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Acute Coronary Syndromes Acute Coronary Syndromes Michael M. Braun, DO, FAAFP, RFPHM ACTIVITY DISCLAIMER The material presented here is being made available by the American Academy of Family Physicians for educational purposes only. Please note that medical information is constantly changing; the information contained in this activity was accurate at the time of publication. This material is not intended to represent the only, nor necessarily best, methods or procedures appropriate for the medical situations discussed. Rather, it is intended to present an approach, view, statement, or opinion of the faculty, which may be helpful to others who face similar situations. The AAFP disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages resulting to any individual using this material and for all claims that might arise out of the use of the techniques demonstrated therein by such individuals, whether these claims shall be asserted by a physician or any other person. Physicians may care to check specific details such as drug doses and contraindications, etc., in standard sources prior to clinical application. This material might contain recommendations/guidelines developed by other organizations. Please note that although these guidelines might be included, this does not necessarily imply the endorsement by the AAFP. 1 DISCLOSURE It is the policy of the AAFP that all individuals in a position to control content disclose any relationships with commercial interests upon nomination/invitation of participation. Disclosure documents are reviewed for potential conflict of interest (COI), and if identified, conflicts are resolved prior to confirmation of participation. Only those participants who had no conflict of interest or who agreed to an identified resolution process prior to their participation were involved in this CME activity. All individuals in a position to control content for this session have indicated they have no relevant financial relationships to disclose. The content of my material/presentation in this CME activity will not include discussion of unapproved or investigational uses of products or devices. Disclaimer The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of Defense. 2 Michael M. Braun, DO, FAAFP, RFPHM Chief, Inpatient Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center (MAMC), Tacoma, Washington; Director of the Medical Wards, MAMC, Tacoma, Washington Dr. Braun earned his medical degree at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pennsylvania, and completed his residency in family medicine at Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. At Madigan Army Medical Center, he has served as family medicine and internal medicine residency faculty for nine years. He has been a practicing hospitalist for seven years. He earned the Recognition of Focused Practice in Hospital Medicine (RFPHM) from the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) and the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). Learning Objectives 1. Implement evidence-based secondary prevention recommendations in post-ACS patients. 2. Recognize the atypical presentation of ACS in women. 3. Use evidence-based criteria in determining safe and effective medications to prescribe at discharge post-ACS. 4. Counsel patient to address concerns in the period immediately following discharge for ACS, with an emphasis on assessing and monitoring for psychosocial issues that may impact post- ACS outcomes. 3 Audience Engagement System Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Definitions • ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) • ST‐segment elevation of 1mm or more of two contiguous limb or precordial leads except leads V2 and V3 • ST‐segment elevation of 1.5mm (women) and 2.0mm (men) or greater in V2 and V3 • New or presumed new LBBB • Posterior wall MI ST‐segment depression of >2mm in V1 through V4 with commonly seen ST‐segment elevation in lateral leads 4 Definitions • Non‐ST‐Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE‐ACS) • Elevated troponinT without meeting ECG criteria for STEMI • Unstable Angina • Ischemic symptoms suggestive of ACS and no elevation in troponins, with or without ECG changes indicative of ischemia • UA and NSTE‐ACS are frequently indistinguishable at initial evaluation Types of MI • Type 1: MI caused by acute atherothrombotic coronary artery disease and usually precipitated by atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion). • Type 2: MI consequent to a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand. • Type 3: Patients with a typical presentation of myocardial ischemia/infarction, such as presumed new ischemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes of ventricular fibrillation, with unexpected death before blood samples for biomarkers could be drawn or before their appearance in the blood. • Type 4a: MI associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) • Type 4b: A subcategory of PCI‐related MI is stent/scaffold thrombosis. • Type 5: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) MI 5 Diagnosis Poll Question 1 64 yo M with CP presents with the following EKG. What is the diagnosis? A. Ischemia B. Posterior Wall MI C. Inferior Wall MI D. Both B and C 6 Biomarkers • Troponin T (Fourth generation) • Recommended • SN 80‐88% SP 88‐97% • Troponin I (Fourth generation) • Recommended • SN 70‐83% SP 93‐95% • Multiple assays • Creatinine Kinase and CK‐MB • No longer recommended • Myoglobin • No longer recommended hs‐cTnt Protocol (Fifth Generation) • DOD Example protocol • One‐hour protocol • hs‐cTn measure at presentation and one hour later • Two‐hour protocol • Hs‐cTn measure at presentation and then two hours later • Three‐hour protocol • hs‐cTn measured at presentation and three hours later 7 ALL PATIENTS (Example) Possible ischemic presentation Immediate* 12‐lead electrocardiogram ST elevation present ST elevation absent Activate STEMI team Continue down ACS algorithm * ‐ Immediate is within 10 minutes of arrival Patients presenting ≥3hrs from onset of pain (Example) Patients presenting ≥3 hours from the onset of pain with a non‐ischemic ECG and possible ischemic presentation Baseline hs TnT Undetectable (<6ng/L) 6ng/L≥ hs TnT <52ng/L ≥52ng/L Not ACS, continue Continue to 1hour Consider immediate cardiology to outpatient rule out protocol consultation if clinical suspicion for an algorithm acute coronary syndrome is high* * Ongoing chest pain, abnormal ECG suggestive of ischemia without injury pattern, etc 8 1hr protocol for <3hrs presentation or detectable initial (Example) 1‐hour sample hsTnT < 12ng/L hsTnT ≥12ng/L Hs TnT ≥52ng/L and change < 4ng/L Not ACS, continue Change of ≥4 Change of Change of Consider immediate cardiology to outpatient <6ng/L ≥6ng/L* consultation if clinical algorithm suspicion for an acute coronary syndrome is high* “Gray‐zone” Chronic myocardial Acute myocardial Clinical judgement. Consider injury (ACS) repeat troponin, risk scoring injury or possible systems, admission for further late MI, NOT assessment, CCTA NSTEMI Admit to CCU * For patients with baseline elevated cardiac biomarkers a relative change around 20% is a reasonable threshold to suggest ischemia rather than a raw value (6ng/L). At lower values, a relative change around 50% is more suggestive of ischemia. NSTEMI ruled out (Example) NSTEMI ruled out Calculate HEARTSCORE (may consider TIMI, EDACS and/or GRACE at facility preference) Low risk Intermediate risk High risk ED: Consider CCTA vs GXT Primary Care: Assess for non‐ ED: Consider cardiology Primary care: Same as low cardiac causes, if appropriate consult or admission to risk. Consider outpatient calculate ASCVD and perform sister service with GXT vs CCTA or cardiology aggressive risk factor cardiology consultation consultation modification 9 HEART SCORE Low risk – 0‐3 Intermediate risk – 4‐6 High risk – 7‐10 Ann Intern Med. 2017 May 16;166(10):689‐697 TIMI risk score Low risk – 0‐2 Intermediate risk – 3‐4 High risk – 5‐7 JAMA 2000;284:835–842. 10 GRACE score Low risk – ≤108 Intermediate risk – 109‐140 High risk – ≥141 http://www.gracescore.org/WebSite/WebVersion.aspx Heart 2007;93:177–182 BMJ Open 2014;4:e004425. Poll Question 2 A 57 yo M with h/o HTN and HLD presents to the ED with substernal chest pain for 45 min. BP 110/60 HR 90 RR 18 and oxygen sat of 96% RA. Labs show elevated troponin I. EKG shows 2‐mm ST‐segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. CXR is normal. Patient is given ASA, clopidogrel, and heparin. Transport to a PCI capable hospital would take 4H. Which of the following is the most appropriate? A. Full dose reteplase B. Start abciximab C. Nitroprusside D. Oxygen 11 Treatment NSTE‐ACS vs STEMI • NSTE‐ACS • STEMI • PCI considered • Immediate PCI or reperfusion • ASA • ASA • P2Y12 inhibitors • P2Y12 inhibitors • Anticoagulation • Anticoagulation • Beta blockers • Beta blockers • ACEI/ARBs • ACEI/ARBs • Lipid therapy • Lipid therapy • Morphine • Morphine • Oxygen • Oxygen • Nitro • Nitro • Aldosterone antagonists 12 Antiplatelet Medications Aspirin • Recommended in all patients with ACS • ASA reduces recurrent MI and death • Loading dose is 162‐325mg chewed • Avoid Enteric coated ASA on initial presentation 13 P2Y12 inhibitors • Should be given to all patients with ACS • Clopidogrel • NSTE‐ACS: Oral loading dose of 300‐600 mg followed by 75 mg daily • PCI: Loading dose of 600 mg followed by 75 mg/day • Ticagrelor • NSTE‐ACS: loading dose of 180 mg followed by 90 mg BID for at least 12 months • Prasugrel • ACS: loading dose of 60 mg; maintenance dose of 10 mg/day for at least
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