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The Victims of Stalking

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The Victims of Stalking The Victims of Stalking Doris M. Hall, Ph.D Stalking first received prominent media attention in 1980, with the murder ofJohn Lennon, and again in March 1981, with John Hinckley, Jr.'s assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan. Hinckley had been obsessed with actress Jodie Foster for many years, and he claimed he shot the President to impress her. But it was not until the 1989 death of Rebecca Schaeffer, a rising young actress, that "stalking" became a household word in America's vocabulary. Since that time, hardly a week goes by without a stalking story in the media. Tales of terror circulate about ordinary people who have been stalked by ex-boyfriends, co- workers, or even a relative stranger such as their postal carrier. Given all the attention stalkers receive in the media it is surprising that only a limited number of studies have been undertaken on the subject. Lack of research, however, has not deterred state legislators from recognizing stalking as a serious crime and passing laws prohibiting the behavior. Unfortunately, these laws do not adequately address important issues when it comes to protecting stalking victims. Who are the victims of stalking? Who are these so-called stalkers? What kind of relationship, if any, exists between stalker and the victim? In order to understand the larger question of why stalkings happen, one must examine who is being stalked and what type of activities occur. Stalking cases arouse a good deal of interest. Unfortunately the tendency is to look at the more glamorous and sensational aspects of stalking rather than the more common characteristics. Many important aspects that are frequently overlooked are also present in the details of individual cases. While it is enticing to look at the most extreme examples, most stalking cases consist of victims receiving unwanted telephone calls, seeing unfamil- 113 The Psychology of Stalking: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives Copyright 91998 by Academic Press. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 114 Doris M. Hall iar cars parked across the street, and feeling watched. The scope of this study examines these and various other aspects of stalking. In addition to demographics, the stalking victims' personality types and the effect the stalking has had on them are considered. All information is examined to determine if any apparent links exist between stalkers and the victims they select. There is a common misperception regarding the stalking victim. The most popular image is that of a celebrity who is stalked by a crazed fan or a battered woman who has left a physically abusive relationship and is now being stalked by her ex-spouse or ex-lover. While this is the reality for some stalking victims, the majority of cases lie between these two extremes. The public is captivated by the idea of a total stranger becoming obsessed with a victim. Nonetheless, the more common scenario is that of an individual being stalked by someone he or she knows (Meloy, 1996a; Romans, Hays, & White, 1996). In fact, cases involving a stranger fixating on a private citizen are rare and are the least likely type of stalking to end in violence (De Becker, 1997). To date, the most extensive research in the field focuses on stalkers who have had criminal charges brought against them or who have come to the attention of law enforcement due to their activities. All of the studies on this subject have used nonrandom samples of convenience (Meloy, 1996a). Further, these same studies underrepresent stalkers who have been involved with the victim, such as ex-boyfriends or ex-spouses (also referred to as "post-intimate relationship stalk- ers"). This is probably due to the early focus on erotomanics and law enforcement's bias toward arresting and prosecuting the higher profile cases, which usually involve strangers, and against prosecuting those cases that have a link to domestic violence (Meloy, 1996a). Researchers have begun to focus on stalking victims as a source of gathering much needed information on the crime of stalking. Several recent studies have focused on specific populations of stalking victims, such as college students (Frem- ouw, Westrup, & Pennypacker, 1997) and college counselors and therapists (Ro- mans et al., 1996). Other studies have taken a wider approach and examined stalking victims from all walks of life within large geographical areas (Kong, 1996; Path6 & Mullen, 1997). The study of victims allows researchers the opportunity to examine the crime of stalking from a different vantage point. The emphasis on the victim allows researchers to uncover valuable information that is not available through official records or from interviewing individual offenders. Victimology has its roots in feminist criminology. Originally the study of victims focused primarily on domestic violence and rape. The field of victimology has been greatly enhanced by the formation of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) in 1972. According to Zawitz, Klaus, Bachman, Bastian, DeBerry, Rand, and Taylor (1993) the NCVS was a landmark event in building knowledge on crime in America: With the advent of the survey, the phenomenon of crime for the first time could be measured directly, from its victims. They are able to tell us about the two 6. Victims of Stalking 115 dark figures of crime--crimes that are not reported to law enforcement agencies and crimes which, when reported, go unrecorded. The extent of the problem of stalking is currently unknown, although it is surmised that stalking behavior is on the rise. According to De Becker (1997) stalking is an epidemic affecting hundreds of thousands of regular citizens per year. During a Senate Heating in 1993 Senator Dianne Feinstein, a former stalking victim herself, expressed a similar belief." I am of the opinion that serious, prolonged, chronic stalking is going to be like serial murder in this country. It is now out there. It has given every kind of mentally aberrant person an idea and it goes on, and I believe it is going to increase and I believe it is extraordinarily serious. It has been said that 1 out of every 20 women in the United States will be stalked at some time during her hfe (Combating Stalking, 1993). There is much discussion as to whether the crime of stalking is actually increasing or whether this is an artifact of a behavior being labeled as "stalking" due to an increase in legislation. Several studies have explored the prevalence of stalking occurrences within specific populations. In a study conducted on stalking and related behaviors experienced by university counselors and therapists by current or former clients, it was found that 5.6% (N = 10) of the respondents reported being stalked on at least one occasion. Contrary to most studies, 60% of the stalking victims were male and 40% were female (Romans et al., 1996). In a study on stalking among college students in West Virginia, 34% of the females and 17% of the males surveyed had been stalked (Fremouw et al., 1997). Recently researchers have begun to expand their focus and include behaviors that do not necessarily fall within the legal definition of stalking. Viewing these behaviors on a continuum allows researchers to broaden their study to include "relational harassment" to "pathological pursuit" to true criminal "stalking," thus expanding the knowledge on precursors to stalking behaviors. Spitzberg and Cu- pach's (1996) research on "obsessive relational intrusion" (ORI) examines relatively milder forms of intrusion. ORI is defined by the authors as the "repeated and unwanted pursuit and invasion of one's sense of physical or symbolic privacy by an acquaintance desiring and/or presuming an intimate relationship." Spitzberg and Cupach (1996) contend that at the root of stalking: . is the idea that someone is attempting to impart, presume, or coerce a type of relationship that is specifically undesired by the target of these affections. As such, stalking is an extreme and obsessive form of relational intrusion. The intrusion is a violation of a person's boundaries of invitation and accessibility; in short, of a person's sense of privacy. (p. 2) METHODOLOGY The most reasonable and accessible source of data are the stalking victims themselves. Surveying these people as a group would provide invaluable insight 116 Doris M. Hall into the characteristics of the crime. Not all victims contact the police, however; nor do police reports cover pertinent information needed to develop patterns of stalking behavior. This study, which is national in scope, used an innovative approach to contact stalking victims within the United States. The Maverick Group, a national public relations firm based in Santa Monica, California, volunteered to write, with my supervision, a press release to regional and national media outlets to encourage stalking victims to contact the researcher. In this way many people who had defined themselves as stalking victims would be able to take part in the study. Stalking victims were then able to contact the researcher by calling one of the six regional voice mail boxes set up throughout the United States. The target cities consisted of Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Newark, New Jersey. Several months into the study a seventh voice mail box was opened in Columbus, Ohio. As a result of the press releases the researcher conducted more than 40 radio interviews, numerous interviews for newspaper reporters, and appeared on television in order to promote awareness of the study and the need for stalking victims to participate. Further, articles discussing the study appeared in numerous union newsletters throughout Southern California and in a few magazines. Addi- tionally, in order to include the largest number of stalking victims in the study, flyers were sent to organizations within the target cities that provide assistance to people in need.
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