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Geology of Central Eleuthera, Bahamas: a Field Trip Guide

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Geology of Central Eleuthera, Bahamas: a Field Trip Guide Smith ScholarWorks Geosciences: Faculty Publications Geosciences 2010 Geology of Central Eleuthera, Bahamas: A Field Trip Guide Pascal Kindler University of Geneva John E. Mylroie Mississippi State University H. Allen Curran Smith College, [email protected] James L. Carew College of Charleston Douglas W. Gamble University of North Carolina - Wilmington See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/geo_facpubs Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Kindler, Pascal; Mylroie, John E.; Curran, H. Allen; Carew, James L.; Gamble, Douglas W.; and Rothfus, Thomas A., "Geology of Central Eleuthera, Bahamas: A Field Trip Guide" (2010). Geosciences: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/geo_facpubs/86 This Conference Proceeding has been accepted for inclusion in Geosciences: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected] Authors Pascal Kindler, John E. Mylroie, H. Allen Curran, James L. Carew, Douglas W. Gamble, and Thomas A. Rothfus This conference proceeding is available at Smith ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/geo_facpubs/86 Geology of Central Eleuthera, Bahamas: A Field Trip Guide by Pascal Kindler, John E. Mylroie, H. Allen Curran, James L. Carew, Douglas W. Gamble, Thomas A. Rothfus, Michael Savarese, and Neil E. Sealey 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions Gerace Research Centre San Salvador, Bahamas 2010 COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Ph.D. student Fabienne Godefroid at an outcrop called ‘Big Rock’. Fabienne is presently completing a Ph.D. thesis on the geology of Mayaguana and a significant part of the introduction section of the guidebook is derived from her research. Big Rock is an enigmatic and unresolved geological feature of Eleuthera. This boulder-like rock body is located about 20 km away from the suite of megaboulders observed in the Glass Window area, but it is one order of magnitude smaller than all but one of those. It rests in the middle of the island, which is about 800 m wide at this location. It consists of altered bioclastic limestone characterized by an early generation of phreatic marine cement and yielded an A/I ratio indicating a late MIS 5e or 5a age. It shows a low-angle bedding dipping towards the W, i.e. parallel to the strike of the island in this area. It rests on a pedogenically altered oolitic substrate, very similar to the rocks belonging to the Grotto Beach Formation. Unlike the other boulders, no cave occurs at the base of Big Rock. The re-entrant that can be seen below the boulder is actually carved in the oolitic substrate. Big Rock store sells remarkably fresh drinks that will certainly fuel the discussion about this peculiar feature. 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions Geology of Central Eleuthera, Bahamas: A Field Trip Guide by Pascal Kindler John E. Mylroie H. Allen Curran Earth & Environmental Dept. of Geosciences Dept. of Geosciences Science Section Mississippi State Univ. Smith College University of Geneva Mississippi State, MS 39762 Northampton, MA 01063 Geneva, Switzerland James L. Carew Douglas W. Gamble Thomas A. Rothfus Dept. of Geology Dept. Geography & Geology Gerace Research Centre College of Charleston UNC Wilmington San Salvador, Bahamas Charleston, SC 29424 Wilmington, NC 28405 Michael Savarese Neil Sealey Dept. of Marine & Ecological Science Media Enterprises Ltd. Florida Gulf Coast University P.O. Box N-9240 Ft. Myers, FL 33965 Nassau, Bahamas Copyright 2010 by the Gerace Research Centre, San Salvador, Bahamas ISBN 0-935909-91-5 All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information and retrieval system, without permission in written form. Figure 1. Map of the Bahamian Archipelago, showing the location of Eleuthera and San Salvador Island. From Walker, 2006. Spanish Wells Harbor The Bluff Island Stop 6 Stop 5 Stop 4 Gregory Town Hatchet Bay James Cistern Stops 1-3 Rainbow Inn Governor’s Habor Savannah Sound Tarpum Bay Rock Schooner Cays Sound N 15 km Figure 2. Field stop locations and the major settlements of The Eleutheras. FOREWARD PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES This field trip guidebook contains 3 sections. Many of the sites we will visit are on private or Part I presents short introductions to each of the restricted lands and special permission is stops with what we hope are enticing tidbits necessary for entry to some of these areas. For about the controversies and problems associated these reasons, it may not be possible for with each field trip locality. Part II provides a someone who is using a copy of this field guide general background to the geology of the at a later date to follow precisely in our Bahamas and Eleuthera. The third section, Part footsteps. Last-minute changes owing to III, provides a thorough consideration of each of weather conditions or time constraints may the trip localities. result in our field trip taking alternate routes and visiting a slightly different selection of The field trip leaders have many years of sites than presented in the text. We are guests experience studying the geology of the on Eleuthera, and all field trip participants are Bahamas. However, with this experience we urged to treat the areas we visit with the utmost may have inadvertently developed some respect. It is illegal to undertake scientific inaccurate or inappropriate preconceptions. So, research in the Bahamas without a government in attempt to avoid biasing your observations research permit. and interpretations, and perhaps gain some new insights concerning these outcrops and the PLEASE DO NOT MAKE ANY SAMPLE geological events they represent, we have COLLECTIONS AT ANY FIELD STOP provided Part I of this field guide. Part I is WITHOUT ASKING THE FIELD TRIP intended to provide everyone with the minimum LEADERS IN ADVANCE. WE REQUEST background to view an outcrop impartially, THE SAME LEVEL OF RESPECT FOR without the established explanations. This PRESERVATION OF THESE GEOLOGIC should also provide an interesting and SITES FROM ALL SUBSEQUENT USERS stimulating field experience. We suspect new OF THIS GUIDEBOOK. explanations may emerge, while some established ones will be reaffirmed. The official name for the country we are in is “The Bahamas”, but “Bahamas” will be used in What is the best way to prepare for this this field guide, as experience has taught us that adventure? We recommend that you read the readers get confused when “The” is used; as Part I introduction prior to arriving at each stop. they assume a new sentence has begun. The Part II can be read at any time and is perhaps depositional events of the Bahamas are tied to best consumed in advance of the field trip. Part Quaternary sea-level position. As a result, the III should perhaps be avoided initially, Marine Isotope Stage or MIS (formally the particularly if you’d like to approach each stop Oxygen Isotope Stage or OIS) designation for without fore-knowledge. Nonetheless, Part III Quaternary sea-level events is utilized in this contains a vast amount of information and will field guide. The term “carbonates” is used in serve as a great resource during the trip and for the text to include the common mineralogies of years to come. Enjoy the day, and we look calcite, aragonite, and dolomite. The Late forward to your questions, insights, and Quaternary carbonate units of the Bahamas discussion. have significant aragonite, as their young age has preserved the original depositional mineralogy of the allochems, and inversion to calcite has not proceeded to a conclusion as in older rocks in continental settings. Dolomite is experienced marine processes even during the rare in the subaerially exposed carbonate rocks. acme of the Sangamonian highstand of sea level. The Gerace Research Centre has undergone a series of name changes since its’ founding in the The upper unit (refer to Fig. 16) has been early 1970’s. What began as the College Center interpreted as eolianites deposited as sand of the Finger Lakes field station, or CCFL, dunes. (1) Are you satisfied with this became in the late 1980’s the Bahamian Field interpretation? (2) What sedimentologic and Station. In 2002, in honor of its founder, Dr. stratigraphic features are present and Donald T. Gerace, the field station was renamed consistent with this interpretation? These the Gerace Research Center as a 30th eolianites have been further interpreted as anniversary recognition. In 2007, as a result of having been deposited during the regressive closer oversight by the College of the Bahamas, phase of the MIS 5e sea-level highstand, as sea- the word “Center” in the title became “Centre”, level fell and the shoreline retreated toward the the British spelling. Understanding the platform margin. (3) Is there any evidence evolution of the field station name is important present supporting this interpretation? for sorting out publications from the field station cited in the literature. The field station The lower unit has also been interpreted as an website is now www.geraceresearchcentre.com eolianite, but there are features present that may suggest marine influence. (4) What marine indicators, if any, are present? PART I. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERPRETATION Lastly, the horizon found at the outcrop’s weathering break between the two units (Fig. Stop 1 – Two Pines Outcrop 16) is thought to be a calcarenite protosol (a weakly-developed soil deposit that lacks terra “Welcome to the World of Subaerial rossa, and was formed during a relatively short Carbonates” lull in dune accumulation during the sea-level highstand). (5) What soil indicators are If you are new to the geology of the Bahamian present? (6) Are distinct soil-profile features islands, this first outcrop will serve as a evident? wonderful introduction to subaerial carbonate deposits and processes, including eolianites, Proceed further into the guidebook for Stop 1 paleosols, and karstification.
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