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Biometrics, Ageing, Sexing and Moult of the Blue Chaffinch Fringilla Teydea Teydea on Tenerife (Canary Islands)

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Biometrics, Ageing, Sexing and Moult of the Blue Chaffinch Fringilla Teydea Teydea on Tenerife (Canary Islands) Ringing & Migration (2005) 22, 177-184 Biometrics, ageing, sexing and moult of the Blue Chaffinch Fringilla teydea teydea on Tenerife (Canary Islands) EDUARDO GARCIA-DEL-REY1* and ANDREW G. GOSLER2 1Departamento de Ecologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK The Blue Chaffinch Fringilla teydea is one of a few Palearctic species for which biometric data are lacking from the field; we address this issue here. Blue Chaffinches were caught by mist net, at ten sites on Tenerife (Canary Islands), and measured. Data on biometrics and moult using standard methods are presented, and observations on mass variation in relation to time of day and body size are reported for the first time. Wing length, bill length, bill depth & tail were greater in adults and first year birds than juveniles whilst tarsus and mass were the same. The species shows a clear sexual dimorphism in size except for bill length. The duration of primary moult was estimated to be 66 days for adults. For first year birds (in their second-calendar year), the mean starting date of primary moult was 25 days earlier than adults and was completed after 109 days. The Blue Chaffinch Fringilla teydea is endemic to the (Martin et al 1984), but no method of measurement western Canary Islands of Gran Canaria (subspecies was given. Neither are there published studies which polatzeki, Hartert 1905) and Tenerife (nominate teydea, consider age or sex differences in biometrics or moult Webb et al 1842) (Cramp & Perrins 1994). It is a more data from live birds, and the ageing and sexing of the robust and longer-legged species than the Chaffinch Blue Chaffinch in the hand has not been covered in Fringilla coelebs (about 10% bigger) (Cramp & Perrins the principal guides (eg Svensson 1992). 1994) but, as in that species, both races are sexually In this paper we present comprehensive Blue dimorphic in colour; the male of the nominate race is Chaffinch biometric and moult data from live birds, slaty grey-blue, the female drab olive-brown, but males measured using standardized methods (Redfern & Clark from Gran Canaria differ in the presence of prominent 2001), and we suggest ageing and sexing criteria for white tips to the median and greater coverts (Clement this endemic species. We also report observations on et al 1993), and in their smaller body size. Juveniles mass variation in relation to time of day and body size. are similar to adult females in both subspecies (Cramp & Perrins 1994). Virtually confined to the pine forest, which ranges METHODS from c 800-2,000 m (Ceballos & Ortuño 1951) on both islands (Bannerman 1963), on Tenerife this finch selects Study site the shrub layer of Adenocarpus sp. when breeding and From 25 July 2002 to 1 October 2004, Blue Chaffinches seems to forage mainly on Myrica faya seeds during the were caught in mist nets, ringed and measured (by non-breeding season, and on pine seeds during the EGDR) at ten sites (Fig 1) in the pine forest on the breeding season. (Garcia-del-Rey pers obs). However, island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Nearly all of these the Gran Canaria race is red-listed as endangered because birds (98%) were trapped when approaching drinking there are only about 200 individuals left in the wild places during the hot summer months. All birds were (Martín et al 1990, Tucker & Heath 1994). examined for moult and feather wear. There have been few published studies of this species (Martín & Lorenzo 2001), and most of the biometric and moult data available have come from skin specimens Age terminology and identification (Cramp & Perrins 1994). Indeed, only a few wing length Juveniles were fledged birds that had not completed measurements from live birds have been published their post-fledging partial moult (post-juvenile moult). *Correspondence author Email: [email protected] © 2005 British Trust for Ornithology 178 E. Garcia-del-Rey & A.G. Gosler (distal) to the innermost (proximal) throughout this TENERIFE study, and the wingtip (see Svensson 1992). A transparent ruler placed between the feathers of the naturally-folded wing was used to measure the distances between the tip of each primary and the wingtip (to nearest 1 mm). The wing point (ie longest primary feather) and primary emarginations were also noted. Moult was recorded using the method described by Ginn & Melville (1983) after Newton (1966), in which each Pine Forest flight feather is given a score from 0 (old) to 5 (fully Drinking Place grown and new). Statistical analysis Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in measurements with respect to age (juvenile, 0 18 km first year and adult) and sex, followed by post-hoc Tukey tests (T statistic). A general measure of body size was derived as the first principal component (pc1) from a Figure 1. Distribution of drinking places in the pine forest of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of the correlation matrix of wing, tail and tarsus lengths (Rising & Somers Birds that had completed their post-juvenile moult but 1989, Gosler et al 1998). A General Linear Model (GLM) had not completed their first complete moult towards was used to test whether the mass of the birds varied with the end of their second calendar year are referred to as the time of the day and with body size. Kruskal-Wallis ‘first year’ birds. The term ‘adults’ refers to birds that had and the Mann-Whitney U test (lower bounds of critical completed their first complete moult or were in their third values are reported) was used to test for differences in calendar year or more. Juvenile Blue Chaffinches are moult phenology and wing formula. These statistical similar in plumage coloration to adult females but were analyses were performed with SPSS 11.0 and Minitab, distinguished by the pale cream tips to the greater and and results are presented as mean ± standard error. median coverts and the buffish borders to the innermost Moult data were analysed to estimate the starting date greater coverts and tertials (Martin et al 1984, Cramp & and its standard deviation (SD), and moult duration Perrins 1994). First year males after their post-juvenile according to the maximum likelihood method of moult and before their complete moult the following year Underhill & Zucchini (1988), using a computer program were identified by the presence of brown spots on the written by Walter Zucchini. The model for type 3 data crown, an overall less-blue body colouration, severe wear (primary moult score against date; Underhill & Zucchini on primary feather tips and the presence of moult limits 1988) was used because the data did not include birds in the median or greater coverts. First year females were that have completed moult. Moult score was assumed also identified on the basis of moult limits within the to increase linearly with time. median or greater coverts (unmoulted greater coverts have buff fringes compared to the greyish-white of adults) and severe wear of primary feather tips. Juvenile birds were RESULTS not sexed. During the first weeks after fledging the bill of juvenile Blue Chaffinches is blackish overall (not slate-grey as Biometric methods in first year and adult birds) and the tip of the upper Wing length (maximum chord) was taken using a mandible lacks the hook on the dertrum characteristic stopped rule (Redfern & Clark 2001) to 1 mm. Bill of older birds (Svensson 1992). The ratio of adult and length (tip to skull), bill depth (at distal edge of nostril) first year birds to juveniles caught during the summer and maximum tarsus length were all measured to 0.1 months (n = 326) was: 13:0 in June, 140:15 in July, mm using dial callipers. Tail length was measured using 68:60 in August and 15:15 in September. Thus while an unstopped rule to the nearest 1 mm. To measure July was the most productive month to catch birds of body mass, birds were weighed on a 50 g Pesola balance breeding age, August was best for juveniles, suggesting to 0.1 g; the time of weighing was also recorded. The a late fledging period for this finch. Table 1 presents a wing shape was recorded as the distances between the summary of the biometric data by age categories, and tip of each primary, numbered from the outermost Tables 2 & 3 present the data by sex. © 2005 British Trust for Ornithology, Ringing & Migration, 22, 177-184 Table 1. Biometrics of Blue Chaffinches ringed on Tenerife during this study. Data are means ± standard error (SE), range and sample size (n). * Modal primary. All All juveniles All first years All adults Mean SE Range n Mean SE Range n Mean SE Range n Mean SE Range n Wing (mm) 96.6 0.3 86 -106 332 95.5 0.4 89 -101 90 94.8 0.4 86 -102 106 98.7 0.4 89 -106 136 Bill length (mm) 20.0 0.1 16.7 - 23.0 332 18.7 0.1 16.7 - 20.1 90 20.4 0.1 18.9 - 23.0 106 20.7 0.1 18.6 - 22.7 136 Bill depth (mm) 10.3 0.0 8.4 - 18.4 332 10.1 0.1 8.4 - 18.4 90 10.4 0.0 9.4 - 11.3 106 10.4 0.0 9.6 - 11.2 136 Tarsus (mm) 26.0 0.0 24.0 - 30.7 332 25.9 0.1 24.5 - 27.4 90 26.0 0.1 24.5 - 27.1 106 26.1 0.1 24.0 - 30.7 136 Mass (g) 30.7 0.1 25.0 - 37.5 332 30.4 0.2 26.3 - 35.8 90 30.7 0.2 26.5 - 36.1 106 30.8 0.2 25.0 - 37.5 136 Tail (mm) 79.2 0.3 72 - 87 201 78.3 0.5 72 - 86 42 78.5 0.4 72 - 85 70 80.3 0.4 72 - 87 89 P10-wingtip (mm) 24.6 0.2 20 - 29 135 25.7 0.2 23 - 29 42 22.9 0.3 20 - 26 21 24.4 0.2 20 - 29 72 P9-wingtip (mm) 21.1 0.2 16 - 26 135 21.8 0.2 19 - 26 42 19.7 0.3 16 - 22 21 21.1 0.2 18 - 25 72 P8-wingtip (mm) 17.7 0.2 12 - 21 135 17.9 0.3 12 - 21 42 16.3 0.3 13 - 19 21 18.0 0.2 13 - 21 72 P7-wingtip (mm) 12.3 0.2 4 - 15 135 12.3 0.3 5 - 14 42 11.2 0.3 8 - 14 21 12.7 0.2 4 - 15 72 P6-wingtip (mm) 4.1 0.1 0 - 6 135 4.5 0.1 0 - 6 42 3.7 0.3 0 - 5 21 4.0 0.1 0 - 5 72 P5-wingtip (mm) 0 0 0 135 0.0 0 0 42 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 72 P4-wingtip (mm) 0 0 0 135 0.0 0 0 42 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 72 P3-wingtip (mm) 0.2 <0.05 0 - 2 135 0.1 0.1 0 - 1 42 <0.05 <0.05 0 - 1 21 0.2 0.1 0 - 2 72 P2-wingtip (mm) 5.7 0.1 2 - 9 135 5.8 0.1 3 - 7 42 4.6 0.2 3 - 6 21 5.9 0.2 2 - 9 72 Wing-point 4* 4 - 5 133 4/5* 4 - 5 41 4* 4 - 5 22 4/5* 4 - 5 70 Table 2.
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