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Ecology, Monogamy, and the Evolution of Animal Families

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Ecology, Monogamy, and the Evolution of Animal Families University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Biology Biology 2019 ECOLOGY, MONOGAMY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL FAMILIES Jacqueline Rae Dillard University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1543-7857 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.209 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Dillard, Jacqueline Rae, "ECOLOGY, MONOGAMY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL FAMILIES" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Biology. 59. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/59 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Biology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Jacqueline Rae Dillard, Student Dr. David Westneat, Major Professor Dr. David Westneat, Director of Graduate Studies ECOLOGY, MONOGAMY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL FAMILIES DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Jacqueline Rae Dillard Lexington, Kentucky Co-Directors: Dr. David Westneat, Professor of Biology and Dr. Charles Fox, Professor of Entomology Lexington, Kentucky Copyright © Jacqueline Rae Dillard 2019 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION ECOLOGY, MONOGAMY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL FAMILIES Family-living has been recognized as a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of advanced cooperative societies, yet the evolutionary and ecological processes that drive the coupling of different forms of cooperation in family- based societies are still poorly understood. In my dissertation, I investigate the correlated evolution of parental care, monogamy, and cooperative breeding in a variety of family-based taxa. I explore the mating and social behavior of family- living beetles with incipient cooperation to better understand the factors driving these social traits. Specifically, I evaluate different causes of extra-pair mating in socially monogamous beetles, the potential benefits that young adult offspring may gain from remaining in the family group, and how these behaviors correspond to different ecological niches. These studies demonstrated that many of the factors predicted to favor family-living in cooperatively breeding animals fail to explain delayed dispersal and family cohesion in this beetle group. In a phylogenetic comparative study of birds, I further evaluate how ecological selective pressures drive the correlated evolution of monogamy, biparental cooperation, and cooperative breeding. Taken together, these studies have implications for our general understanding of the evolution of cooperation, and suggest the action of previously unrecognized processes in shaping and pairing social behaviors. Keywords: cooperation, behavior, ecology, monogamy, parental care, passalids Jacqueline Rae Dillard 05/06/2019 Date ECOLOGY, MONOGAMY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL FAMILIES By Jacqueline Rae Dillard Dr. David Westneat Co-Director of Dissertation Dr. Charles Fox Co-Director of Dissertation Dr. David Westneat Director of Graduate Studies 05/06/2019 Date DEDICATION For my grandma Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................. vi Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1. Disentangling the correlated evolution of monogamy and cooperation .............. 5 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Monogamy and the evolution of cooperation ................................................................................ 6 Implications for Hamilton’s Rule ................................................................................................... 10 Future directions ................................................................................................................................... 11 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................................ 12 Boxes, Tables, & Figures .................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2. High Rates of Extra-pair Paternity in a Socially Monogamous Beetle with Biparental Care ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Materials & Methods .......................................................................................................................... 22 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Tables & Figures .................................................................................................................................. 31 Chapter 3. Delayed Dispersal and Prolonged Brood Care in a Family-Living Beetle ..... 36 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 37 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 37 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................................... 39 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 44 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 45 Tables & Figures .................................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 4. Effects of Breeding Ecology on Family Living in Four Sympatric Passalid Beetle Species ................................................................................................................................................. 60 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 61 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 61 Methods ................................................................................................................................................... 63 iii Results ....................................................................................................................................................
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