?p=bcr&s=f&o=242031&apc_state=henibcr2005 War and Peace Reporting, http://www.dverisrpske.com/tekst/45 http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=9750af0d-656d-4aac-adb0- http://www.bhserbia.org/glavna.htm Attacks on Bishop Nikolaj]. Bishop on Attacks http://www.helsinki.org.yu/focus_text.php?lang=en&idteks=1564 Porges, Nenad. ”Jewish Histrory of Yugoslavia” . All about the Porges the . Allabout Histrory Porges, Nenad.Yugoslavia” of ”Jewish Obradovi “Neprijatelj”. mid=47 http://www.nacionalnistroj.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Ite Saopštenja“. Stroj: “Nacionalni http://www.1389.org.yu/nacionalniinteres.html Interes“, “Nacionalni http://www.rasonalisti.net/neprijatelj/mrtvekraveprotivmrtvihjevreja.php Jevreja” mrtvih protiv krave “Mrtve in Serbia“ Anti-Semitism on More 7653e0e84532&articleId=f294f464-6274-4724-ab5e-271b5fe7985d Miti inaggression 1999“ Memorialhttp://www.nspm.org.yu/debate_2007/2008_sl_g_Markovi meetingMarkovi of Nationalhttp://www.vagabondpages.com/january04/nationalist.html formation Thursday, Citizen Tucson in win Serbia.” “Nationalists William. Markiewitz, dedicated andAshkenazi]. i “Sefardi Aškenazi” [Sephards Maleš, Branimir to thed=49 Serbian victimsMaksimovi of NATOSerbia. infrom SerbiaKristallnacht 2005“. ”Lessons 177.No Lebl, Aleksandar. “Friend of the Right“. February 20, 1995 http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/eastern_europe/849 out” mayor speaks “Belgrade Jeremy. Last, Serbia. 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Srpski Sabor Dveri Srpski Sabor Transitions online Transitions Krv i Our Jerusalem Our Institute for ý ast Srbija ü a...... 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Stefan, Ljubica. ticle%2FShowFull http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847267359&pagename=JPost%2FJPAr Post Flourishing.” Life Jewish but Rise, on Extremism “Serb Dinah. Spritzer, http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/77-2-333.shtml Stankovihttp://www.ajn.com.au/news/news.asp?pgID=4162 Rallyby Ban “Serbian Group”. Police Neo-Nazi bin/wa?A2=ind0202&L=TWATCH-&T=0&F=&S=&P=79806 University TheSateUniversity ofBuffalo, ofNew York Priest.” Retired by Comments Anti-Semitic Condemns Church Orthodox “Serbian Department2006”. US of State. “Serbia and Montenegro (includes Kosovo). International ReligiousSemitism/asw2005/serbia.htmn Freedom Report Ansemitism andRacism, TelAviv University. 2005“ Serbia “Republicof Radun, Branko. “Podse Aviv University, The StephenRoth Institute for theStudyof Contemporary Ansemitism andRacism,Tel 2005” http://www.obraz.org.yu/Obraz/Nacela/Srbskim_neprijateljima.htm neprijateljima” srbskim “Proglas ü , Slobodan. ” Tito Breaks Relations with Israel”. ü , Nikolaj. “Kroz tamnicki [Through , Nikolaj.prozor” Dungeon the Window]. http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/serbia.htm Serbian OrthodoxSerbian Church. The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary theStudy for of Institute The StephenRoth ü anje:Kako sepojavio Nacionalni Stroj“. The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary theStudy of for Institute The StephenRoth Stromfront White NationalistStromfront White Community. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/ 71 AntisemitismXenophobia Today and http://www.spc.yu/Vesti-2007/02/14-02- http://www.hic.hr/books/seeurope/014e- Hrvatski Informativni Centar. Hrvatski Informativni . The AustralianJewish News. http://listserv.buffalo.edu/cgi- http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti- http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti- Open SocietyArchives. “Republic of “Republic of Serbia AccessMyLibrary. An International The Jerusalem Vidovdan. Scribd Obraz . .