Appendix I Weapon Systems

In this appendix, compiled by John Grin, a brief description of weapon systems, mentioned in this book, is given. Part A of the appendix deals with missiles; in Part B information on other systems is given.

A MISSILES

The following table is largely based on Doug Richardson, 'World Missile Directory', FLIGHT International, 2 February 1985. When other sources have been used, this is indicated by superscript numbers, referring to the notes at the end of the table.

278 Producing!

developing country USA USA

USA USA

France, FRG

with will

B-IB

attack

radar

US

in

active

AIM-7.

terminal

in

and

matching

guidance in

+

+

operations:

ALCM

remarks

homing.

indirect

B52

of

enemy

ASRAAM

homing

the

replace

by

on

contour

Inertial

seeker

to

model!

m;

Developed

1

guidance with

produced

guidance in

production

modes

attack,

30

terminal

Additional

be

dual

carried

terrain

+ Infra-red

and Homes Three direct be Inertial radar CEP: bombers Intended Will licence Europe. parallel (mm-wave?)

Inertial

+

II

kton

fuses

?

(?)

proximity

200

Warhead(s)

kg blast-

kg

rod,

40

continuous impact Fragmentation or fragmentation Blast- 1 x fragmentation

20

Anti-armour/

anti-personnel/

up

its

11

in

(km)

Range

50

max. 10-18

50-100

70-80

2500

(unpowered 55-75 to powered 7-17 version)

final version

m)

diameter

x

x

0.20

0.22

0.61

0.18

0.13

X

(m

X

X

X

X

Dimensions

3

length

=

3.70

4.24

6.32 3.65

of

nuclear

missile

stand-off

defence

missile

Type missile

missile

suppression

air missile,

the

Air-to-air Air-to-air

Air-to-surface

for air-to-surface enemy

Cruise

Air-to-air

Air-to-surface

dispenser

Anti- Cruise

(Air

Sparrow

Range

(Air

Missile

AIM-7M

AIM-9 Launched Radiation Missile) Sidewinder ALARM Launched Missile) (Advanced ALCM AMRAAM

Medium Air-to-Air Missile)

Apache/CWS

FRG FRG

Producing! Producing!

developing developing country country

UK, UK,

USA USA

USA USA

USA USA

France France

+ +

US. US.

and and

Stellar Stellar

with with

the the

II. II.

Inertial Inertial

inertial inertial

in in

radar-

AXE AXE

+ +

guidance guidance

remarks remarks

Candidate Candidate

the the

war. war.

project. project.

(SACLOSt) (SACLOSt)

m m

Europe, Europe,

active active

Conventional Conventional

AMRAAM AMRAAM

for for

Developed Developed

Pershing Pershing

in in

Iraq Iraq

+ +

seeker seeker

m m

guidance3 guidance3

Inertial Inertial

to to

Falklands-Malvinas Falklands-Malvinas

guidance2 guidance2

of of

AXE AXE

production production

area-correlation area-correlation

15 15

30-45 30-45

in in

Additional Additional

Iran-

the the

reference. reference.

inertial inertial

produced produced

Related Related

for for CEP: CEP:

project, project,

licence licence terminal terminal

Radar Radar

Used Used infra-red infra-red version version

Candidate Candidate and and

CEP: CEP: Wire-guided Wire-guided

guidance guidance

seeker seeker

to to

up up

3 3

explosive explosive

blast/ blast/

kg

denial denial

kg; kg;

load load

kg kg

Warhead(s) Warhead(s)

1000 1000

area area

penetration penetration

runway runway

pay pay

Conventional Conventional

penetrators/ penetrators/

High High

165 165

runway runway

penetrating penetrating

submunitions; submunitions;

Conventional Conventional

armour armour

fragmentation, fragmentation,

GP1 GP1

2.44 2.44

+ +

45 45

(km) (km)

4.5-

60-

m m

Range Range

2 2

? ? 1800 1800

1100 1100

max. max.

650

max. max.

min. min.

min. min.

m) m)

diameter diameter

x x

x x

0.15 0.15

0.35 0.35

0.13 0.13

(m (m

X X

X X

X X

Dimensions Dimensions

13 13

length length

X X

2.5 2.5

8 8

5.21 5.21

0.74 0.74

to to

to to

3 3

operation operation

Type Type

missile missile

missile missile

missile missile

missile missile

MOBs

main main

2 2

attack attack

Air-to-air Air-to-air

bases

Ballistic Ballistic

attack attack

Ballistic Ballistic

Anti-ship Anti-ship

Anti-tank Anti-tank

Missile Missile

(Ballistic (Ballistic

Missile) Missile)

Missile Missile

Range Range Air-

ALCM; ALCM;

GLCM GLCM (Advanced (Advanced

Short Short

CAM-40 CAM-40 Dragon Dragon

BOSS BOSS

to-Air to-Air

Offensive Offensive

System) System)

ASRAAM ASRAAM

Cruise Cruise Suppression Suppression

see: see: Exocet Exocet Producing/

developing country

USA

USA

USA

USA

(Euro- USA

France/ FRG missile)

+

radar

fixed-

*

Being

in

•

radar

surface

wire-

and

km

homing.

on

guidance

active

JATM

matching remarks

18

+

enemy

CWSAR

the

laser

deployed

helicopters

7

on

tracked, in

m

Inertial

limit:

in

deployed

contour

submarines

50

from

being

aircraft,

Additional

Now

CEP: Europe.

terrain

Homes

Widely

ships,

wing

seeker

Fired

Semi-active Optically guided Altitude upgraded

guidance9

programmes

kg,

kton

delay

fuse

227

200

Weapons

contact

time

hollow

hollow

Warhead(s)

kg

proximity

kg

kg

W-80,

+

Fragmentation, proximity

Naval (with penetration blast, Centre

fuse)

9 charge

3 charge

54

m-

km

(km) 4

75

Range

18.5

2500 110

max.

6 min.

40

m)

diameJer

x

x

0.53

0.25

0.34

0.18

0.14

0.37

(m

X

X

Dimensions X

X

X

X

length

6.40

4.17

4.58 1.62

1.27

5.08

of

air-

against

nuclear

missile

surface-to-

Type

targets; also

defence

suppression

missile,

air

point

to-surface

defence,

the

Cruise

surface-to-surface Air-

for

enemy Anti-ship hard

Anti-tank;

to-surface Anti-tank

Air

air

Hawk)

Cruise

(High-

(Ground

Anti-

Missile

Hawk

GLCM Launched

Missile)

HARM

Radiation Missile) Speed Harpoon

Hellfire

HOT (improved

I Missile Type Dimensions Range Warhead(s) Additional remarks Producing/ length x diameter (km) developing (m X m) country Improved TOW see TOW JATM (Joint Joint weapon programme of USA Anti-Tactical US Army and US Air Missile) Force. See Patriot; I Hawk JTACMS (Joint Joint Weapon Programme Tactical Missile of US Army and US Air Systems) Force. See T-16, T-22, which were candidates', and LRSOM which might be a candidate for the longer ranges (70-450 km)3; an extended version of M LRS might be chosen for the ranges upto 70 km6

Lance Surface-to-surface 6.14 X 0.569 110 1-100 kton Enhanced radiation USA nuclear battlefield (variable yield) ('neutron') warhead is being missile developed for Lance (1 kton) LRSOM (Long To be used against <600 Feasibility studies just Range Stand-Off airfields and other fixed finished. Candidate for Missile) targets3 JTACMS. Joint project of US, UK and FRG3

Maverick Air-to-surface missile 2.49 X 0.30 22.5 59 kg hollow Semi-active laser or imaging USA for close support charge or 135 kg infra-red or automatic TV missions fragmentation homing Missile Type Dimensions Range Warhead(s) Additional remarks Producing/ length x diameter (km) developing (m x m) country

Milan Anti-tank 0.75 X 0.12 min. 25m- 3 kg penetration SACLOS guidancet France, max. 2 km warhead FRG (hollow charge) (Euro- missile) MLRS (Multiple Mobile multiple rocket 4.0 X 0.23 30 M77 Presently loaded with USA Launch Rocket launcher submunitions unguided submunitions. System) The so-called third phase warhead will have terminal guidance and be developed jointly by US, UK, France and FRG. US Army considers extended range (70 km) version for JTACMS programme6

MOBIDIC Air-to-surface dispenser 3.40 x 0.65 or 25-3012 Several tens of Replaces former Pegase France/ system 4.30 X 0.65 anti-armour/ project 12 FRG depending on anti-runway version 12 submunitions, or 200 conventional grenades or mines 12 MX ICBM 21.6 X 2.34 8000 10 x 300 kton Inertial guidance CEP: < USA W-87 130 m1 Dubbed warheads1 'Peacekeeper' by US President Reagan Missile Type Dimensions Range Warhead(s) Additional remarks Producing/ length x diameter (km) developing (m x m) country

Nike Hercules Air-defence, surface-to- 12.1 X 0.8 1401 1 kton nuclear1 Being replaced by air1 (conventional) Improved Hawk and/or Patriot1

Patriot Surface-to-air, air 5.31 X 0.418 60-1008 Fragmentation Altitude limit: 24 km Track- USA defence missile. Could warheads via-missile guidance. possibly have an A TBM 68kg9 SARH* * Being upgraded in role8 the JATM programmes Pegase Air-to-surface dispenser From 6 Anti-armour, Now replaced by MOBIDIC France system (simplest anti- (French-FR German unpowered personnel, cooperation) version) to anti-runway 60 (final submunition powered version)

Pershing II Surface-to-surface long 10.5 X 1.0 1800 0.3-80 kton 108 deployed in FRG, USA range theatre nuclear variable yield14 following the NATO weapon double-track decision of December 19797

Python 3 Air-to-air missile 3.0 X 0.16 min. 0.5- 11 kg high Infra-red seeker Israel max. 15 explosive

SA-6 Gainful Surface-to-air 6.2 X 0.34 min. 4- 80 kg high Altitude limit 18 km. Radio su max. 35 explosive+ command + CWSAR proximity fuse homing*

SA-7 Grail Surface-to-air 1.29 X ? 3.6 2.5 kg Altitude limit 1,5 km Infra- su fragmentation red seeker with smooth fragmentation SU

su

SU

su

su

Producing/

developing country

A

the

A

Semi-

the

find

the

now

detect

by

enter

sites.

been to

on

Installed Deployed

to

km.

for

km.

Soviet

km.

will

used

has

remarks

14

tracked

5

30

phase,

of

fixed

radar

four-wheeled

a

guidance.

radar

carried

trainable

at

targets.

self-propelled

homing.

on

is

limit:

limit

limit:

chassis

Intended

soon

version

radar

tower-mounted

Additional

BRDM-2

Infra-red (probably) Uses

low-flying active surveillance mobile vehicle on developed, and

service

four-railed tracked launcher ZSU-23-6 Altitude gun Experimental Altitude finished. Phased-array targets

Mounted

Altitude

point-defence chassis.

fuse

contact

+

explosive

explosive

explosive

graze

Warhead(s)

and

casing High

High

?

High

?

(km)

Range

100

8 max.28 100

min.3-

max.lO

m)

diameter

x

0.12 x

0.45

0.129

0.35

0.70

x

x

(m

X

Dimensions

X X

length

c.2.0

c.6.2

5.3

7.0

02.0

Anti-

Type

to-air

Surface-to-air

Surface-

aircraft Surface-to-air Surface-to-air

Surface-to-air

Missile

skin

Go SA-9

SA-10

SA-11 SA-12

Gopher SA-13 Missile Type Dimensions Range Warhead(s) Additional remarks Producing! length X diameter (km) developing (m x m) country ground forces, it was developed to replace the SA-9. Imaging infra-red guidance

Sagger anti-tank missile 0.87 X 0.11 min. 2. 7 kg armour Man-portable systems, su 500 m penetrating sometimes carried on max. mountings Wire guidance 3 km (SACLOSt) SAM-D Name of Patriot in the design-phases

Shafrir II Air-to-air missile 2.5 X 0.16 5 11 kg impact + Now probably replaced on Israel proximity fuse the production line by Python 3 SS-20 Long range theatre 16(?) x c.l.70 50007 3 x 150 kton or CEP: 400 m Some SS-20s su nuclear weapon7 1 X ?7 have a single warhead; they may have intercontinental (> 5500 km) range7

SS-21 Short range surface-to- 9.44 X 0.46 120 1 X 20-100 CEP: 300 mi su surface nuclear missile kton14 SS-22 Intermediate range ? 900 1 x 1 Mtoni4 CEP: 300m su nuclear missile SS-23 3509 100 kton9 Replaces Scud-89 su SSX-24 ICBM 21 X 2.50 12000 Up to ten Inertial Guidance Solid fuel; SU nuclear CEP may be better than warheads, yield 260m unknown Producing!

developing

country

USA

USA

USA

USA

of

will

It

inertial

or

Based

Based

2

laser

Assault

Assault

Candidate

remarks

Stellar

guidancen the

the

Ring

project

rocket

mechanical

components

in

in

for

13

+

Thor/Delta

programme

programme

AXE

space

Lance

Patriot

the

Additional

booster

the

the

the

CLOSt

development

Developed

Saturn SA use on gyroscope In Developed Breaker for

on guidance form

gyroscope guidance Breaker

the

ton2

in

Assault

25

Breaker

hollow

the

kg

Warhead(s)

programmen Breaker

from

Assault programmen

submunitions developed Payload

TGSM/Skeet 2.4

submunitions charge TGSM/Skeet

2

2

m

250

250

(km)

65

km

Range

to

to

Up

min. max. Up

3.75

13

13

in.)

m)

in)

diameter

X

(22

x

(16

0.15

(m

X

Dimensions

0.55

0.4

length

1.18

? x

? x

and

fixed

mobile

fixed

ballistic

Type

attack

to-surface

targets

against

against to

2

missile

mobile

missile Surface- targets missile targets Anti-tank Conventional

Surface-to-surface

wire-

Missile

(Tube-

guided)

tracked, launched,

optically-

T-16

TOW

T-22

TABASCO Missile Type Dimensions Range Warhead(s) Additional remarks Producing! length x diameter (km) developing (m X m) country

Improved TOW Anti-tank 1.18 X 0.15 3.75 3.6 kg hollow SACLOS guidancet Interim USA charge weapon, to deal with the latest genetration of Soviet tanks. The improved warhead triggers the charge at a stand-off distance of 380 mm, giving a better performance against the latest types of tank armour TOW-2 Anti-tank 1.18 X 0.15 3.75 Larger 6 kg Infra-red sight in parallel USA warhead with the optical sight to guide TOW-2 to its target More accurate SACLOSt guidance system, using dual microprocessors Trident-! Sea-launched ballistic 10.36 X 1.88 7000 7 x 100 kton W- Deployed on Trident USA missile 76 nuclear submarines warheads * CWSAR (H)= Continuous Wave Semi-Active Radar (Homing) **SAHR = Semi-Active Radar Homing tSACLOS = Semi-Automatic, Command to Line of Sight. Weapon Systems 289

Notes 1. Michael Stephenson and John Weal Nuclear Dictionary (Essex: Longman, 1985). 2. Per Berg and Gunilla Herolf, 'Deep Strike: New Technologies for Conventional Interdiction', in World Armament and Disarmament, SIPRI Yearbook I984 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1984). 3. Brian Wanstall, 'Getting the Right Counter-Air Mix for NATO', Interavia 3(1985), pp. 255-7. 4. Mark Hewish, 'The Assault Breaker Programme, US Stand-off Weapons Technology of the Future', International Defense Review, 9(1982) pp. 1207-11. 5. Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1985, Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriation, United States Senate, Part I - Budget Overview (Washington, 1984) pp. 254-623. 6. Graham Warwick, 'Assault Breaker is Dead, Deep Strike Lives On', FLIGHT International (1 Sept. 1984). 7. Sverre Lodgaard and Frank Blackaby, 'Nuclear Weapons', in World Armament and Disarmament, SIPRI Yearbook 1984 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1984). 8. Wim Smit, 'The Patriot Missile: an Arms Control Impact Analysis', Chapter 15 of this book. 9. Gunilla Herolf (SIPRI), private communications. 10. Jane's Weapon Systems 198~5 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1985). 11. Mark Hewish, 'British Aerospace's ALARM', International Defense Review 5(1985) pp. 765-6. 12. Deborah Zaidman, 'France and Germany Team on Joint Stand-off Weapon Project', Defence & Armament, no 41 (Mar. 1985) pp. 56-7. 13. Hewish, The Assault Breaker Programme, US Stand-off Technology for the Future, International Defense Review, 9(1982) pp. 1207-11. 14. William M. Arkin et al. in World Armament as Disarmament, SIPRI Yearbook 1985 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1985).

B OTHER WEAPON SYSTEMS AND WEAPON PROGRAMMES

AMX-303 French main battle tank. The French Army has more than 1000 AMX-30s in service. There is room for a four man crew in the AMX-30; its combat weight is 36 tonnes. Its maximum speed is 65 km/h, it has an average speed of 50 km/h on the road and 35-40 km/h cross-country. The maximum road range is 500-600 km. Its main armament is a 105 mm rifled gun, which can fire HEAT, HE, phosphorus smoke or illuminating rounds. With the HE shell, a maximum range of 11 km can be achieved. In addition to this main gun there are a 20 mm cannon and a 7.62 mm machine-gun. 290 Weapon Systems

AMX-323 French main battle tank. Essentially an upgraded version of the AMX-30. AMX-403 French main battle tank. By late 1984, the first four prototypes had been completed. AMX-40 offers significant advantages over AMX-30 and AMX- 32 and is an essentially new vehicle. Its main armament is a 120 mm smooth­ bore gun, capable of penetrating a heavy tank triple target and a medium tank single target at a range of up to 3000 metres. Additionally there are a 20 mm cannon and a 7.62 mm machine-gun. The AMX-40 weighs 43 tonnes, and has an average speed of 55 km/h on the road and 50 km/h cross-country. Its maximum range is 550 km.

Apache helicopter1 US Army designation: AH-64 Designed by Hughes to meet the US Army's requirement for an advanced attack helicopter, capable of undertaking a full day/night/adverse weather anti-armour mission, and of fighting, surviving and living with troops in a front-line environment. Armaments: depending on the type, 8-16 Hellfire missiles, 320-1200 rounds of 30 mm ammunitions and some tens of rockets. Technical details: main rotor diam­ eter 14.63 m. length 17.76 m. max. range: 689 km with internal, and 2018 km with both internal and external fuel.

Aquila 192 US RPV for surveillance target acquisition and laser designation. Production will start in 1986. Weight: 118 kg. Speed: 80-200 km/h. Penetration range: 50 km. Endurance time: 3 hr.

AT-2 mines13 Anti-tank mines for the MLRS. It will be a 227 mm mine, designed especially for area-denial, to channel, slow down or stop armoured units. It will be produced in FR Germany. AWACS9 Airborne Warning And Control System. US radar system for early warning and control, deployed on a modified Boeing 707 airframe. The antenna is mounted back-to-back with another antenna (for IFF and secondary surveil­ lance) in a rotating radome on top of the plane. The A WACS has seven operating modes; in addition to the test maintenance and standby modes there are the pulse Doppler elevation and non-elevation scan modes for surveillance down to the surface, the beyond-the-horizon mode for extended range surveillance, the passive mode (transmitter shut down) for ECM and the maritime mode which uses short pulses, to reduce the sea clutter patch for detection of moving or stationary surface ships. CASTORZ Aircraft having a long-range stand-off radar to collect information which will enable the Phoenix RPV to find more effectively its potential targets.

Challenger3 British main battle tank. In March 1983 the first 243 Challengers were Weapon Systems 291 ordered by the British Army. In June 1984 an order of another 64 tanks followed. The turret and hull incorporate Chobham armour to increase battlefield survivability. It has four crew members and weighs 62 tonnes. Its maximum road speed is 60 kmlh. Challenger has a 120 mm gun and two 7.62 mm machine-guns. Chieftain3 British main battle tank. The first prototypes were finished in the early 1960s. About 900 Chieftains were built for the British Army; several hundreds have been sold to Middle East countries. The Chieftain has a weight of 54.1 tonnes and four crew members. Its maximum range in the cross-country is 200-300 km; on the road this becomes 400-500 km. Its maximum speed (on the road) is 48 km/h. It has a 120 mm gun, able to fire (a.o.) APDS and HESH munitions. In addition, it has two 7.62 mm machine-guns and one 12.7 mm machine-gun.

CL.-2892 Reconnaissance drone, with camera (TV) and infra-red line-scan sensors. Weight 200 kg, penetration range 120 km. Expected to enter service in 1988 (France and FRG). Developed by Canada, France, FRG.

Copperhead3 The Copperhead cannon-launched guided projectile (CLGP) is a 155 mm munition, developed by Martin Marietta (US). It consists of three separate sections for guidance (gyro-ball), warhead (HEAT shaped charge) and for stabilisation and control (by wings). Copperhead is laser homing, the laser being either airborne or man-carried.

CWSI4 Container Weapon System. Dispenser, currently being developed in FR Germany by MBB. There are a number of versions of this weapon to reach maximum versatility at minimum cost by using a modular build-up. All these versions have a container with 42 ejection tubes which contains the submunitions.

E-2C Hawkeye1 US Airborne early warning aircraft. Its avionics include a search radar (range 270 km), IFF systems, a passive detection having a range twice that of the search radar and facilities for automatic track initiation. The E-2 can simultaneously and automatically track more than 600 targets and control 40 air intercepts. Span: 24.56 m. Max. speed: 598 km/h Ferry range: 2583 km. Length: 17.54 m. Service ceiling: 9390 m.

E-4 1 US Air Force airborne command post, aircraft built by Boeing. The E-4 has accommodation for 94 crew members with three decks. There are, i.a., a conference room, briefing room, control centres, and a National Command Authority Area. In addition to command and control avionics, the E-4 is able to use satellite and ground-based systems; there is communication equipment on many frequencies; the E-4 is capable of tying in to commercial 292 Weapon Systems telephone and radio networks. Span: 59.60 m. Length: 70.51 m. Mission endurance: 72 h.

EF-111AI US Air Force ECM tactical jamming aircraft. Three roles are foreseen for the EF-IIIA: (1) jamming, (2) penetration accompanying strike aircraft to high priority targets, (3) close air support to neutralise anti-air radars while the strike force deliers its attack on enemy armour. Span: 19.20 m. Length: 23.16 m. Max. speed: around 2200 km/h. Ferry-range: 3706 km. Combat radius for the respective roles: (1) 370 km, (2) 1495 km; (3) 1155 km.

EFAI European Fighter Aircraft. It was to be developed jointly by five European nations: FRG, UK, Italy, Spain, France. In 1985, France and Spain withdrew from the project. 10 The other three countries will proceed with the project. Any other nation is welcome to join them; in that case tasks would be redivided, but the discussion about the specifications seems to be closed. In December 1983 it was agreed that EFA should be a single seat agile fighter with a secondary ground attack capability. The primary sensor is to be a multi-mode pulse Doppler radar with an interception range of 92.5 - 148 km. Other radar equipments will include systems for velocity and single target search, track-while-scan and range-while-scan, and target priority selection/weapon selection. Armaments: internally mounted cannon plus a mix of six AMRAAM/ASRAAM missiles.

ESPAWS3 Enhanced Self-Propelled Artillery Weapon System. US programme for a new self-propelled artillery system in the 1990s. Normal unassisted range should be 20-25 km, or 30 km by assisted rounds. The vehicle will be an armoured full-tracked howitzer carrying 50-75 rounds on board. There will be room for 3-4 crew members, but the system is operable by 2. It will be able to deliver all known 155 mm munitions, and it will also have a 12.7 mm machine-gun. Each howitzer will have its own ammunition resupply vehicle, capable of carrying 80 to 150 complete rounds. It will have an 'improved armour'.

F-15 Eagle1 US Air Force single seat twin-turbofan air superiority fighter, with secondary attack role, produced by McDonnell Douglas. First production in the early 1970s. Avionics include X-band pulse Doppler radar for long-range detec­ tion, tracking of small high-speed targets and also having an automatic target acquisition capability for close-in dayfights; IFF system. Armament: four AIM-9 missiles and four AIM-7 missiles or 8 AMRAAMs. Furthermore, the F-15 has a variety of other air-to-air weapons and a 20 mm barrel gun (940 rounds). Span: 13.05 m. Length: 19.43 m. Max. speed: > Mach. 2.5. Service ceiling: 18 300 km. Ferry range: 4631-5745 km.

F-16 Fighting Falconi Single-seat light-weight air combat fighter (F-16A) and two-seat fighter- Weapon Systems 293 trainer (F-16B), developed and tested in the 1970s in the US. Avionics include: pulse Doppler radar, IFF electro-optical and infra-red sensors. Armaments: 20 mm cannon, 515 rounds of ammunition, AMRAAM, AIM- 9, Maverick and other missiles. Span: 9.45 m. Length: 15.09 m. Max. speed Mach 2. Service ceiling: 15 240m. Ferry range: 3890 km.

F-20 Northrop 1 Single-seat export fighter, produced in the 1980s in the US. Avionics include a coherent multi-mode radar with advanced digital signal processing; ring laser gyro inertial navigation system and electronic counter-measures equip­ ment. The F-20 has two 20 mm guns, and stations for external weapons or fuel. Typical loads include 30 mm gun pod, six AIM-9 air-to-air, or four Maverick air-to-surface missiles; nine Mk 82 bombs or four laser guided bombs. Span: 8.52 m. Length: 14.19 m. Service ceiling: 17.3 km. Ferry range: 3734 km. Max. speed at 13 km > Mach 2

HEAP High Explosive Armour Piercing. Anti-armour warhead analogous to HESH, but with an explosive charge which detonates with a delayed contact gaze, which causes more damage.

HEAT High Explosive Anti-Tank Anti-Armour warhead. Injects a rapid jet of hot gas in the armour, which penetrates it (up to several metres of armour) and squirts molten metal through the tank.

HESH High Explosive Squash Head. Anti-armour warhead, that explodes at the moment of contact with the tank. This causes shock waves which destroy the interior of the tank by pieces of armour and metal.

Hind-helicopter (Mil Mi-24) 1 Soviet assault helicopter, with transport capabilities, produced in the early 1970s. Avionics include: radar altimeter; blind-flying instrumentation; radar low light-level TV and electro-optical sensors; IFF. Armaments: remotely controlled 12.7 mm machine-gun; four Swatter anti-tank missiles; four hinderwing pylons for rockets pods, special bombs or other stores. Span: 17.00 m. Length (excl. rotors) 18.50 m. Max. level speed: 370 km/h. Service ceiling: 4.5 km. Combat radius: 160 km.

!Ff'lS Identification Friend or Foe system to prevent that own targets are hit and to identify enemy targets to be hit. After long negotiations the US Mark- 15 system was chosen instead of the alternative FR German Capri system. Probably this is the result of a deal offered by the US to the FRG. This deal is understood to include the purchase of unrelated hardware items, although reference has been made to the US paying for measures to alleviate the frequency congestion problems which worried the Germans in choosing the Mark-15 system. 294 Weapon Systems

Jaguar1 Single-seat tactical support aircraft and two-seat operational or advanced trainer. Designed by Breguet (France) and British Aerospace (UK). In production since the late 1970s. Three 30 mm guns. The Jaguar can carry alternative loads, including one Martel anti-radar missile plus two droptanks; eight 1000 lb bombs; various combinations of free-fall, retarded and cluster bombs, missiles; a reconnaissance camera pack. Span: 8.69 m. Length: 16.83 m (single-seat); 17.53 m (two-seat). Max. level speed: Mach. 1.1 (sea-level)/ Mach. 1.6 (11 km). Ferry range with external fuel: 3524 km.

JP-233 16 Anti-airfield dispenser, developed in the UK. This weapon actually contains two dispensers: one with SG 357 dual-charge runway cratering submunitions and one with HB 876 area chemical mines. This combination of area denial and runway-cratering makes post-attack repair of the airfield difficult and time-requiring.

JSEAD Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Defence programme of the US Office of the Secretary of Defense to develop both lethal and non-lethal techniques for the suppression of enemy or defence capabilities. The programme also includes development of techniques to locate and identify enemy emitters.

J-STARS9 Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System. A joint US Air Force/ US Army project, combining the USAF's Pave Mover Programme with the Army's SOTAS programme. The radar is primarily intended to detect enemy (moving) armour and also to direct attacks against it. It provides real-time data, and installation of the system is proposed on the Lockheed TR-1, the Boeing C-18 and the OV-D aircraft.

JTf'11 Joint Tactical Fusion. US programme to explore on a near real-time basis time sensitive and high volume multi-sensor information. The objective is to develop by 1986 an enemy situation correlation element to provide precise location of hostile forces.

KZ02 Kleinfluggeriit fur Ziel Ortung. RPV for surveillance, target acquisition and laser designaton being developed in the FRG. It has a forward looking infra­ red sensor, and a weight of 100-150 kg and the KZO has an endurance time of more than 3.5 hours.

Leopard-13 Main battle tank (FRG). Preceded Leopard-2. Production started in 1965. It has four crew members and weighs 40 tonnes. Its maximum range on the road is 600 km; in cross-country the range is 450 km. It has a maximum road speed of 65 km/h. Leopard-1 has one 105 mm gun, able to fire many Weapon Systems 295

Western standard 105 mm rounds. In addition there are two 7.62 mm machine guns and four smoke dischargers.

Leopard-23 Main battle tank of West German ongm, produced from the late 1970s onward. It has a four-man crew, weighs 55 tonnes; it has a maximum road speed of 72 kmlh and a maximum road range of 550 km. Its main armament is a 120 mm smooth-bore gun, able to deliver APFSDS (Armour Piercing Fire-Stabilised Disgarding Sabot) and HEAT munitions. In addition, it has two 7.62 mm machine-guns and eight smoke dischargers. LOCPOD Low Cost Powered Dispenser, a CNAD project. The MOBIDIC and Apache missiles are considered to be important candidates.

Ml-Abram3 American main battle tank. It has four crew members and weighs 54.4 tonnes. It has a maximum speed on the road of 72.4 km/h; in the country this is 48.3 km/h. Its maximum range on the road is 475 km. The M1-Abram has a 105 mm gun, two 7.62 mm machine-guns and a 12.7 mm machine­ gun. The fire control system includes a laser range-finder, and a stabilised day/thermed night sight. The latter system produces an image by sensing the small difference in heat radiated by the objects in view (infra-red thermal imaging system).

Mangusta helicopter Italian anti-tank, attack and advanced scout helicopter, to enter service with the Italian Army in 1986. All main functions (communication, navigation, fire control a.s.o.) is controlled by one digital multiplex system relying on two redundant, independently operating computers. Full day/night capa­ bility by a forward looking infra-red system. A mast-mounted stall for TOW missile tracking laser ranger, laser designation (cf. Hellfire) and automatic laser tracking of targets designated by other lasers, ECCM and ECM systems. Initial armament of up to eight TOW missiles; with these either two machine-guns or two launchers each for seven 2-7 in. air-to-surface rockets. Alternatively, six Hellfires, two Stinger-type air-to-air missiles, eight HOTs, two gun pods plus two nineteen-tube rocket launchers can be carried. Span: 11.90 m. Length: 14.29 m. Max. speed at sea-level: 270 km/h. max. endurance time: 3 h.

Mark-15 12 US IFF system, which will include at least one aircraft radar mode of operation, in the 3 em band with the transponder reply at the 1030 MH­ band. See also IFF

Mastiff-22 Israeli RPV for reconnaissance and surveillance by TV-cameras. It weighs 115 kg and has a penetration range of 100 km. The Mastiff has a speed of 75-170 krn!h and an endurance time of 6 h. 296 Weapon Systems

MBT-953 Future tank project. British project for designing a new tank to replace Chieftain and Challenger. It should be much lighter (40-45 tonnes) than the Challenger. Currently, all possible configurations are being studied. It should have its initial operation capability in 1995.

MiG-211 Soviet fighter aircraft. First prototype built in 1956. There have been developed many different types since then. In the following, the details of the MiG-21MF are given as an example. It has a search and tracking radar with a search range of approximately 29 km, a warning radar and blind­ flying instrumentation. The plane has one 23 mm gun, and four underwing pylons which can typically be loaded with 2 air-to-air missiles and two radar homing rocket packs of 16 rockets each (interceptor role) or with rockets, bombs or air-to-surface missiles (ground attack role). Span: 7.15 m. Length: 15.76 m. Combat radius: 370-740 km (depending on load and mission). Max. speed: Mach 2.1 (> 11 km). Mach 1.06 (low altitude).

MiG-231 Soviet variable geometry air combat fighter, in production from the 1970s. There are at least ten types; below some details on the MiG-23MF are given as an example. It has a radar with 85 km search range and 54 km tracking range, a IFF system, infra-red sensor or laser range finder. Armament: one 23 mm gun plus pylons for rocket packs, air-to-air missiles or other external stores. Span: 14.25 m (wings fully spread), 8.17 m (wings fully swept). Length: 18.25 m. Max. level speed: Mach 2.35 (high altitude), Mach 1.2 (sea-level). Combat radius: 900-1300 km

MiG-251 Soviet interceptor aircraft, developed in the 1960s. There are five variants of the MiG-25; as an example, details of the Foxbat A are given below. Five control radar (range probably 85 km), navigation radar, warning radar, ECM and ECCM facilities are included in the avionics. The MiG-25 is armed with four air-to-air missiles, which may comprise one infra-red and one radar homing missile. Span: 13.95 m. Length: 23.82 m. Never exceed combat speed: Mach 2.83. Service ceiling: 24.4 km. Max. combat radius: 1450 km.

MiG-291 Soviet all-weather counter-air fighter, with attack capability. First of a completely new generation Soviet fighters. Entered service in 1984. A pulse Doppler lookdown/shootdown radar gives it night/adverse weather capa­ bility. It carries six medium range air-to-air missiles, bombs, rocket pods or others stores. Span: 10.25 m. Length: 15.50 m. Max. level speed: Mach 2.2 (high altitude), Mach 1.06 (sea level) Combat radius: 800 km

MiG-311 Soviet fighter, being deployed since early 1983. It inherited its general configuration from MiG-25. The MiG-31 has lookdown/shootdown capa- Weapon Systems 297 bility. A pulse Doppler radar is allied to eight advanced air-to-air missiles including the radar homing AA-9.

Mirage 20001 French combat aircraft, equally suitable for reconnaissance, close support, and low attitude attack missions in areas to the rear of a battlefield. It is to be the primary French combat aircraft from the mid 1980s. Avionics include multi-mode radar with an operating range of 100 km; ECM; IFF and a laser designator and marked target seeker pod. The Mirage 2000 has two 30 mm guns. For interception missions, it could typically be armed with four air­ to-air missiles. In an air-to-surface role, it can be armed with eighteen 250 kg bombs, or penetration bombs, three 1000 kg bombs, rockets, seven cluster bombs, two cannon pods; in total it can carry more than 6000 kg external stores. Span: 9.00 m. Length: 14.50 m. Max. level speed: > Mach 2.3. Service ceiling: 18 km. Range:> 1500-1800 km (depending on mission).

MW-1 (Mehrzweck Waffe-Jl6) West German anti-armour/anti-airfield dispenser, to be deployed by 1986 in the West German Tornado aircraft. It can contain various types of war­ heads: KB-44, MIFF and Musa submunitions for anti-armour purposes; they would kill 30 per cent of the armour in a large area; Stabo, Muspa, ASW for anti-airfield purposes.

NAVSTARS US global positioning system, consisting of 24 satellites in 12-hour orbits at a height of 20 000 km. The user (which could, for example, be missiles or ships) can determine its position with an accuracy of 10 metres 90 per cent of the time, and 7 metres 50 per cent of the time. The velocity can be determined to 2 cm/s within a dynamic range of 0-25 m/s while the user is accelerating at a rate up to lOg.

Panzer Abwehr Dronez Anti-tank drone, being developed in the FRG. Different sensor combi­ nations are being developed and tested. This drone is intended to acquire later the capability to deal with other targets.

Pave Mover Former project of the US Air Force, now covered by the J STARS project.

Pave Tigerz Drone for attack missions currently being developed in the US. It has a radar seeker. The Pave Tiger has a weight of 113 kg, and a speed up to 185 km/h. It has an endurance time of 10 h. Development is planned for 1986/ 7.

Phantom 111•7 Two-seat air defence fighter, produced between 1955 and 1979 in the US. In early 1984, Boeing offered a modernisation scheme to the operators of the around 2700 Phantoms deployed world-wide. Armament: missiles. In 298 Weapon Systems addition, stores for i.a. nuclear and conventional (including cluster bombs) bombs, rockets, gun pods, spraytanks and ECM pods are available. Span: 11.77 . Length: 19.20 m. Max. level speed with external stores: over Mach 2. Combat radius: 1266 km (area intercept), 795 km (defensive counter air), 1145 km (interdiction)

Phoenixz British RPV for surveillance and target acquisition with a penetration range of 50-70 km and an endurance time of 5 h. It has a speed of 240 km/h and a forward-looking infra-red sensor. At present it is in the development stage; production is planned for 1988-9.

PLSS18 Precision Location/Strike System. A US project or a system that will provide a 24-hour all weather capability for aircraft to attack a variety of ground targets, in particular air defence systems that depend on very accurate guidance and detection radars. Using photogrammatic techniques, a form of aerial reconnaissance photography, PLSS will also be able to establish the locations of targets that emit no electronic radiation like bridges, airfields, and, command and control posts.

Poseidons US nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine, deployed in the 1960s. The Poseidon is 1295 m long and has 168 crew members. Initially, the Poseidon carried the Polaris missiles. Later they underwent conversion to the Poseidon SLBM. Between 1978 an 1983, 12 Poseidons were converted to carry the Trident-1 SLBM.

SADARM9 Sense And Destroy Armour Munition. A US Army project for designing and developing a weapon for use against mass enemy armour beyond FEBA. It is intended to be delivered by existing conventional 8-inch artillery, although it is probable that SADARM submunitions will find applications in the MLRS. SADARM is 203 mm in diameter, and 1.14 m long, which contains three submunitions, delivering Self-Forging Fragment (SFF)-type warheads. The target is formed by mm-wave sensors which scan the area owing to the motion of the submunition.

Scout2 Israeli RPV for reconnaissance and surveillance with TV-camera. It has a penetration range of 100 km, a speed of 80-150 krn/h and an endurance time of 6 h. It weighs 135 kg.

SHORAD4 Short Range Air Defence System. A demonstration prototype has been built by Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation in 1982. The system consists of (1) a towed Chaparral surface-to-air missile, (2) a shoulder-fired SABRE missile with laser beamrider guidance, (3) a DIVAD 40 mm gun (which is self-sufficient and can accept targeting information from radar or Weapon Systems 299 other sources or can operate autonomously and can direct accurate fire at air and ground targets) and (4) a truck-mounted platoon Coordination Centre which has a DIVAD gun radar and fire-control system.

Skeet16•19 Warhead for anti-armour weapons (dispensers, MLRS), developed in the US Assault Breaker Programme. It contains a Self-Forging Fragment (SFF) that reaches a velocity of 2750 m/s and penetrates its target by kinetic energy. It finds the target by an IR sensor. If no suitable target is found, it can be used in a fragmentation mode against softer targets.

Skyeye R4£2 American RPV with camera and TV sensors. There are four types: the R4E- 10 (surveillance), R4E-30 (multi-mission including attack), R4E-40 (multi­ mission) and R4E-70 (multi-mission). The R4E-30 is already operational, and the R4E-40 is operational in a surveillance role while the other two types are still in the development stage. Technical data:

Type Weight Speed Penetration range Endurance time (km) (km/h) (km) (h) R4E-10 77 185 40 3 R4E-30 204 up to 230 150 >8 R4E-40 240 up to 250 250 9 R4E-70 308 up to 300 300

SLARS Side Looking Airborne Radar. Airborne radar, emitting and receiVIng perpendicular to the fly-direction of the aircraft, thereby increasing the effective length of the antenna which means a (much) better resolution.

SOTAS8•9 Stand-Off Target Acquisition System. US Army project, now covered by J STARS after a short stage in which the designation Battlefield Data System was used.

SP-703 Self-Propelled 155 mm howitzer, being jointly developed by the FRG, UK and Italy, and expected to enter in service in 1988. It will have a five man crew and will weigh 43.5 tonnes. In addition to the howitzer able to fire the full-range of NATO 155 mm projectiles, there is a 7.62 mm machine-gun. A new high explosive projectile and new illuminating and smoke rounds are being developed. Also Copperhead can be fired by the SP-70.

SRAAMB A fully-guided short range air-to-air missile, developed and successfully tested by British Aerospace. The technologies used and experience gained are contributing to the European ASRAAM-project. 300 Weapon Systems

SU-241 Soviet two-seat variable geometry attack aircraft that entered service in 1974. It has pylons for guided and unguided air-to-surface weapons, including nuclear weapons. It has one gun. Span: 17.25 m (spread wings), 10.00 m (swept wings). Length: 21.29 m. Service ceiling: 17.5 km. Max. speed: Mach 2.2 (high altitude), Mach 1.2 (sea-level).

SU-25 1 Soviet attack aircraft, operational since 1983-4. The total weight of the armament is estimated at 4000 kg and includes a heavy calibre gun. Span: 15.50 m. Length: 14.50 m. Max. level speed: 880 km/h. Combat radius: 556 km.

SU-271 Soviet counter-air fighter with secondary ground attack capability. Now probably operational. It has all-weather capability. Its pulse Doppler radar (search range 240 km, tracking range 185 km) and heavy armament should also give it a good potential against low flying aircraft and cruise missiles, particularly when it is deployed in partnership with the new Soviet A WACS aircraft. Armament: eight medium range radar homing air-to-air missiles. Ability to carry up to 6000 kg by external stores for ground attack capability. Span: 14.50 m. Length: 21.00 m. Max. speed: Mach 2.35 (high altitude), Mach 1.1 sea-level). Combat radius: 1150 km.

TGSM19 Terminally guided submunition anti-armour submissile. Although it lost the competition in the US Assault Breaker programme to Skeet, this two-colour infra-red sensing weapon could still have an application as a warhead for MLRS.

Tornado 1 West European multirole variable geometry aircraft jointly developed by the UK, FRG and Italy. Production started in the late 1970s and will last till 1989. There are two versions of the Tornado: the Interdictor/Strike (IDS) and the Air Defence Variant (ADV). Both variants have included in their avionics: a central computer and IFF. The IDS has, i.a., a Doppler radar with terrain following and a laser range-finder and marked target seeker. The ADV's interception capability is based on a multi-mode track­ while-scan pulse-Doppler radar. ECCM is standard; ECM is under develop­ ment. Both the IDS and the ADV have two 27 mm cannons. In addition, the IDS variant has weapons which vary according to role; they include MW-1, JP-223, Maverick and Matra retarded bombs. The ADV can carry four semi-active radar homing air-to-air missiles and one or two AIM-9s. For the future the ADV will be able to carry up to six AMRAAMs and four ASRAAMs. Span: 13.91 m. Length: 16.72 m (IDS); 18.06 m (ADV). Max. level speed: 1480 km/h.

Trident> US nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine being deployed this decade. Weapon Systems 301

The Trident has a length of 170.7 m. The first Tridents will be armed with 24 Trident-1 missiles. From 1988 onwards, the Trident II SLBM will be fitted in the Trident submarines.

Tu-22M1 Soviet medium bomber and maritime reconnaissance/attack aircraft. Around 120 of the 260 are allocated to the Soviet Strategic Nuclear Forces. This bomber, designated by NATO countries as the Backfire, was subject of controversy during the SALT-II processes. It was deployed in the late 1970s. The Tu-22M has a large bombing and navigation radar. Its armament may include nuclear bombs (see above). Primary armament: up to three air­ to-surface missiles, and up to 12 tonnes of conventional bombs. It has advanced ECM and ECCM systems. Long-range air-launched cruise missiles are expected to be operational on the Tu-22M in the mid 1980s. Span: 34.45 m (spread wings); 26.21 m (swept wings. Length: 42.5 m. Max. speed: Mach 1.92 (high altitude), Mach 0.9 (low altitude). Unrefuelled combat radius: 5470 km

Typhoon6 Soviet nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. In any case two Typhoon submarines have entered service (1980, 1982). It has aboard 20 SS-N-20 SLBMs which have a range of about 9000 km and seven MIRV warheads. The Typhoon is 170 m long.

XM1-Abram See M1-Abram (X stands for experimental stage)

ZSU-23-43 Soviet self-propelled anti-aircraft system developed in the early 1960s. The ZSU-23-4 has four crew members and weighs 19 tonnes. It has a maximum range of 260 km and a maximum road speed of 44 krnlh. It has four 23 mm cannons. Target acquisition is being done by radar. Radar data are fed into the computer that determines fireparameters.

Notes 1. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1984-1985 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1985). 2. Gunilla Herolf (SIPRI), private communication. 3. Jane's Armour and Artillery 1984-85 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1985). 4. Jane's Armour and Artillery 1983-84 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1985). 5. K. Tsipis, Arsenal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983) pp. 321-5 6. Jane's Fighting Ships 1984-85 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1985). 7. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1980-81 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1981). 302 Weapon Systems

8. Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1982-83 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 198). 9. Jane's Weapon Systems 1984-85 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1985). 10. Doug Richardson, 'World Missile Directory', in FLIGHT Inter- national, 2 February 1985. 11. 'Tripartite EFA is 10', FLIGHT International, 10 Aug. 1985. 12. Interavia, 7(1985), p. 750. 13. International Defence Review Special Series, No 15, p. 96. 14. Bill Gunston, A Guide to Modern Airborne Missiles (London: Sala­ mander, 1985). 15. Interavia, 6(1985). 16. Graham Warwick, 'Assault Breaker Is Dead; Deep-strike Lives On', FLIGHT International, 1 September 1984. 17. Clarence A. Robinson, 'U.S. Develops Anti-tactical Missile for Europe', Aviation Week & Space Technology, 9 Apr. 1984. 18. Jane's Weapon Systems 1983-84 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1984) 19. N. F. Wikner, Europiiische Wehrkunde WWR, 4(1983) pp. 201-215. Appendix II Some Remarks on the Cost of Reactive Defence Options Hans W. Hofmann, Reiner K. Huber and Karl Steiger

INTRODUCTION

In their paper 'On Reactive Defense Options', Hoffman, Huber and Steiger1 present some preliminary results of computer experiments by means of a detailed battalion regiment-level combat simulation model which were designed to test the potential contribution of reactive defence options to an improvement of NATO's forward defence capability in comparison with active ones. Among others, the measures of effectiveness included so-called Relative Force Value Ratios (RFVR) defined as the quotient of the relative value (with respect to the initial value) of the respective defence options and the relative value of the threat formations surviving at the end of the battle. Thus, the RFVR values represent indicators of the trend of the simulated battles. For example, for RFVR> 1 the situation develops in favour of the defenders without necessarily entailing a battle success. It only implies that the probability of success increases as RFVR increases. As a corollary, an option with a higher RFVR is preferable to one with a lower RFVR in terms of its potential contribution to countering the threat. There are numerous ways to measure the utility or value of (surviving) forces based on expert judgement. However, with a view to novel force structures on one hand and the reproducibility of the assessment on the other, the authors decided to use the relative capital investment cost for scaling an item's contribution to the option's overall value. The use of relative (to the initial) force values is meant to provide for the comparability of rather differently structured options. This appendix presents a summary of the cost estimates from which the relative investment cost values were derived. It also discusses some funda­ mental difficulties in defining the system structures for costing weapon and defence systems.

303 304 Costs of Reactive Defence Options

COST STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE DEFENCES

Table A.l shows the relative cost structure of two (active defence) units of the German Federal Armed Forces tested in the computer experiments and of their superordinate units. They resemble an armoured infantry battalion (PzGrenBtl, Option A) and a tank battalion (PzBtl, Option C) and the respective brigades. From Table A.1 it will be noticed that:

Table A.l Relative cost structure of German Federal armed forces units (1984)

Unit PzGrenBtl PzGrenBrig PzBtl PzBrig Cost Category (Option A) (Option C) Total capital investment (%) 100 100 100 100 Main weapon system (%) 86 85 95 92 Operating cost per year(%) 32.5 (100) 30 (100) 11.5 (100) 16.3 (100) Personnel cost per year(%) 23 ( 70) 19 ( 63) 5.7 ( 50) 9.3 ( 57) Material cost per year(%) 7.5 ( 23) 8 ( 27) 5.2 ( 45) 6 ( 37)

(1) About 85-95 per cent of the capital investment cost accounts for major weapon systems (e.g. battle tanks, APC, helicopter, etc.), while the complementary 5-15 per cent account mainly for communications equipment; (2) The annual operating cost represents between 10-16 per cent of the investment cost for main battle tank units and about 30 per cent for armoured infantry units; the major share of the operating cost (50-70 per cent) accounts for personnel followed by material maintenance; at almost identical absolute operating cost, the tank units spend more on material maintenance than the armoured infantry units ( 40 versus 25 per cent). Considering an average weapon system life-span of 15-25 years, within which some additional capital investment cost occur for the modernisation of the systems, it is easily seen that the life cycle cost of the present active defence units are dominated by personnel cost followed by capital investment and materiel maintenance and operations cost. This is also obvious from the Federal Republic's defence budget where the personnel outlays amount to about 41 per cent, the cost for military procurement to about 5 per cent, and for material maintenance and operations to about 9 per cent (see White Paper, 1985, p. 127).2 Costs of Reactive Defence Options 305

Besides the general level of wages and salaries, it is primarily the personnel structure of military forces which determines personnel cost. The structural parameters account, for example for the ratio between peace-time and wartime manning levels (cadre strengths) and the ratio between conscripts and career personnel. In Germany, the annual cost of a temporary career voluntary is about three times that of a conscript.

ON THE CAPITAL INVESTMENT COST OF REACTIVE DEFENCE OPTIONS

The capital investment cost of the various reactive defence options that were tested in the simulation experiment include the procurement cost of the employed weapon systems including their ammunition. Their estimation posed a not insignificant problem. For one thing, even for existing systems there are considerable differences in procurement cost depending, for example, on which items are included (with or without spares, document­ ation, and service equipment) procurement lot size, year of procurement, assumptions on the currency exchange ratios and others. Of course, for non-existent future weapon systems the situation is even more problematic. In addition to methodological problems (e.g. consider­ ation of R & D cost), it is the assumptions on procurement sizes that largely determine the estimates. Table A.2 shows the procurement cost estimates (including ammunition) for the weapon system with which the defence options investigated are equipped (cost level, 1984). The ammunition costs usually represent weighted costs of the various ammunition types employed by the respective systems as specified by the ammunition mix of the basic combat loads of the systems. The estimates are based on the cost of existing systems discounted to an average inflation rate of 5 per cent. The cost of future systems was then derived through performance comparisons with the present systems. Thus, the cost data may only be considered as rough estimates derived primarily in order to provide a weighing scheme for battle losses as outlined in the introduction. This approach basically implies that the cost of losses are a measure for the replacement cost which are, on a relative scale, the lower, the higher the RFVR values. They also provide estimates for an opportunity cost assess­ ment in which a more expensive system weighs heavier than a less expensive one as the former would have been more valuable in subsequent operations. Figure A.1 (which is identical to Figure 3.1 in Ref1 shows the derived relative capital investment cost for the various options, the equipment mix of which is detailed in Tables A.3 and A.4. They do not include any personnel and material maintenance and operations cost or cost for superor­ dinate structures (staffs, command and control systems) that are nevertheless essential for the operations of the options and thus need to be considered in the assessment of alternative defence concepts which may include some of the reactive modules tested in our experiments. Table A.2 Procurement cost estimates for weapons of the investigated defence options (cost level, 1984)

Class Type Procurement cost Procurement cost Employed in Remarks Per system (DM) Per round (DM) Option Direct fire Infantry Fighting 65 (){)() 20 I Jeep, 20 mm MG weapons Vehicle (HMG SP) 800 (){)() K Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (6x6) 50 25 mm MG 10 15 mm MG 1 300 (){)() 20 A,B,C Lightly armoured tracked vehicle (e.g. Marder) 1 20 mm MG, 7.62 mm MG 1 600 (){)() 50 D Lightly armoured tracked vehicle with 1 reinforced front armour, 25 mm MG, 7.62 mm MG Static Tank 50(){)() 1 700 H 105 mm tank turret mounted in pillbox (e.g. Turret Centurion) Armoured 1 100 000 K Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle with Self-propelled turret Anti-tank Gun 1 200 75 mm MG (e.g. ARES) (ATK gun Sp) 10 15 mm MG 1 250 000 p Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle with turret 1 700 105 mm gun 1 7.62 mm MG 1 400 (){)() H Lightly armoured tracked vehicle with turret Table A.2 continued

Class Type Procurement cost Procurement cost Employed in Remarks Per system (DM) Per round (DM) Option 1 700 105 mm gun (e.g. Kurassier) 1 7.62 mm MG 2 300 000 D Lightly armoured tracked vehicle (Marder chassis) with reinforced front armour, 2 000 120 mm gun, autom. loader 1 7.62 mm MG Light Recoilless 1 400 A,B,C LRCL 44 (LANCE), 300m range Rifles (LRCL) 175 67 mm HL warhead 3 000 E,I,L,M,N,P LRCL (PzFst 3), 300m range 1 500 110m HL warhead Heavy Recoilless 3800 A,B,C,H HRCL (Carl Gustav), 500 m range Rifles (HRCL) 530 84 mm HL warhead 4 000 D,F,G,K,M,N Modern HRCL, 500 m range 1 800 110 mm HL-warhead Anti-tank Missile 80 000 8 000 F ATGW (DRAGON) on jeep, 1000 m range System 132 000 15 000 A,B,C ATGW (Milan 1) launcher, 2000 m range (Dismounted) or 182 000 15 000 E,I,N ATGW (Milan 1) on vehicle (Kraka) mounted) (ATGW) 18 000 G 200 m range (Milan 2) 117 000 16 000 p ATGW (TOW 1) launcher, 3000 m range 167 000 16 000 E,F ATGW (TOW 1) on vehicle (Kraka), 3000 m range 600 000 15 000 E Fire control unit in pillbox with periscope and Milan 1-launchers Armoured Anti-tank 800 000 18 000 M Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (6x6) Missile Carrier 1 with remover shovel, Milan 2, MG (ATGW SP) 7.62 mm Table A.2 continued

Class Type Procurement cost Procurement cost Employed in Remarks Per system (DM) Per round (DM) Option

930 000 15 000 I Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (8x8) 20 with Milan 1 and Mk 20 mm turret 2 000 000 K Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (8x8) 18 000 with Milan 2 and Mk 20 mm turret 40 000 HOT 2-launcher 10 15 mm MG 2 300 000 A,B,C,P Lightly armoured tracked vehicle (Jaguar 1) 34 000 with reinforced front armour and HOT 1- 1 launcher 7.62 mm MG Anti-tank missile 1 200 000 40 000 G Commercial wheeled vehicle, HOT 2- carrier with elevated launcher, 15 m elevation platform (ATGW 1 600 000 34 000 I,L,M,P Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (6x6), SPEP) HOT !-launcher, 12m elevation 1 800 000 40 000 K Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (6x6), HOT 2-launcher, 15 m elevation 3 000 000 34 000 D Lightly armoured tracked vehicle (Marder chassis) HOT 1-launcher, 12m elevation 5 000 000 M,N Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (HOT 1 34 000 against ground targets and anti-ale missile), 12-15 m elevation, multiple 150 000 sensors Table A.2 continued

Class Type Procurement cost Procurement cost Employed in Remarks Per system (DM) Per round (DM) Option Anti-tank anti-ale 18 000 000 L Lightly armoured tracked vehicle, multi- platform 180,000 role missile against air and ground targets, 15 m elevation, radar sensor, electro- optical fire control AA recoilless rifle 25 000 120 000 E,G,I,K,P AARCL (e.g. Stinger 2) AAA tank 5 000 000 H Lightly armoured tracked vehicle (AAM SP) (Kiirassier), 140 30 mm twin-barrel MG, radar-controlled 7 400 000 A,B,C,D,L Lightly armoured tracked vehicle (Gepard), 150 35 mm twin-barrel MG, radar-controlled 22 000 000 K Lightly armoured wheeled vehicle (6x6), 180 000 AAM (Roland), radar-controlled, A W Main battle tank 4 600 000 B,C,D,I Main battle tank (LEO 2), 2000 stabilised 120 mm gun, fire control 1 computer, 7,62 mm MG, 7,62 mm AA MG Directional 10 000 - E Directional mine (manually deployed), mine 50 m range Indirect Mortar 50 000 180 F Medium mortar 81 mm, tracked 50 000 270 E Heavy mortar 120 mm, permanently fire installed weapons 100 000 270 G,H Heavy mortar 120 mm, tracked 260 000 270 A,B,I,L,M,N,P Heavy mortar 120 mm on APC (M113), 6 km range Table A.2 continued

Class Type Procurement cost Procurement cost Employed in Remarks Per system (DM) Per round (DM) Option 300 000 350 D,K Heavy modern mortar 120 mm on lightly armoured combat vehicle (tracked or wheeled 6x6), 8 km range Self-propelled 160 000 200 H Light howitzer 105 mm, tracked howitzer 880 000 450 A,B,C,F,L,P Lightly armoured tracked vehicle 155 mm (M109) 4 800 000 600 D Modern armoured tracked vehicle 155 mm (PzH 155-1) 100 000 E Commercial wheeled vehicle (e.g. VW Transp.), 6 rockets per launcher, 110 mm Light Artillery 400 000 I,M,N Commercial wheeled vehicle, rocket system 3 000 per rocket 18 rockets per launcher, 110 mm (LRLS) (fragmentation) 700 000 or A,B,C,D,L,P Commercial wheeled vehicle, 10 000 per rocket 36 rockets per launcher, 110 mm (LARS) (mines) 730 000 G,K Commercial wheeled vehicle, 40 rockets per launcher, 110 mm Combat PAH 1 5 200 000 A,B,C,D,I,L, Anti-tank helicopter, first generation helicopters (AT hel.) 34 000 M,N (B105), B (105) HOT 1 40 000 G,K HOT2 Costs of Reactive Defence Options 311

40 r Active defences Reactive defences

Fire barrier Area Continuous Static Dynamic (CFB) Select ive (SAD) (DAD) (SFB ) 30

~--- 1-

f---

~----

10

0 r-~11 A B C D E F G H K L M N p Figure A.l Relative investment cost requirements for basic forward defence options.

CONCLUSIONS

Even though the capital investment cost estimates provided here are by no means sufficient for a cost-effectiveness analysis of defence concepts, toge­ ther with the experimental results in terms of RFVR, the operational depth required to neutralise a given threat (see, e.g., Figure A.2), and the personnel requirements, they nevertheless do provide for a reference basis for a screening of options based on the dominance concept. Finally, an experience of these authors shall not be omitted: The proponents of alternative defence concepts exhibit a tendency to often sig­ nificantly underestimate the cost of their proposals while overestimating the operational performance of the individual weapons in their options. This is in line with empirical investigations that show on the average, there is a more than tenfold performance degradation when comparing the original engineering specification with the performance of the fielded system. Procurement cost tends to exceed the initial engineering cost estimates sometimes by orders of magnitude. 312 Costs of Reactive Defence Options 120 TERRAl~ : Bubac~ THREAT : 3 MR RGTS (BMP) \ E E' VISIBILITY : > 5000 metre .=. 100 I' ARTY :.Fa J: p Infantry Btl (IASFOR) 1-c.. w K Calvalery Rgt (SAS) Cl L AT- Teams (FOREDER) 80 \ - c..en I Shield Forces (LOSER) 0 G Infantry (SAS) Cl \lG E Techno- Kdo (AFHELDT) 0 w -\ a: 60 \ el ~\. 40

1 L ' K 20 • ' ', "'' ...... __ .....p ___ 0 - 0 2 3 4 5

D. F. Weapon density [;m2] Figure A.2 Operational depth required for the attrition of three consecutively attacking Soviet motor rifle regiments as a function of the average direct-fire weapon density of various reactive defence options.

Table A.3 Equipment of active defence options (manoeuvre) battalions and fire support)

Option Weapon class Itemt A B c D Direct fire weapons HMGSP 22 22 11 21 A TK gun stat. ATK gun SP 12 LRCL 18* 12* 6* HRCL 9* 6* 3* 18* ATGW 27* 18* 9* ATGW SP 6 6 6 ATGW SPEP 6 ADATS SPEP AA gun/ AAM SP (3) (6) (6) (3) MBT 13 26 13 Total DFW 82 77 61 70 Avg. total per km2 3.3 3.1 2.4 2.8 Costs of Reactive Defence Options 313

Table A.3 continued

Option Weapon class ltemt A B c D Indirect fire weapons mor 81mm mor 120mm mor 120mm SP 6 6 6 Lhow 105mm Mhow 155mm SP 18 18 18 18 LRLS 8 8 8 8 Total IFW 32 32 26 32 Helicopters AT he! 7 7 7 7 • Dismountable t For abbreviations see International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Military Balance. (EP = Elevated Platform)

Table A.4 Equipment of reactive defence options in a sector of 5 km width

Option E F G H K L M N p Weapon ltemt 10 5 8 5 7 5 8 8 8 5 class Depth(km) Direct fire HMG SP 13 20* weapons ATK gun stat. 6 ATK gun SP 15* 10* 13* LRCL 4 10 8 28 18 54 MRCL 56 16 36 20 32 18 ATGW 10 24 9 - 10 36 27 ATGW SP 3* 10* 60* 6* ATGW SPEP 2 6 4 40 14 18 6 ADATS SPEP 2 AARCL (3) (6) ( 6) (16) (6) AA gun/ AAM SP (5) (3) (2) MBT 8 Direct mines (20) Total DFW 14 80 27 57 50 64 50 134 90 106 A v. total per 0.3 3.2 0.7 2.3 1.4 2.6 1.3 3.4 2.3 4.2 km2 314 Costs of Reactive Defence Options

Table A.4 continued

Option E F G H I K L M N p Weapon Itemt 10 5 8 5 7 5 8 8 8 5 class Depth(km) Indirect fire mor 81mm 12 weapons mor 120mm 2 3 6 mor 120mm SP 3 9 3 15 18 6 Lhow 105mm 18 Mhow 155mm 18 18 18 SP LRLS 5 4 3 8 8 15 18 8 Total IFW 7 30 7 24 6 17 29 30 36 32 Helicopters AT he! 4 6 7 7 6 8 * Fighting vehicle or APC t For abbreviations see International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Military Balance. (EP = Elevated Platform)

Notes 1. H. W. Hofmann, R. K. Huber, and K. Steiger, 'On Reactive Defense Options', in R. K. Huber (ed.), Modeling and Analysis of Conven­ tional Defense in Europe: Assessment of Improvement Options (London-New York: Plenum, 1985). 2. The Federal Minister of Defence, White Paper 1985 - The Security of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1985). Index

AAM see missiles, air-to-air Airborne Warning and Control ABMs see missiles, anti-ballistic System (AWACS) 62, 156, Abrahamson, Lt-Gen. 57 158, 184, 221, 223, 290 acceptability of doctrine 16, aircraft 216-17 command post 291-2 accidental war, scenarios of 16, 94 computers in 45-6 ACDA (Arms Control and in cooperative ET projects 179, Disarmament Agency) 157 182-5, 187, 192, 194 ACE (Allied Command costs 40, 182 Europe) 79, 83 fighters: enhancing 182-3; ACIS (arms control impact reducing tasks 192-3; statements) 157-8 Soviet 11, 30,149,223-4, Adenauer, K. 116-18, 121 226, 228, 296, 300, 301; Advanced Conventional Warhead Western 11, 62-3, 179, Technology 33 182-5, 187, 192, 194, 243-5, Advanced Medium Range Missile 292m-3, 297, 300; (AMRAAM) 199, 279 interceptors 103-4 (see also Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air fighters above) Missile (ASRAAM) 119, jamming 292 280 reconnaissance and Afghanistan 11, 234 surveillance 38, 147-51, 291, Afheldt, H.: 'chessboard 297 proposal' 94-7, 103-7, support and training 193, 294, 118-21, 190, 217, 219, 231, 297 233, 249, 273-4 unmanned 36, 63, 101, 147-54, AFVs (Armoured Fighting 178, 181, 184, 193, 221-2; Vehicles) 224, 225, 232 early development and aggression scenarios 94 use 147-8; turning AI see Artificial intelligence point 148-9; tasks AIM missiles 30, 279 of 149-52; future 152; Air Launched Anti-Radiation military doctrine 152-4 Missile (ALARM) 185, 279 vulnerability 23 Air Launched Cruise Missile see also anti-aircraft; satellites (ALCM) 279 Air LandBattle 112, 123, 127, 136, ALARM (Air Launched Anti- Missile) 185, 279 189' 229, 271 Radiation Deep Strike and 73, 75-8, 79, ALB see AirLand Battle 86, 209 Albrecht, U. 182 FOFA and 83-4, 86, 153, 189, ALCM (Air Launched Cruise 219 Missile) 279 Soviet Union and 210, 220, Allied Command Europe 228-30 (ACE) 79, 83 315 316 Index

Allied Tactical Publications (ACIS) 157-8; non­ (ATP) 35, 83 provocative 169-70 AMRAAM (Advanced Medium cooperation 197-202: see also Range Missile) 199, 279 cooperative AMX tanks 179, 180, 289-90 race 11-12, 91 answering in kind see retaliation see also specific weapons Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile army see AirLand Battle (ATM; ATBM) 56-7, 62, artificial intelligence 44-52, 182 251, 269, 277 costs of 46 and Patriot 158, 169, 170-3 limitations of 48-50 Anti-Tank Guided Missile military doctrines and 46-8 (ATGM) 118, 120, 134-7, military research in 44-6 225, 232, 243 role of 50-1 anti-aircraft weapons see under artillery see rockets missiles ASM see missiles, air-to-surface anti-ballistic weapons see under ASRAAM (Advanced Short Range missiles Air-to-Air Missile) 199, 280 anti-radar weapons see under Assault Breakers 224 missiles ATBM see Anti-Tactical Ballistic anti-radiation weapons see under Missile missiles ATGM see Anti-Tank Guided Missile anti-ship weapon see under ATM see Anti-Tank Ballistic missiles Missile anti-tank/anti-armour Austria 145 weapons 10, 32-5, 133-4, Automatic Target Recogniser 47 151, 290, 293, 297, 298 Autonomous Terminal Homing cooperative ET projects and programme 39 179-81, 186, 189, 190, 192 autonomous land vehicles 38, 45, costs of 306-9 46 see also under missiles; Federal A WACS see Airborne Warning Republic of Germany, defence and Control System Apache helicopter 47, 183, 279, 290 Backfire bomber 59 APOD (Armour Piercing Ballistic Offensive Suppression Discarding Sabot) 33 System (BOSS) 186, 280 Aquila (RPV) 148, 150, 290 ballistic missile defence 55, 170-5 ARIADNE (acoustic device) 39 see also Anti-Tank Ballistic ARM (anti-radiation missiles) 221 Missile; Inter Continental armee de couverture 117, 118 Ballistic Missile Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot battle management system and (APOD) 33 computers 46 Armoured Fighting Vehicles battlefield weapons (AFV)s 224, 225, 232 and Soviet Union 225-6 arms see also individual weapons control/disarmament 16, 257-9, bazookas 29, 134 261-2, 270: Agency see also rockets (ACDA) 157; failure Belgium 4, 103, 107, 148, 273 of 13-14; impact statements Benelux 107, 273 Index 317

Biedenkopf, K. 120 CN AD see Conference of 'blitzkrieg' scenarios 16, 61, 93, National Armament Directors 139, 255 commitment force, rapid 101-2 BMD (ballistic missile defence) 55 communication systems 96, 100, BOSS see Ballistic Offensive, etc. 106 Brezhnev, L. 227 complexity of information Britain technology 23 cooperation and 179-80, 182-3, computers see artificial 187' 194, 200 intelligence non-provocative defence Conference of National Armament and 100, 107 Directors (CNAD) 177-9, SAS and 103 181-5, 188-9, 191, 193-4, 199, in South Africa 30, 37 275 unmanned aircraft and 148, 150 Conference on Security and Brodie, B. 212 Cooperation in Europe Brossolet, G. 95, 118 (CSCE) 145 Brunner, E. 145 conflict BT-95 (tank project) 179, 296 management 254-5 budget see costs scenarios 255-6 Bundeswehr 105, 123-4, 191 container weapon system 183 business as usual 205-14 containment force 100, 102 conservative forces 206-7 conventional defence 206--7, Deep Strike, towards 207-10 276-7 deterrence, moving away and ET 27-43: basic from 210-12 technologies 32-9; impact flexibility, need for 205-6 of 39-41; recent strategy and tactics 212-13 experiences 28-32 and SDI 55-65: evolution of C-18 (aircraft) 188 American plans 56-8; C3 (I) (Command, Control, security and 58-60 Communication and Soviet Union 231-7 (Intelligence)) 23-4, 39, 46, see also aircraft; artillery; 48, 61, 75, 136, 138, 149, 183, defence; infantry; ships; tanks 231, 254, 275 cooperation problem and CAM 40 (missile) 12, 186, 280 computers 49 cannon launched guided cooperative ET projects, projectile 37, 181, 186, 291 recent 177-96 Carter, J. 56 aircraft, fighter 182-3 CASTOR (aircraft) 221, 290 Deep Strike, towards 186-9 centralisation of Deep Strike 79 defence doctrines and 189-93 CEP (Circular Error Probable) 39 main battle tank 179-81 Challenger (tank) 179, 290-1 political dimensions 193-4 chemical weapons 78 target acquisition 181, 183-6, Chieftain (tank) 179, 291 188-9 China 11, 234 Copperhead (guided churches and defence 122 projectile) 37, 181, 186, 291 Circular Error Probable (CEP) 39 costs Clausewitz, K. von 15, 131, 132, of aircraft 40, 182 218 of artificial intelligence 46 318 Index

of defence options 303-14: towards 186-9, 207-10 active 304-5, 312-13; non­ unmanned aircraft and 152-3 provocative 105, 120, defence reactive 305-11, 313-14 cooperative ET projects of ET weapons 7-8, 9, 11, 16, and 189-93 25, 32, 29-40, 182 costs of 303-14 of helicopters 310, 313-14 defensive, arguments of Patriot 166 about 110-15 of SDI 57, 63 favoured 24 of tanks 40, 309 non-debate in FRG 116-24: Counter Air (90) 80, 81 Bundeswehr and 123-4; credibility 14-15 churches and trade decreased 59 unions 122; new input in of defence, non-provocative 217 1970s 118-20; political of flexible response 3-5 parties 120-2; traditional crisis stability 91, 253-6 attitudes 122-3 Cruise missiles 12, 112, 215, 223, non-provocative 89-109, 279, 280, 281 215-19: security and 271-5; CWS (container weapon 'Bonin Plan' 116-17; system) 183 defined 276; definition cybernation 22-3 of 89-90; implementation, towards 107-8; military DARPA see Defence Advanced credibility 217; military Research, etc. effectiveness 104-5, 216-18, de Ruiter (Dutch minister of 239-50, 276-7 defence) 197 models 93-107; nuclear decentralisation of Deep Strike 79 weapons 92-3; Patriot decision making and 168; political problems and computers 48-9, acceptability of 216-17 50 offensive 110-11: see also time available for 5, 7, 25 AirLand Battle; Deep Strike see also politics 'pure' concepts 231-4: see also Deep Strike 10, 69-71, 73-88, 216 conventional defence AirLand Battle 73, 75-8, 79, Defence Advanced Research 86, 209: and Follow-On Forces Project Agency Attack 83-4 (DARPA) 33, 44-5, 48, 184 cooperative ET projects Defence Department for Research and 186-9 and Engineering (DDR & E) deterrence, two views on 82-3 80-1 Office of Secretary of Defense dependence on superpowers 141 and 80-2 designators, laser 99, 181 Patriot and 167-8 detente 13-14, 16, 89, 108, 115, security 270-1 121, 234, 255 SHAPE initative: Follow-On cooperation and 259-61, 267, Forces Attack 73, 79-80 270-5 passim Soviet Union and 73-5, 85, deterrence 66-72 207-9' 223-4 moving away from 210-12 strengthening conventional non-provocative defence options 73-4 and 108 Index 319

views on 82-3 Enhanced-Radiation Reduced Blast see also Deep Strike: Eureka: Weapons ('Neutron' nuclear weapons; Strategic bombs) 133, 224 Defence Initiative Erler, F. 121 diplomacy 15 ERS-I (satellite) 144 disarmament see arms control ESA (European Space dispensers 178, 183, 187-9, 192, Agency) 142-4 194, 225, 228, 294, 295 escalation 3-4 Dispersed Operating Base 81 prevention 15, 16 Donnelly, C. 85, 208 ESM(Electronic Support Measures Dragon (missile) 280 System) 178 drones see unmanned aircraft ESP A WS (enhanced self-propelled artillery weapon E-2C and E-4 (aircraft) 291-2 system) 187, 292 ECM see Electronic Counter­ ET see emerging technologies Measures Eureka see European Research economic problems see costs Cooperation Agency EDC (European Defence Euromissiles 190 Community) 198 European Defence Community EF-IIIA (aircraft) 292 (EDC) 198 EFA (European Fighter European Economic Aircraft) 182 Community 144 effectiveness European Fighter Aircraft of mobile forward defence 6-7 (EFA) 182 see also under defence, non- European Research Cooperation provocative Agency (Eureka) 68-9, 144 effectivity, window of 23-4 European Satellite Monitoring Egypt 29 Agency 275 Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) 23, European security, paving way 164 to 267-75 Electronic Counter-Measures see also Deep Strike; defence, (ECM) 162, 164, 166, 167, non-provocative; Strategic 222 Defence Initiative Electronic Support Measures European Space Agency System (ESM) 178 (ESA) 142-4 electronic warfare 151 European Space Community, electro-optical guidance suggested 144 systems 36 Exocet (missile) 30, 36-7, 49, 280 emerging technologies see expenditure see costs artificial intelligence; expert systems in Strategic conventional defence; military Computing Program 45 doctrine; trends EMP (Electromagnetic pulse) 23, F-15 Eagle (aircraft) 62, 292 164 F-16 Fighting Falcon (aircraft) 11, Emphasising Defence 10 292-3 enemy as identifiable threat 130 F-20 Northrop (aircraft) 293 enhanced self-propelled artillery Falklands 29, 49 weapon system Far East 11, 28-30, 40, 147, 151, (ESP A WS) 187, 292 234 320 Index

FEBA see Forward Edge of Battle Eureka and 68-9 Area in 1939 217 Federal Republic of Germany 6, SAS and 100 10, 130, 242 satellites and 144 and arms industry 200 SDI and 66-8, 69 and cooperation 179-83, 187, unmanned aircraft and 148, 150 190, 194, 195 views on Soviet Union 66-8, and costs of forces . 304 70-1 and Deep Strike 81 FRG see Federal Republic of and defence 216, 218, 273: non­ Germany debate 116-24; see also FSCL (Fire Support Coordination Afheldt; Hannig; SAS and Line) 73, 79, 84, 87 under defence Fuller, J. F. C. 130 and SDI 124 FVS ('Fighting Vehicle and unmanned aircraft 148, System') 35 150-1 fibre glass communications 96, GEMMS (mine scattering 100, 106 equipment) 249 Field Manual (100-5) 77-8, 130, Geneva Protocol 78 209, 228 Germany see Federal Republic of fighters see under aircraft Germany 'Fighting Vehicle System' Giscard d'Estaing, V. 142 (FVS) 35 GLCM (Ground Launched Cruise Finland 144, 145 Missile) 215, 281 Fire Support Coordination Line global phenomenon, strategic (FSCL) 73, 79, 84, 87 balance as 112 Fletcher, J. 56 Global Positioning System Flexible Response 73--4, 86 (GPS) 38 credibility 3-5 Ground Launched Cruise Missile need for 205-{i (GLCM) 215, 281 FM see Field Manual Group of Soviet Forces in Germany Follow-On Forces Attack ( GSFG) 223, 227 (FOFA) 136, 216, 236, 271 guidance 35-7 and AirLand Battle 83--4, 86, systems 99, 134 153, 189, 209 and artificial intelligence 47 Hamburg Grab scenarios 217 and intelligence gathering 221 see also Federal Republic of and SDI 61 Germany, and defence and SHAPE 73, 79-80 Hannig, N.: fire-barrier and Soviet Union 220, 226-8 proposal 94, 97-100, 103, Forward Edge of Battle Area 106, 119-20, 217, 219, 273--4 (FEBA) 75, 77, 85, 186, 191, HARM (High-Speed Anti­ 208, 227, 235 Radiation Missile) 185, 281 forward defence and Patriot 167 Harpoon (missile) 40, 281 France Hawk (missile) 158, 167, 170, 172, cooperative projects 199, 281 and 178-80, 183, 190, 194, HEAP (High Explosive Armour 200 Piercing) 34, 293 Deep Strike and 69-71 HEAT (High Explosive Anti-tank/ Index 321

Anti-armour warhead) 33, change in 132-5 34, 134, 293 Independent European Programme helicopters Group (IEPG) 178-80, 189, costs 310, 313-14 194, 198-9, 201, 275 Soviet 30, 227, 293 indirect fire support, viability Western 38, 47, 134, 180, 183, of 239-40 185, 290, 295 inefficiency of war 28-9 Hellfire (missile) 47, 281 infantry 7, 134 Hernu, C. 70 plans using see Afheldt; SAS Herolf, G. x, xiii information technology see on unmanned aircraft 147-55 artificial intelligence Herzog, Maj.-Gen. C. 29 infrared guidance systems 36-7 HESH(High Explosive Squash institutional problem and head) 33, 293 computers 49 High Explosive Anti-tank/Anti­ integrated battlefield 77-8 armour warhead integration of communication and (HEAT) 33, 34, 134, 293 command 24 High Explosive Armour Piercing intelligence (HEAP) 34, 293 artificial see artificial High Explosive Squash head intelligence (HESH) 33, 293 gathering 55-6, 221-2: see also 'high tech' position in doctrinal surveillance debate 136-7, 139 intensification of combat 24 High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles (HARM) 185, 281 (ICBMs) 59-60, 67, 170, Hoffman, F. 56, 269 172, 173 Hofmann, H. W. x Interactive Forward Defence see on costs of reactive defence SAS options 303-14 interdiction 77, 80 homing overlay experiment 'Interdiction Attack' 81 (HOE) 171 Interkosmos Council 142-4 HOT (missile) 190, 281 International Satellite Monitoring howitzers 98, 180-1, 186, 188, Agency (ISMA) 141-2, 145 291, 310 Iran 11 Huber, R. K. xi Iraq 11, 30 on costs of reactive defence ISMA (International Satellite options 303-14 Monitoring Agency) 141-2, Huntington, S. 123, 230 145 Israel 29, 100, 130, 145, 148 ICBM see Inter Continental Italy 148, 150, 182 Ballistic Missile Identification Friend or Foe Jaguar (aircraft) 294 (IFF) 38, 162, 164, 184-5, Japan 28-9 199, 293, 295 Joint Anti Tactical Missile IEPG see Independent European (JATM) 170, 172, 282 Programme Group Joint Chiefs of Staff (JC) 80 IFF see Identification Friend or 'Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Foe Defences and Emitters' 82 'image of war' 129-31, 194 joint surveillance and target attack 322 Index

system (J-STARS) 81, 153, 188, LRSOM see Long Range Stand­ 294 off Missile joint tactical fusion (JTF) 294 'Joint Tactical Fusion Program' 82 MI-Abram (tank) 22, 35, 199, 295 Joint Tactical Missile System MAD 259 (JTACMs) 81, 186, 187, 282 Maginot Line 205, 212 JP-233 (dispenser) 189, 228, 294 Main Battle Tank (MBTI.) 225 JSEAD (joint suppression of enemy Main Operating Base (MOB) 81 air defence) 82, 294 Mangusta helicopter 295 J-STARS (joint surveillance and Manhattan Project 129 target attack system) 81, manpower see personnel 153, 188, 294 Mark-15 (IFF system) 184-5, 295 JTACMs (Joint Tactical Missile Maskirovka 222 System) 81, 186, 187, 282 Mastiff-2 (reconnaissance) 148, JTF(joint tactical fusion) 82, 294 295 Maverick (missile) 31, 36-7, 40, Kissinger, H. 3, 5, 113, 205, 206 282 Kleinfluggerat fiir Ziel Ortung MBFR (negotiations) 107, 215, (KZO) 150, 294 258 Kohl, H. 122 MBTs (Main Battle Tanks) 179, Korea 40 225, 295 KZO see Kleinfluggerat Mechanised Infantry Combat vehicles (MICVs) 231 Mi-24 and Mi-38 226 Lance (missile) 12, 121, MICVs (Mechanised Infantry 186, 187, 282 Combat Vehicles) 231 Land Force Doctrine 78, 83-4 Middle East 11, 29-30, 100, 130, language, natural, in Strategic 145, 148, 234 Computing Program 45 MiGs (aircraft) 11, 30, 149, 223, Laos 11 296-7 laser designators 99, 181 Milan (missile) 190, 283 laser-seeker guidance systems 37 military doctrine Latin America 11, 30 artificial intelligence and 46-8 leadership, military, changed 130 criteria for 14-16 Lebanon 30 Patriot and 166-70 Leopard (tanks) 179, 199, 294-5 politics of doctrinal debate and Liddell Hart, B. 130 ET 127-40: 'image of war' light armoured forces 102, 119, and 129-31, 132-5; role of 245-6 politics 131-2; technological Lloyd George, D. 131 change and doctrinal LOCPOD see low cost powered choice 136-8 dispenser unmanned aircraft and 152-4 Long Range Stand-off Missile see also Deep Strike; defence; (LRSOM) 183, 186, 188, 228, deterrence; emerging 282 technologies; Strategic Loser, J. 119-20, 121, 218, 219 Defence Initiative low cost powered dispenser Miller, F. C. 56 (LOCPOD) 178, 183, 187, mines 4, 134-5, 309 182, 194, 225, 295 Minuteman force 59 Index 323

Mirage (aircraft) 297 MW-1 (dispenser) 189, 192, 297 missiles MX (missile) 12, 59, 215, 283 air-to-air 12, 30, 199, 279-80, 284, 286, 299 NATO, problems facing 3-17 air-to-surface 31, 36-7, 40, 185, arms control 16: failure 223, 279, 282, 284 of 13-14 dispensers 183, 279, 283 arms race 11-12 anti-aircraft see air-to-air above; crisis stability 12, 16 surface-to-air below economic problems see costs anti-ballistic 12, 55--63, 280, emerging technologies 8-11, 14 287-8; submarines 12, 298, flexible response, credibility 300-1; Treaty 56, 57, 68, 158, of 3-5 173--4, 269 military doctrine, criteria anti-radar 151, 297, 299 for 14-16 anti-radiation 185, 281, 221 mobile forward defence, anti-ship 29, 30, 36-7, 40, 49, effectiveness of 6-7 280 see also emerging technologies: anti-tank 29, 30-1, 36, 40, 47, military doctrine; weapon 190,241,280-1,283,286-8 systems cruise 183, 187-8: see also NAVSTAR (satellite) 38, 184, surface-to-air 297 ground-launched see surface Netherlands 4, 7, 103, 107, 273 list of 278-88 and Patriot 156, 157 mobile launchers 97 neutralism 119 stand-off 183, 186, 188, 282 'Neutron' bombs 133, 224 surface-to-air 12, 29, 36, 38, new targets, ET offers 9 98-9, 135, 156-8, 166-7, Nike Hercules (missile) 156, 157, 170-3, 186-7, 192, 199, 221, 166-7, 284 223, 280-1, 284--6 NIS (NATO Identification surface-to-surface 12, 59--60, System) 178, 184 66, 99, 112, 121, 158, 170-2, non-debate in FRG see under 185-7, 192, 215, 223--4, 282, defence 284 non-provocative defence see see also ballistic missiles; Patriot under defence mistakes and computers 49 non-strategic nuclear forces Mitterrand, F. 68, 144 (NSNF) 74 MiWs (mine scattering non-tested technology 24, 39 equipment) 249 no-target philosophy 10, 90-1, MLRS see Multiple Launch 117, 119, 189 Rocket System NPD (non-provocative MOB (Main Operating Base) 81 defence) see under defence MOBIDIC (dispenser) 183, 283 NSNF (non-strategic nuclear mobile forward defence, forces) 74 effectiveness 6-7 nuclear weapons/warfare mortars 101 all out 3 MTB-95 (tank project) 179, 296 'balance of terror' and 133 Multiple Launch Rocket French views on 69-70 System 39, 150, 178-94 non-strategic 74 passim 225--6, 231, 236 regional 59, 61 324 Index

relatiatory 10, 89, 92-3 politics 15 spread of 11-12 cooperative ET projects tactical 3-4, 5 and 193-4 see also missiles defence and 120-2, 216-17 Nunn, S. 6, 73-4 doctrinal debate and ET 127-40: 'image of war' 129-31, 132-5; role Offensive Counter Air (OCA) 25, of 131-2, technological change 61, 80 and doctrinal choice 136-8 offensive defence see under non-provocative defence defence and 104 Office of Secretary of Defense and reliance on superpowers for (OSD) 80-2 satellites 141 Operational Manoeuvre Group Soviet Union and Deep (OMG) 74-5, 85, 227, 230, Strike 224 236 surveillance satellites and 144-5 OSD (Office of Secretary of see also decision making; detente Defence) 80-2 population dip ('Pillenkick') 8 Poseidon (submarine) 12, 298 Panzer Abwehr Drone Prague Conference 115 (PAD) 151, 297 precision location/strike system Panzerkampfwagen 179, 297 (PLSS) 150, 221, 298 particle beam weapon problems in use of ET 22-5 (PBW) 55-6 see also costs Patriot missile 156-76, 186, 199, Python 3 (missile) 30, 284 269, 284 described 158-66 doctrinal implications 166-70 R4E (RPV) 152 tactical ballistic missile defence radar and 170-5 guidance systems 36-7 see also missiles Patriot and 161-2 Pave Mover (project- now in J- see also anti-radar STARS) 188, 297 RAMROD (projectile Pave Tiger (drone) 151, 297 programme) 33 PBW (particle beam weapon) 56 rapid commitment force 101-2 peace movements 4 Raumverteidigung see Afheldt Pegase 284 Reagan, R. penetration of unmanned ET and 30, 32, 56-8 aircraft 147 MX missiles and 12 Pershing II (missile) 12, 60, 112, negative attitude to nuclear 121, 186, 215, 223, 284 weapons 67-8 personnel SDI and 10, 66, 212, 268 ET and 40 'Star Wars' speech 55 SAS system and 102, 106-7 rear protection force 101 Phantom II (aircraft) 297-8 reconnaissance see surveillance Phoenix (RPV) 150, 221, 298 'reform' position in doctrinal Pilot's Associate 45 debate 137, 138-9 PLSS (precision location/strike Regional Satellite Monitoring system) 150, 221, 298 Agency (RSMA) 142-3 Index 325

Relative Force Value Ratios Scandinavia 144, 145, 148, 217 (RFVR) 303, 305 scenarios Remotely Monitored Battlefield accidental war 16, 94 Sensor System aggression 94 (REMBASS) 47 'blitzkrieg' 16, 61, 93, 139, 255 remotely piloted vehicles conflict 255-6 (RPVs) see aircraft, tank battlefield 27-8 unmanned 'what-if' 46 research, artificial see also Hamburg· Grab intelligence 44-6 Schlieffen Plan 211-12 retaliation Schmidt, H. 121-2 breaking away from 90, 91 Scout (RPV) 148, 298 see also under nuclear weapons SDI see Strategic Defence RFVR (Relative Force Value Initiative Ratios) 303, 305 Sea-Launched Ballistic Missile rockets/launchers/artillery 4, 37, (SLBM) 172, 173-4 134, 283, 291, 294 sea-based forces see ships; in cooperative ET submarines projects 180-1, 186-7, 191 SEAD (Suppression of Enemy non-provocative defence Air Defences) 82 and 94-9, 118-19, 134-5 SEASAT (satellite) 143 Soviet 227 Security Design Directive 57 Rogers, General, B. W. 6, 7 sense and destroy armour munition 83-5, doctrine 66, 69-70, 74-6, (SADARM) 181, 186, 298 110, 112, 207-9, 216 sensor technology 9 OSD and 81 SHAPE initiative and 79 Shafrir II (missile) 30, 286 RPVs see aircraft, unmanned SHAPE see Supreme RSMA (Regional Satellite Headquarters Allied Powers Monitoring Agency) 142-3 Europe ships 38, 40, 114 see also missiles, anti-ship; SAS group defence model 94, submarines 100-7, 120, 123, 192-3, 204, 221, 223, 231, 233, 273, 284-5 short-range air defence system dialogue on 239-50 (SHORAD) 178, 180, 298-9 SA-X-12 (missile) 173 short-range air-to-air missile SACEUR see Supreme Allied (SRAAM) 299 Commander Short-Range Anti-Radiation SADARM see sense and destroy Missile (SRARM) 178, 185 armour munition Side Looking Airborne Radar SAFE (Small Advanced Fighter for (SLAR) 221, 299 Europe) 193 Skeet (warhead) 187, 299 Sapper (missile) 29, 36, 286 Skyeye (RPV) 30, 151, 152, 299 SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation SLAR (Side Looking Airborne Talks) 13 Radar) 221, 299 SAMs (missiles) 38, 173, 175, 221, SLBM (Sea-Launched Ballistic 244-5, 286 Missiles) 172, 173-4 see also Patriot Small Advanced Fighter for Europe satellites see surveillance satellites (SAFE) 193 326 Index

SOTAS (stand-off target acquisition stabilisation of fronts 40 system) 188-9, 299 Stand-off Surveillance and South Atlantic 29, 49 Attack 81 Soviet Union 3, 5, 12, 174, 255 stand-off target acquisition Airland Battle and 210, 220, (SOTAS) 188-9, 299 228-30 'Star Wars' see Strategic Defence chemical weapons 11 Initiative conflict management and 254 Star Watch concept 68 conventional defence and 234-7 Starry, Gen. D. A. 75, 77, 81 crisis stability and 253 STARS (satellites) 221 Deep Strike and 73-5, 85, stealth technologies 23 207-9' 223-4 Stinger (missile) 40, 167 ET and 220, 221-6 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks expenditure, military 11 (SALT) 13 FOFA and 220, 226-8 Strategic Computing French views on 66-8, 70-1 Programme 45, 48 likelihood of initiating Strategic Defence Initiative war 14-16, 116 (SDI) 10, 141, 215, 268-70, Middle East and 29-30 272, 274 new NATO operational concepts artificial intelligence and 48, 50 and 226-34 conventional defence non-provocative defence and 55-65: evolution and 93, 105, 108, 273 of 56-8; security and 58-60 particle beam weapons 56 Eureka against 144 SDI and 55, 58-61 France and 66-8, 69 strength exaggerated 218 Germany and 124 unmanned aircraft and 147 as 'high tech' 136 SP-70 (howitzer) 299 space-based defence 56, 68 Patriot and 158, 174-5 see also Strategic Defence RPVs and 152 Initiative; surveillance security and 58-60, 268-70 satellites strategic balance as global Special Purpose Forces (SPF) 222, phenomenon 112 233, 241 strategy and tactics, distinction specialisation in non-provocative between 212-13 defence 90 Study Group on Alternative speech in Strategic Computing Security see SAS group Program 45 Styx (missile) 29 Spetsnaz (sabotage teams) 61 SU (aircraft) 223, 226, 228, 300 SPF (Special Purpose Forces) 222, submarines 12, 38, 298, 30CH 233, 241 superiority, perception of 113 SRAAM (short-range air-to-air superpowers, reliance on, for missile) 299 satellites 141 SRARM (Short-Range Anti­ Suppression of Enemy Air Radiation Missile) 178, 185 Defences (SEAD) 82 SS (nuclear missiles) 12, 59, 66, Supreme Allied Commander in 158, 170, 171, 172, 224, 286 Europe (SACEUR) 213, 227 SSIO (missile) 29, 36 see also Rogers SSX-24 (missile) 12, 286 Supreme Command 60 Index 327

Supreme Headquarters Allied time Powers Europe (SHAPE) 10 available for decision making 5, FOFA and 73, 79-80 7, 25 surveillance 37-9, 56, 180, problems and computers 49 193 for victory 15-16 aircraft 38, 147-51, 291, TNF (theatre nuclear forces) 59 297 Tornado (aircraft) 11, 182, 185--6, European Space Agency and 189, 192, 300 Interkosmos Council 142-4 TOW (missile) 30, 31, 40, 190, 287 political initiatives, towns and cities as non-targets 91, recent 144-5 119 see also target acquisition Track Via Missile (TVM) 164-6 trade unions and defence 122 T-16 and T-22 (missiles) 12, 186, Training and Doctrine Command 188, 287 (TRADOC) 77, 209 TABASCO (missile) 186, 287 trends in military technology 21-6 T ACFIRE (computerised characteristics of ET 22-5 communication) 47 TRI (aircraft) 38, 189 tactical ballistic missile Trident (missile) 12, 186, 288, defence 170-5 300-1 tactics and strategy, distinction Tu-22M (aircraft) 223, 301 between 212-13 Tube-launched, optically-tracked, tank battlefield scenarios 27-8 wire-guided see TOW tanks 6-7,23,27-8,30, 35, 132-3, Turkey 217 135, 199, 289-91, 295--6 TVM (Track Via Missile) 164--6 in cooperative ET Typhoon (submarine) 12, 301 projects 179-81, 189-92, 194 costs 40, 309 U2 reconnaissance plane 147 see also anti-tank unintended see accidental target unit size in SAS system 102, 106-7 acquisition 181, 183--6, 188-9, United Nations 142 299 United States 3, 7, 12, 127, 174 recognition 44 and arms control 157 see also no-target and cooperation 183, 185, 187 techno-commandos 247--8 as decision-maker 5 television guidance systems 36 and defensive defence 111-12, Terminally Guided Submissiles 115 (TGSM) 187, 193, 223, 243, expenditure, military 8, 11 300 French views on 66-71 terminally guided warheads intelligence 55--6 (TGWS) 181 leadership see Carter; Reagan terrain intimate knowledge of 90 and non-provocative tests, difficulty of organizing 24, defence 100, 103, 107-8, 112 39 Second World War, in 28 TGSM see Terminally Guided and unmanned aircraft 147, Submissiles 148, 150-1 TGWS (terminally guided and Vietnam 29, 30, 147, 231 warheads) 181 see also AirLand Battle; Deep theatre nuclear forces (TNF) 59 Strike; Office of Secretary of 328 Index

Defense; Strategic Defence and non-provocative Initiative defence 93, 96, 108, 234 unmanned aircraft see under and politics of doctrinal aircraft debate 133, 139 Weapon Control Computer Very High Speed Integrated (WCC) 164 Circuits (VHSIC) 46 weapons doctrine, new see Vietnam 29, 30, 147, 231 Rogers, doctrine vision in Strategic Computing weapons systems 278-302 Program 45 missiles 279-89 vulnerability others 289-302 of aircraft 23 see also aircraft; arms of communication system 96 cooperation; cooperative ET; of ET 59, 61 missiles; Patriot; politics of of information technology 23, doctrinal debate; surveillance 39 satellites of weapons systems 253-4 Wehrmacht 116-17 Weinberger, C. 83-4, 199, 208 warheads 31, 32-5, 97, 134, 181, Western European Union 187, 190, 243, 293 (WEU) 198 see also missiles 'what-if' scenarios 46 wars see 'image of war'; Vietnam; window of effectivity 23-4 World Wars wire-guidance systems 36 Warsaw Treaty Organisation and see also TOW Warsaw Pact 3-5, 8, 11, World Wars 14-16, 61, 145, 158, 215, 230, First 131, 132, 218 252, 255, 275 Second 28-9, 129, 132-3, 194, and cooperation 190-1, 193 218 and crisis stability 253 WTO see Warsaw Treaty and Deep Strike 73-7, 79, 81, Organisation 207-8, 271-2 and defensive defence 110-11, ZSU-23-4 (anti-aircraft 113, 115 system' 151, 222, 223, 301