Inhomogeneity of Visual Space, Discontinuity of Perceptual Time and Cultural Imprinting As Exemplified with Experiments on Visual Attention

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Inhomogeneity of Visual Space, Discontinuity of Perceptual Time and Cultural Imprinting As Exemplified with Experiments on Visual Attention Aus dem Institut für Medizinische Psychologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Vorstand: Prof. Martha Merrow, PhD Inhomogeneity of visual space, discontinuity of perceptual time and cultural imprinting as exemplified with experiments on visual attention, aesthetic appreciation and temporal processing Dissertation zum Erwerb des Doktorgrades der Humanbiologie an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München vorgelegt von Taoxi Yang aus Kunming, Yunnan Provinz, China 2019 Mit Genehmigung der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität München Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ernst Pöppel Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Adrian Danek Prof. Dr. Stephan Kröger Dr. Dominic Landgraf Mitbetreuung durch den promovierten Mitarbeiter: Prof. Yan Bao, Ph.D Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. dent. Reinhard Hickel Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12.09.2019 Contents Affidavit ........................................................................................................................ Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................ 1 Abstract .........................................................................................................................3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................5 References ....................................................................................................................17 Publications...............................................................................................................23ff 1.1 Publication 1: Seeing without knowing: Operational principles along the early visual pathway 1.2 Publication 2: Spatial orienting around the fovea: Exogenous and endogenous cueing effects 1.3 Publication 3: Attentional modulation of speed change perception in perifoveal and peripheral vision 1.4 Publication 4: Does cue processing modulate inhibition of return in a detection task? 1.5 Publication 5: Sadness and happiness are amplified in solitary listening to music 1.6 Publication 6: Aesthetic preferences for Eastern and Western traditional visual art: identity matters 1.7 Publication 7: Aesthetic experiences across cultures: Neural correlates when viewing traditional Eastern or Western landscape paintings 1.8 Publication 8: The "Third Abstraction" of the Chinese artist LaoZhu: Neural and behavioral indicators of aesthetic appreciation 1.9 Publication 9: Auditory perception of temporal order: A comparison between tonal language speakers with and without non-tonal language experience 1.10 Publication 10: Donders revisited: Discrete or continuous temporal processing underlying reaction time distributions? 1.11 Publication 11: When is the right time? A little later! Delayed responses show better temporal control 1.12 Publication 12: Synchronization as a biological, psychological and social mechanism to create common time: A theoretical frame and a single case study Acknowledgements Zusammenfassung Eines der wichtigsten Argumente für einen kognitivistischen Zugang zur Psychologie ist, dass sich die Psychologie nicht grundlegend von der Physik zu unterscheiden scheint; mentale Phänomene sind offenbar unmittelbar auf physikalische Realität bezogen. Beginnend mit der Psychophysik seit dem neunzehnten Jahrhunderts haben Experimente gezeigt, dass dieser Denkansatz nicht nur mit großen Vorteilen, sondern auch mit einigen Fallstricken verbunden sein kann. Auf der Basis des zugrundeliegenden Konzepts, dass mentale Phänomene physikalischen Ereignissen unmittelbar zugeordnet werden können, wird automatisch angenommen, dass die zeitliche Verarbeitung von sensorischen Informationen kontinuierlich sei, wie es das Zeitkonzept in der klassischen Physik nahelegt. Dieses Konzept widerspricht der Möglichkeit einer diskreten zeitlichen Informationsverarbeitung, wie sie in der Tat gilt. Des weiteren wird davon ausgegangen, dass Informationsverarbeitung in einem homogenen visuellen Wahrnehmungsraum eingebettet ist; dies ist jedoch nicht der Fall. Es wird dargestellt, dass mit einfachen sensorischen Reizen oder komplexen ästhetischen Stimuli und deren experimenteller Manipulation ein brauchbares empirisches Paradigma für ein besseres Verständnis von kognitiven Mechanismen bereitsteht, das auf diskrete zeitliche Verarbeitung und einen inhomogenen visuellen Wahrnehmungsraum hinweist. In mehreren Experimenten wird gezeigt, daß die Modulation der Aufmerksamkeit im Gesichtsfeld nicht homogen ist; Reaktionszeitexperimente mit spezifischen Modifikationen stützen die Hypothese, dass 1 funktionell zwei Aufmerksamkeitssysteme im Gesichtsfeld eingebettet sind. Weitere unterstützende Beobachtungen über die Inhomogenität des Gesichtsfeldes kommen aus Experimenten zur ästhetischen Wahrnehmung westlicher und östlicher Kunstwerke. Diese Forschung bestätigt überdies das allgemeine Konzept von anthropologischen Universalien sowie kulturellen oder individuellen Spezifika bei der ästhetischen Wahrnehmung. Im Hinblick auf die zeitliche Wahrnehmung weisen Histogramme der Reaktionszeit auf diskrete zeitliche Informationsverarbeitung hin, was sich auch aus Beobachtungen der zeitlichen Ordnungsschwelle herleiten läßt. Bei der Untersuchung verzögerter Reaktionen wird gezeigt, dass eine präzise zeitliche Kontrolle erst nach einem längeren Intervall erreicht wird. Zusammenfassend kann man aus den verschiedenen Experimenten herleiten, dass mentale Prozesse im räumlichen und zeitlichen Bereich zwar offenkundig nicht direkt zugänglich sind, doch sollte dies nicht als eine undurchdringliche Barriere angesehen werden, um Mechanismen mentaler Prozesse zu entschlüsseln. Mit den klar definierten physikalischen Stimuli und der genauen Beachtung von Stationaritätsbedingungen bei Messungen kann diskrete zeitliche Verarbeitung und Inhomogenität des visuellen Wahrnehmungsraums gezeigt werden. 2 Abstract One of the most compelling arguments for a cognitivist approach to psychology is that psychology does not seem to be fundamentally different from physics; mental phenomena appear to be directly related to physical reality. Experimental evidence beginning in the nineteenth century with psychophysics has shown that this approach can offer great benefits, but can suffer from some pitfalls as well. On the basis of the underlying concept that mental phenomena match directly physical events, it is automatically assumed that temporal processing of sensory information is continuous as it is assumed in classical physics neglecting the possibility of discrete temporal information processing, which in fact is the case. Furthermore, it is assumed that information processing is embedded in a homogeneous perceptual visual space; this is not the case. It is shown that the use of simple sensory stimuli or complex aesthetic stimuli and their experimental manipulation provide a useful empirical paradigm for a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms, i.e., indicating discrete temporal processing and an inhomogeneous perceptual visual space. A number of experiments show that attentional modulation is not homogeneous in the visual field; observations using the reaction time paradigm with specific modifications support the hypothesis that two attention systems are functionally embedded in the visual field. Further supportive findings about the inhomogeneity of the visual field come from experiments on the aesthetic perception of Western and Eastern artworks. This research also confirms in addition the general concept of anthropological universals 3 and cultural or individual specifics in aesthetic appreciation. With regard to temporal perception, reaction time distributions suggest discrete time sampling which can also be derived from observations on temporal order threshold. When testing delayed reactions after stimulus presentation, it is shown that precise temporal control is reached only after a rather long interval. It can be concluded on the basis of the different experiments that even though mental processes in the space and time domain are obviously not directly accessible, this should not be considered as an impenetrable barrier to unravel the mechanism of mental processes. Employing well-defined physical stimuli and strictly observing stationarity conditions in measurements indicate discreteness in temporal processing and inhomogeneity of visual space. 4 Introduction We are creatures living in space and time. Our technologies change the ways in which we perceive space and time, but cannot eliminate the fact that we live in space and time. The properties of space and time are profoundly different for physical and psychological processes, respectively. Physical time and space are ordinal, monotonic, and usually homogeneous. Psychological time and space exhibit paradoxical, disorderly, and inhomogeneous properties in a wide variety of phenomena that seem to conflict with those of physical time and space (Uttal, 2008). According to the philosopher Henri Bergson (1889/2001), there are two kinds of time, homogeneous and heterogeneous. The latter is the time of our experience, and is named by him as 'la durée'. Homogeneous time, which is what we ordinarily mean when we use the word time, is, in his view, space, on to which the mind merely projects psychological time, the succession of our conscious states, thus making it appear to be a successive and continuous reality. In fact, it is nothing but an illusion for there is no true succession in things which are said to be
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