DOCSLIB.ORG

American University of Beirut John Foss, Barbary Captivity, and Strains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT JOHN FOSS, BARBARY CAPTIVITY, AND STRAINS OF AMERICAN THOUGHT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY By IAN BENJAMIN LARSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts to the Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon December 2014 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT THESIS/DISSERTATION FULL TITLE by STUDENT FULL NAME Approved by: ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Adam Waterman, Assistant Professor Advisor Department of English [Signature] ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Alexis Member of Committee [Signature] ______________________________________________________________________ [Idem] Member of Committee [Signature] ______________________________________________________________________ [Idem] Member of Committee Date of thesis/dissertation defense: [Month Day, Year] AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT THESIS, DISSERTATION, PROJECT RELEASE FORM Student Name: _________________________________________________________ Last First Middle Master’s Thesis Master’s Project Doctoral Dissertation I authorize the American University of Beirut to: (a) reproduce hard or electronic copies of my thesis, dissertation, or project; (b) include such copies in the archives and digital repositories of the University; and (c) make freely available such copies to third parties for research or educational purposes. I authorize the American University of Beirut, three years after the date of submitting my thesis, dissertation, or project, to: (a) reproduce hard or electronic copies of it; (b) include such copies in the archives and digital repositories of the University; and (c) make freely available such copies to third parties for research or educational purposes. __________________________________________________ Signature Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks are due to Nabil Matar for planting the seeds of this project, and to Adam Waterman, Alexis Wick, and Alex Lubin for giving me free rein to follow where it led. I am also grateful to the Hani Salaam Travel and Research Grant selection committee for enabling my research at the American Antiquarian Society. v AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Ian Larson for Master of Arts Major: Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies This work is an attempt to draw out the ideological underpinnings of A Journal of the Captivity and Sufferings of John Foss, the 1798 captivity narrative of the Massachusetts sailor John Foss. This study undertakes to demonstrate how the Journal draws on motivating secular and religious thought to make sense of the “embarrassments” John Foss and his fellow American captives endured at the hands of their Muslim masters in Algiers. By identifying the American nation with the sufferers of biblical history, Foss mediated the weakness endemic to the United States in his time and appealed to an afflictive model of progress. This teleological model sustained the period’s rising “secular optimism,” and the Journal’s narrative binds the captive’s fate with that of the nation while demonstrating an important discursive use of Islam in the early United States. The experiences in Algiers in the 1780s and 1790s made manifest many of the inadequacies of the American government, military, and social institutions in what Robert Allison has characterized as “a time of fear.” The roughly three-decade course of American Barbary captivity that culminated in Tripoli in the early nineteenth century, however, would transport the nation to an ideologically significant “time of triumph.”1 This progression describes an arc resembling that followed by the English in the previous century. As Gerald MacLean and Nabil Matar have written of seventeenth- century Britain, “the nightmare of captivity gave way to the dream of empire.”2 John Foss’s Journal appeared at a critical juncture of a similar transition in the American relationship to the world of Islam. The severity of Foss’s abjection forced him to confront the modest exigencies of American identity in the early years of American independence. More important, however is that Foss also embraced the optimistic thrust of many American ideologies emerging at the time he wrote the Journal. Reconciling the two domains of real despondency and anticipated triumph required the Journal to accept seemingly contradictory notions of national weakness and strength. Foss clears this hurdle by embracing religiously inflected language that justified his and his nation’s humiliation as part of a dualistic progression. He did this in service of a belief that the American nation was fitted to play a special part in human history. Examining the sources and dimensions of these influences sheds light on a critical moment in American thought. 1 Robert J. Allison, The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776- 1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), xviii. 2 Gerald MacLean and Nabil Matar, Britain and the Islamic World, 1558-1713 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 127. vi Contents I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 9 A. Literature on Barbary captivity ..................................................................................13 B. Literature on American religious ideologies ..............................................................19 II. THE ALGERIAN ROOTS OF EARLY AMERICAN HUMILIATION .............................. 26 A. America’s ‘late separation and present weakness’ .....................................................27 B. The Mediterranean uncorked ......................................................................................32 C. Ahumiliating matter of leverage .................................................................................37 D. American poverty .......................................................................................................42 III. ISLAM, CAPTIVITY, AND AMERICAN SLAVERY ...................................................... 48 A. The long history of American captivity .....................................................................50 B. Muslims in America ...................................................................................................59 C. Captives or slaves? .....................................................................................................65 D. Slaves and the political sphere ...................................................................................69 E. Congress and captivity................................................................................................71 F. The navy and its hierarchy ..........................................................................................73 IV. THE PRECEDENT FOR SUFFERING ............................................................................... 79 A. Typology ....................................................................................................................81 B. Deliverance .................................................................................................................85 C. The glorious millennium ............................................................................................88 D. A new view of the millennium ...................................................................................92 E. Pastor Elijah Parish .....................................................................................................95 V. JOHN FOSS AND AMERICAN REDEMPTION .............................................................. 100 vii A. Byfield Parish and the early life of John Foss ..........................................................102 B. Weakness ..................................................................................................................105 C. Conversion, clothing, and identity ...........................................................................110 D. Foul black bread .......................................................................................................115 E. Abjection ..................................................................................................................117 F. Barbary captives and the End ...................................................................................120 E. Finale ........................................................................................................................126 G. Joel Barlow, poet and diplomat ................................................................................128 H. Stars and stripes and ‘Algerine Slaves’ ....................................................................130 I. ‘A great partiality for his country’ .............................................................................136 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 137 A. Selected Primary Sources .........................................................................................137 B. Secondary Sources ...................................................................................................141 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A Journal of the Captivity and Sufferings of John Foss recounts the “hapless fate” of its eponymous author, an American sailor who sought “an honest livelihood” aboard a brig that sailed
Recommended publications
  • Articles from 2016

    Articles from 2016

    Preview Shelf Articles for 2016 December 1, 2016 Discovering the Wild Heritage of the Nineteenth State By Dianne Combs It has been a wonderful year of celebration for the state of Indiana. Two hundred years of statehood! We have learned many things about our political and historical heritage, but I believe that Indiana still has many secrets that need to be learned. Here at the library we have some beautiful books that will help you explore the natural history of our great state. “The Natural Heritage of Indiana,” edited by Marion T. Jackson, takes us on a lively jaunt through the terrain of our great state. To my delight, the very first picture in Part One is of the “Honeycomb Rock” at Pine Hills Nature Preserve in the southwestern part of Montgomery County. Glaciation and its effects on our landscape are explained in detail, which helps me to understand all the rock formations I come across while exploring some of our nationally renowned state parks. Throughout this section, written by Henry Gray, we are taken on several tours of Indiana. He describes the terrain as if he were driving along highways and illustrates his discussion with appropriate topographical maps. Our soil and water, wetlands and caves — all these give our state its unique stamp on the map of our nation. Beautiful photographs of the flora and fauna of Indiana fill the pages of this coffee table book. I could spend hours just turning its pages, learning about the native plants and animals with which we share our land. We have recently acquired two copies of “A Place Called Turkey Run — A Celebration of Indiana’s Second State Park in Photographs and Words,” by Daniel P.
  • Dissertation Rough Draft Final

    Dissertation Rough Draft Final

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Melville on the Beach: Transnational Visions of America A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Ikuno Saiki December 2018 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jennifer Doyle, Chairperson Dr. Steven Gould Axelrod Dr. Traise Yamamoto Copyright by Ikuno Saiki 2018 The Dissertation of Ikuno Saiki is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments This project would not have been finalized without the invaluable assistance of many people. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my exam advisor and former dissertation chairperson, Professor Emory Elliott. Throughout the irregular and tedious process of completing my degree, he constantly encouraged me and supported me by frequent e- mail messages, writing from his office in early morning, or from a hotel in China at midnight, until a month before his sudden demise. I learned, and am still learning, from his enthusiastic and humanitarian approach to literature and from his pure devotion to help his students. Professor Jennifer Doyle was on my exam committee, and kindly succeeded Professor Elliott as chair. She made it possible for me to finish the dissertation within a limited amount of time, and her advice gave me a framework within which to integrate all my ideas. Professor Steven Gould Axelrod and Professor Traise Yamamoto supported me in the first difficult quarter at UC Riverside in 2001. I learned scholarship and the art of research from Professor Axelrod’s meticulous and warm suggestions on my seminar papers. Professor Yamamoto, who provides energetic guidance and affectionate care for her students, is one of my unattainable role models.
  • Few Americans in the 1790S Would Have Predicted That the Subject Of

    Few Americans in the 1790S Would Have Predicted That the Subject Of

    AMERICAN NAVAL POLICY IN AN AGE OF ATLANTIC WARFARE: A CONSENSUS BROKEN AND REFORGED, 1783-1816 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jeffrey J. Seiken, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor John Guilmartin, Jr., Advisor Professor Margaret Newell _______________________ Professor Mark Grimsley Advisor History Graduate Program ABSTRACT In the 1780s, there was broad agreement among American revolutionaries like Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton about the need for a strong national navy. This consensus, however, collapsed as a result of the partisan strife of the 1790s. The Federalist Party embraced the strategic rationale laid out by naval boosters in the previous decade, namely that only a powerful, seagoing battle fleet offered a viable means of defending the nation's vulnerable ports and harbors. Federalists also believed a navy was necessary to protect America's burgeoning trade with overseas markets. Republicans did not dispute the desirability of the Federalist goals, but they disagreed sharply with their political opponents about the wisdom of depending on a navy to achieve these ends. In place of a navy, the Republicans with Jefferson and Madison at the lead championed an altogether different prescription for national security and commercial growth: economic coercion. The Federalists won most of the legislative confrontations of the 1790s. But their very success contributed to the party's decisive defeat in the election of 1800 and the abandonment of their plans to create a strong blue water navy.
  • Doctor of Philosophy

    Doctor of Philosophy

    RICE UNIVERSITY Remaking African America in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1790–1860 By William D. Jones A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE James Sidbury James Sidbury (Apr 13, 2020) James Sidbury Professor, History William McDaniel (Apr 13, 2020) W. Caleb McDaniel Associate Professor, History Jeffrey Fleisher Associate Professor, Anthropology HOUSTON, TEXAS April 2020 Copyright © 2020 by William D. Jones ABSTRACT Remaking African America in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1790–1860 by William D. Jones This dissertation is a history of black life in the wake of forced migration to the lower Mississippi Valley during the nineteenth century. It is a history of bought and brought enslaved people, of the local material and environmental conditions that drove their forced migration; of the archives that recorded their plight; of the families and churches they remade; and of how they resisted. Its focus is Louisiana because the consequences of the domestic slave trade there were intense, and unique local archives can measure them. If Africans and their descendants made African America in the coastal plains of North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a narrative that historians have extensively explored in colonial Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, and Louisiana, their descendants remade African America in the lower Mississippi Valley during the nineteenth century. Stripped from their homes to supply the labor for the nineteenth-century cotton and sugar revolutions, black men and women brought to Louisiana remade friends, families, and communities in the new sites of their enslavement. And they remade identities.
  • The Bitter End: Apocalypse and Conspiracy in White Nationalist Responses to the Islamic State Attacks in Paris

    The Bitter End: Apocalypse and Conspiracy in White Nationalist Responses to the Islamic State Attacks in Paris

    The bitter end: apocalypse and conspiracy in white nationalist responses to the Islamic State attacks in Paris. Item Type Article Authors Wilson, Andrew Fergus Citation Wilson, A. F. (2017) 'The bitter end: apocalypse and conspiracy in white nationalist responses to the Islamic State attacks in Paris', Patterns of Prejudice, 51 (5):412. DOI 10.1080/0031322X.2017.1398963 Publisher Taylor and Francis Journal Patterns of Prejudice Rights Archived with thanks to Patterns of Prejudice Download date 28/09/2021 06:35:28 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622173 The Bitter End: Apocalypse and conspiracy in white nationalist responses to the IS Paris Attacks Abstract This paper will examine how apocalyptic thinking converges with the use of conspiracy theory in white nationalist worldviews at a time of crisis. Apocalyptic thinking is, typically, a religious response to secular threats to the faith community prophesising, or attendant on, ‘the End’; these millenarian outlooks provide communities in crisis a promise of confirmation of the object of their faith, the vanquishing of enemies, and, crucially, continuity for the community in a better world to come. In the latter half of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first, apocalypticism and conspiracy theory have tended to coincide. The tendency toward a binary distinction between terms of absolute good and absolute evil and the revelation of secrets relating to human destiny through prophesy or ‘truth-seeking’ provide a broad transposability between the two interpretative strategies. An increasing amalgamation of political paranoia and eschatology have given rise to what has been termed ‘conspirituality’.
  • Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series I

    Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series I

    Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series I. Culture and Values, Volume 46 General Editor: George F. McLean Cultural Clash and Religion Edited by William Sweet The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy Copyright © 2015 by The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy Box 261 Cardinal Station Washington, D.C. 20064 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Cultural clash and religion / edited by William Sweet. -- first edition. pages cm. -- (Cultural heritage and contemporary change. Series I, Culture and values ; Volume 46) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Religion and culture. I. Sweet, William, editor. BL65.C8C845 20152015014847 201'.7--dc23 CIP ISBN 978-1-56518-310-0 (pbk.) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Cultural Clash and Religion: Some Philosophical Reflections 1 William Sweet Chapter I. Religion, Culture, and the Intellectuals 19 Richard Schaefer Chapter II. Thomas Aquinas on Communication between Christians and Jews: A Clash of Religious Cultures 39 Jennifer Hart Weed Chapter III. Dialogue and Clash: Gasparo Contarini and the Colloquy of Regensburg of 1541 49 David Bellusci, O.P. Chapter IV. Windigo Killings and the Clash of Cultures 63 Cecil Chabot Chapter V. The Clash of Cultures in Canada: Apocalyptic Fear and Christian/Muslim Relations 79 Martha F. Lee Chapter VI. Metaphysical Commitments: A Precondition of Cultural Clash in Education and Society 95 Thomas Philbeck Chapter VII. Liberalism, Communitarianism, and the Clash of Cultures 111 David Lea Chapter VIII. The Idea of Religion and the Clash of Cultures 135 Leslie Armour Chapter IX. Cultural Clash and the Moralist Quest 157 Sari Nusseibeh Chapter X.
  • 1 14Th Annual Conference of the EBHA 2010

    1 14Th Annual Conference of the EBHA 2010

    1 14th Annual Conference of the EBHA 2010: "Business beyond the Firm" The Centre for Business History, University of Glasgow Saturday 28 August (09.00-11.00) Session 4B: Business and political action ‘The business of consuls; consuls and businessmen’ Ferry de Goey Erasmus University Rotterdam Faculty of History and Arts PO Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam The Netherlands [email protected] © Ferry de Goey Do not use or quote without permission 1 - Introduction The institution of consuls to promote international trade first and foremost developed in maritime trading states and empires. The consular system therefore predates official diplomacy by at least several centuries. The use of consuls was so successful that even non-maritime states later employed consuls. Foreign merchants formed colonies or ‗nations‘ and they elected their own consuls that acted as spokesman in contacts with the local authorities. The local authorities endorsed the consuls, because it facilitated the control of groups of resident foreigners. In case of trouble, the consul was held responsible for the conduct his countrymen. The consular system gained in importance with the rise of European nation-states, the western expansion in Asia and Africa after 1800, and the intensifying competition between the industrialising western countries. Julius I. Puente considers consular representation ‗(...) the most potent agency in the commercial and economic interpenetration of nations‘.1 Nevertheless the history of consuls and their contributions to the business community has thus far not attracted much interest from economic historians or business historians.2 A possible explanation might be the image and reputation of consuls as pictured in novels and movies.3 This paper will focus on western consuls in the nineteenth century.4 What services did consuls provide for entrepreneurs operating in foreign countries? What changes took place in the duties and functions of 1 Julius Irizarry Puente, The foreign consul: his juridical status in the United States (Chicago 1926) 1.
  • National Anxieties and Negotiating Difference in American Barbary Captivity Narratives

    National Anxieties and Negotiating Difference in American Barbary Captivity Narratives

    Essays – peer-reviewed USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics. Vol. 2 (2019) https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2611-2752/8570 ISSN 2611-2752 National Anxieties and Negotiating Difference in American Barbary Captivity Narratives Nikoletta Papadopoulou Submitted: September 23, 2018 – Accepted: November 3, 2018 – Published: March 1, 2019 Abstract The essay examines the accounts of personal experiences of those Americans who came into contact with the Berbers along the North African coast in the decades after the proclamation of American independence. The national anxieties and personal reflections arising from the encounter by Amer- icans with a religiously and culturally complex, distant society on the southern Mediterranean shore are explored. Most American captivity narratives reveal a complex relation to the construction of American identity, where the Orient becomes a zone of contact in which themes related to selfhood and nationhood are constantly negotiated and reconstructed. Keywords: Barbary Captivity; American Orientalism; Muslim Orient. Nikoletta Papadopoulou: University of Cyprus (Cyprus) [email protected] Nikoletta Papadopoulou is a Ph.D. Candidate at the Department of English Studies of the University of Cyprus. Having earned a B.A. in English Language and Literature (University of Cyprus) and an M.A. in American Studies (King’s College, University of London), her current research focuses on American and European representations of captivity and confinement in relation to the Muslim Orient. Her research interests include racial passingand masquerade in the context of Orientalist discourse, Barbary captivity narratives from the eighteenth century onwards, as well as racial politics in media and pop culture. Copyright © 2019 Nikoletta Papadopoulou Art.
  • Totalitarianism and Gnosticism: Gnosticism As the Essence of Modernity

    Totalitarianism and Gnosticism: Gnosticism As the Essence of Modernity

    On Eric Voegelin’s (1901-1985) Totalitarianism and Gnosticism: Gnosticism as the Essence of Modernity Adelaide de Faria Pimenta, Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil The European Conference on Ethics, Religion & Philosophy 2017 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract This paper is part of a master’s thesis in progress. The chosen theme arises from the need to understand the relation that the political philosopher makes between totalitarianism and ideologies, Gnosticism and modernity. For this research, two basic concepts proposed by his philosophical-political theory will be used as fundamental theoretical base: political religions and Gnosticism. Voegelin used the concept of political religions as one of the initial elements of his analysis of twentieth-century political movements - notably National Socialism in Germany and Stalinist socialism. With extensive work and career as a scholar, he took on the task of investigating the deep origins of the political ideologies of his time. His project was being outlined through criticism of the ideologies of his time and research for spiritual causes of it. He investigated the symbolism in history in order to recover the formative experiences that gave rise to them, introducing the idea of Gnosticism as the essence of modernity. The author's claim that modern ideological movements reflect a tendency to immanentize Christian eschatology instigates a broader understanding of the phenomenon. This topic is extremely current and pertinent to the Religious Studies, a field that allows the investigation of religion and its interfaces with historical, political, philosophical and psychological bias, among others, possibly opening perspectives to understanding totalitarianism and its repercussion in the contemporary world.
  • Understanding the Collective Voice in Improvisational Millennialism

    Understanding the Collective Voice in Improvisational Millennialism

    Conspiracy Theories, MIllennialism, and the Nation: Understanding the collective voice in improvisational millennialism Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Wilson, Andrew Fergus Citation Wilson, AF. 2020. 'Conspiracy Theories, Millennialism, and the Nation: Understanding the collective voice in improvisational millennialism', PhD Thesis, University of Derby, Derby Publisher University of Derby Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 29/09/2021 16:28:37 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/625070 UNIVERSITY OF DERBY CONSPIRACY THEORIES, MILLENNIALISM, AND THE NATION: Understanding the collective voice in improvisational millennialism College of Business, Law & Social Sciences September 2019 Andrew Fergus Wilson A submission in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the University of Derby for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy or Master of Philosophy by Published Works Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ii Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Conceptual and Methodological Approaches .......................................................................
  • Eric Voegelin and Gnostic Hollywood: Cinematic Portrayals of the Immanentization of the Eschaton in Dark City (1998) and Pleasantville (1998)

    Eric Voegelin and Gnostic Hollywood: Cinematic Portrayals of the Immanentization of the Eschaton in Dark City (1998) and Pleasantville (1998)

    Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies 5 (2020) 220–242 brill.com/gnos Eric Voegelin and Gnostic Hollywood: Cinematic Portrayals of the Immanentization of the Eschaton in Dark City (1998) and Pleasantville (1998) Fryderyk Kwiatkowski Jagiellonian University, University of Groningen [email protected] Abstract In the first part of the paper, I will provide an overview of Eric Voegelin’s early thesis about Gnosis which he formulated in The New Science of Politics (1952) and Science, Politics, and Gnosticism (1968). A special attention will be paid to the idea of the im- manentization of the eschaton which remains in the center of his argument. In the second part of the paper, I will analyze two Hollywood films in the light of Voegelin’s thesis: Dark City (1998) and Pleasantville (1998). Firstly, I will argue that the main char- acters depicted in the films can be classified as Gnostics in Voegelin’s sense. Secondly, I will demonstrate that their revolutionary acts reflect the idea of the immanentization of the eschaton. Keywords Gnosticism – Hollywood – Eric Voegelin – immanentization – eschaton – Nag Hammadi 1 Gnostics in Hollywood Imagine an illusionary world governed by imperfect yet unattainable figures.* Because of them, everyone is unknowingly suffering. There are few people, however, who realize the situation. They want to take some action. They want * An earlier version of this paper was delivered at the “Gnostic America Conference,” 28–31 March, 2018, Rice University, Houston. © Fryderyk Kwiatkowski, 2020 | doi:10.1163/2451859X-12340094 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license.
  • The Evolution and Defense of Republican Ideology During America's Tripolitan War, 1801-1805 Richard Trevor Smith James Madison University

    The Evolution and Defense of Republican Ideology During America's Tripolitan War, 1801-1805 Richard Trevor Smith James Madison University

    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 5-7-2010 Asserting Republican manhood and bringing the Bashaw to reason: The evolution and defense of Republican ideology during America's Tripolitan War, 1801-1805 Richard Trevor Smith James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Richard Trevor, "Asserting Republican manhood and bringing the Bashaw to reason: The ve olution and defense of Republican ideology during America's Tripolitan War, 1801-1805" (2010). Masters Theses. 409. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/409 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Asserting Republican Manhood and Bringing the Bashaw To Reason: The Evolution and Defense of Republican Ideology during America's Tripolitan War, 1801-1805 Richard Trevor Smith A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History May 2010 To my grandfather, John Richard Shearwood, Jr., For ensuring that thoughts of salty air and the sound of waves on the hull would always inspire both my passion and my imagination. ii Acknowledgements I consider it a privilege and a great honor to have worked with and received the help and encouragement of so many talented instructors who care so deeply for their students.