Approches Empiriques Et Théoriques De La Prédation Pré-Dispersion Des Graines Par Les Insectes Violette Doublet

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Approches Empiriques Et Théoriques De La Prédation Pré-Dispersion Des Graines Par Les Insectes Violette Doublet Interactions biotiques et dynamiques des populations : approches empiriques et théoriques de la prédation pré-dispersion des graines par les insectes Violette Doublet To cite this version: Violette Doublet. Interactions biotiques et dynamiques des populations : approches empiriques et théoriques de la prédation pré-dispersion des graines par les insectes. Sciences agricoles. Université Montpellier, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020MONTG007. tel-03136980 HAL Id: tel-03136980 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03136980 Submitted on 10 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE M ONTPELLIER En Écologie, Évolution, Ressources Génétiques, Paléobiologie (EERGP) - École doctorale GAIA Unité de recherche UR0629 - Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM) - INRAE INTERACTIONS BIOTIQUES ET DYNAMIQUES DES POPULATIONS Approches empiriques et théoriques de la prédation pré-dispersion des graines par les insectes BIOTIC INTERACTIONS AND POPULATION DYNAMICS Empirical and theoretical approaches of pre-dispersal seed predation by insects Présentée par Violette DOUBLET Le 5 juin 2020 Sous la direction de Thomas BOIVIN et François LEFÈVRE Devant le jury composé de Georges KUNSTLER , CR, Laboratoire ÉcoSystèmes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM) - INRAE de Grenoble Rapporteur Frank SCHURR, DR, Institut du paysage et écologie des plantes - Université de Hohhenheim Rapporteur Réjane STREIFF, CR, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) - UMR de Montpellier Examinatrice Marie-Anne AUGER-ROZENBERG , DR, Zoologie Forestière (URZF) - INRAE d’Orléans Présidente/Examinatrice François LEFÈVRE, DR, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM) - INRAE d’Avignon Directeur de thèse Thomas BOIVIN , CR, Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM) - INRAE d’Avignon Co-directeur de thèse INTERACTIONS BIOTIQUES ET DYNAMIQUES DES POPULATIONS Approches empiriques et théoriques de la prédation pré-dispersion des graines par les insectes Préface Insecte n, m., du latin insectus , sous le tabouret. Ainsi le mot insecte désigne-t-il un animal si petit qu'il peut (à l'aise) passer sous un tabouret sans ramper, alors que le python, si. Les insectes sont des invertébrés de l'embranchement des articulés. Il n'y a pas de quoi se vanter. Leur corps, généralement peu sensible à la caresse, est entouré d'une peau à chitine d'aspect volontiers dégueulasse. Il se compose de trois parties : 1. La tête, avec deux antennes que l'enfant aime à couper au ciseau pour tromper son ennui à la fin des vacances, deux gros yeux composés à facettes et peu expressifs au-delà du raisonnable, et une bouche très dure garnie d'un faisceau redoutable de sécateurs baveux dont la vue n'appelle pas le baiser. 2. Le thorax, lisse et brillant, affublé d'un nombre invraisemblable de pattes et le plus souvent garni de deux paires d'ailes dont la finesse des nervures ne manque pas de surprendre, chez un être aussi fruste. C'est grâce à ses ailes que l'insecte peut vrombir, signalant ainsi sa présence au creux de l'oreille interne de l'employé de banque assoupi. 3. L'abdomen, divisé en gros anneaux mous et veloutés et percé sur les côtés de maints trous faisant également office de trachées pulmonaires. (Ce qui est étrange, chez la libellule, c'est qu'elle respire par où elle pète, Maurice Genevoix, Humus .) Il existe plusieurs millions d'espèces d'insectes. Certains vivent en Seine-et- Marne, au Kenya, ou sur un grand pied, tel le cafard landais qui, comme le berger du même nom, vit juché sur des échasses pour dominer fièrement les ordures ménagères dont il est friand. Certains insectes, comme la mouche des plafonds, possèdent des ventouses sous les pattes qui leur permettent de se coller aux ptères. Dictionnaire superflu à l'usage de l'élite et des bien nantis, Pierre Desproges (1985). SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE Page 1 - Introduction : Contexte et enjeux de la thèse 1. Les interactions plantes-insectes 2. Écologie de la prédation des graines avant dispersion 3. Objectifs et démarche de la thèse Page 20 - Chapitre I : Système biologique et matériel expérimental 1. L’arbre -hôte : Cedrus atlantica 2. Les insectes prédateurs de graines de Cèdre du genre Megastigmus 3. Étude de l’interaction Cedrus atlantica – Megastigmus spp. 4. Sites d’études in situ et dispositifs expérimentaux 5. Synthèse et conclusions Page 42 - Chapitre II : Dynamique et déterminants de la prédation pré- dispersion des graines par les insectes 1. Cadre conceptuel de la distribution spatiale des organismes 2. Enjeux et objectifs de l’étude spatio -temporelle de la distribution des insectes herbivores 3. Le masting, un moteur de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des prédateurs spécialistes des graines 4. Analyse de la variation inter-individuelle de la prédation des graines 5. Synthèse et conclusions SOMMAIRE Page 68 - Chapitre III : Impacts démogénétiques des prédateurs de graines sur leurs plantes-hôtes en situation d’expansion 1. Cadre conceptuel de la dynamique des peuplements en expansion 2. Enjeux et objectifs de l’étude des interactions biotiques dans la dynamique d’expansion des populations d’arbres 3. Étude analytique d’une population d’arbres en expansion soumise à la prédation pré - dispersion 4. Synthèse et conclusions Page 92 - Conclusion : Discussion de la thèse et perspectives 1. De l’étude des déterminants de l’in teraction à la compréhension de ses impacts écologiques et évolutifs dans les populations d’arbres 2. Approche intégrée de l’interaction arbres-prédateurs pré-dispersion 3. Perspectives de l’étude de l’interaction arbres -prédateurs pré-dispersion Page 108 - Publications - Article 1 : The ecology of predispersal insect herbivory on tree reproductive structures in natural forest ecosystems - Article 2 : Spatial and temporal patterns of a pulsed resource dynamically drive the distribution of specialist herbivores - Article 3 : Seed predation-induced Allee effects, seed dispersal and masting jointly drive the diversity of seed sources during population expansion Page 110 - Bibliographie Page 140 - Remerciements INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Contexte et enjeux de la thèse 1. Les interactions plantes-insectes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.1. Deux groupes d’organismes majeurs au sein du vivant --------------------------------------------------- 2 1.2. Nature des interactions plantes - insectes herbivores ------------------------------------------------------ 2 1.3. Diversité des insectes herbivores : présentation des différentes guildes-------------------------------- 4 1.4. Conséquences de l’herbivorie des insectes dans les populations de plantes --------------------------- 6 2. Écologie de la prédation des graines avant dispersion ------------------------------------------------------------ 7 2.1. Les graines comme ressource --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.2. Prédation avant et après la dispersion des graines par les insectes -------------------------------------- 7 2.3. Mécanismes d’interactions plantes -insectes pendant la phase de pré-dispersion --------------------- 8 2.4. Impacts de la prédation pré-dispersion des graines sur les plantes ------------------------------------- 12 2.4.1. Impacts écologiques de la prédation des graines ................................................................ 12 2.4.2. Impacts évolutifs de la prédation des graines ..................................................................... 13 2.5. Conclusions sur les impacts et les enjeux des interactions plantes-prédateurs de graines ---------- 14 3. Objectifs et démarche de la thèse ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 3.1. Cadre conceptuel et axes de recherche---------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 3.2. Structure de la thèse ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1.1. Représentation schématique de la répartition des insectes et des plantes au sein de la biodiversité. Les nombres concernent uniquement les espèces décrites à l’heure actuelle . (a) Nombre d’ espèces vivantes de plantes, d’animaux , de champignons, de procaryotes et de protozoaires décrites. On constate la dominance des plantes et des espèces d’insectes. (b) Nombre de végétaux. Les angiospermes (plantes à fleurs) constituent la plus large proportion de diversité de plantes. (c) Nombre d’ insectes où les 7 principaux ordres d’insectes sont détaillés (Coléoptères, Hyménoptères, Lépidoptères, Diptères, Hémiptères, Orthoptères et Thysanoptères). Les insectes herbivores représentent environ 90% de toutes les espèces d’insectes décrites . Adaptation de la figure tirée de Price 2002 . 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Les interactions plantes-insectes 1.1. Deux groupes d’organismes majeurs au sein du vivant La biodiversité est un vaste sujet de recherche et d’applications en écologie, et les interactions qui se mettent en place entre les espèces d’un écosystème
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