JOHN PENTLAND MAHAFFY at Last a Satisfactory Use Has Been Found for Our Examination Hall--As Sub- Stitute for a Gothic Cathedral

Special Terms For Students ii o s,y, : ,y-- Continental Valet Service II DIXON: R~GISTERED AT THE {].P.O. AS A NEWSPAP]BR COPYRIGHT Cleaning, Repairing IIHEMPENSTALL ~__1 GRAFTON ST. Vol. VI--No. 12. THURSDAY, 12th MARCH, 1959 PRICE 3d. 10 St, King St. Our 6o11)i¢ Call)¢dral JOHN PENTLAND MAHAFFY At last a satisfactory use has been found for our Examination Hall--as sub- stitute for a Gothic cathedral. College Singers demonstrated this very clearly (1839-- 1919) at their concert given last Friday, when Honorary Degrees their performance of sacred music by Recently the Senate confirmed the ECOND only in brilliance to the President’s Opening Meeting was Lassus, Buxtehude and Bach was greatly award of seven honorary degrees made S enhanced by the reverbera,nt acoustics by the Board of T.C.D. last Thursday evening’s Phil. Celebration of the Centenary of the of the Hall. Though such acoustic qualities are often a hinderance to Sir Hugh Beaver, who was formerly Presidency of John Pentland Mahaffy. To an audience which included certain types of music, they are in fact Chairman of the Advisory Council for many members of the staff and ex-oflicers who had distinguished them- a necessary adjunct to this polyphonic Scientific and Industrial Research, re- music, which was, after all, written for ~ived an LL.D. He is Managing selves in other walks of life, Mr. J. T. Killen (Sch.) read a masterly performance in a resonant building such Director of Arthur Guinness, Son and paper on "The Greatest Provost of Them All." as our Examination Hall. Co. Ltd. I,n these ideal surroundings, it was, Professor J. L. Montrose, Dean of He dealt with Mahaffy’s brilliant more of his greatness. ~Ihe man’s therefore, all the more distressing to see the Faculty of Law, Queen’s University, scholastic career, his remarkable ver- faults were obvious, but it was in his how few people were present to hear an Belfast, also received an LL.D. satility, his tremendous wit and person- ability to carry them off, he assured us, exquisite performance of what must be ality. But, said the essayist, like all that his greatness lay. " Those of us the most ambitious program~me that A third LL.D. was conferred on Mr. g r e a t claimants to encyclopaedic who lived in the golden age with Singers have ever put on. W. H. Taft, III, former United States knowledge, there was something of the Mahaffy were raised from the common- The parts were evenly balanced Ambassador in Dublin. Mr. Taft took imposter about him. We were told of place to breathe the exalted air." When throughout, and there was a richness of his Ph.D. at Princetown in 1942. He is his attitude of well-bred arrogance to his great rival, the Ulsterman Traill, tone, especially among the basses, which associated with the ’Scholarship Ex- Irish Nationalism and of his petulance was appointed Provost over Mahaffy, £n the echo of the Hall amplified beauti- &ange Board, which has sent us Prof. in his criticism of the work of others. the Common Room he quoted the fully. The tonal quality of the sopranos Gluck and Mr. Sungaard. Mr. Taft is Psalmist, " Promotion cometh neither was particularly pure and piercing member of the America Council of This was enlarged upon in a fine, (though never shrill), and this added .T.C.D. lengthy speech by Dr. Stanford, who from the west, nor from the east, nor started by congratulating the Society on yet from the south." piquancy and "bite" which are so One person received the Litt.D. He Mahaffy was a great believer in a necessary if a performance is to main- holding such a meeting, and Mr. Killen tain its rhythm and interest in resonant is an author and playwright. He was on his paper, which he described as general university education and was born in Dublin (1906), educated at mature, delightful, fair and comprehen- very worried by a movement at that time surroundings. Portora and Trinity. He lectured in sive. Mahaffy, he said, stands with the to make Greek optional. He felt that Julian Dawson, conducting, showed English at the Eeoles Normales Sup~ri- greater Hellenists of the last 100 years, Logic should be c~mpulsory, " so that we himself in full command of the group cure, Paris (1928-30) and in French at should not fall victims to impostors," all the time. The attack throughout was Trinity from 1930-32. " En Attendant he excelled in general surveys, drawing and disliked the invidious "encroach- excellent. Probably the complicated on his own extensive knowledge of life rhythms of the Bach motet were the Godet" (1952), "Waiting for Godot" and literature. But he was not tempera- ment of the scientists." (1956), and a play for broadcasting, Dr. McDowell stated that but for a greatest test in this respect, and the mentally endowed with the punctiliour~ness lively movements of it were sung with "AtiThat Fall " (1957), are some of his required by the specialists and on this twist of fortune Mahaffy would have creations. He is, of course, Samuel account came in for some sharp criticism entered the Indian Civil Service, and great verve and precision. Beckett. wondered how much our recollection of The lengthy applause at the end, from to which he replied with equal but some- a comparatively sparcely populated ¯ Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., received times unwarranted vigour. Mahaffy him is based on the last twenty years the Sc.D. He is a holder of the Davy himself had said that irregularities may of his life. He felt that an unhappy ~uditorium, bore witness as to the excel- Medal of the Royal Society, and has only be flaws in genius of the highest thread ran through Mahaffy’s life, that lence of the whole concert. It is to be he was not altogether at ease h~ con- hoped that this able band of singers will been President of the chemical section order. be given better support in their efforts of the British Association. temporary life, and that he was not Lady Mayer, benefactress of music The President introduced Prof. H. O. adjusted to the Ireland of his day. In- next term, though perhaps on this White by telling us that Mahaffy had deed he had encouraged his sons to go occasion the fault lay with bad advertis- and education, has been awarded the been one of the "platform" of Prof. abroad and join the I,mperial Civil ing. It is rumoured that next term they Mus.D., and Dr. Juan Greene, President, White’s Presidential opening meeting, Service. His love for his country was will be advertising their concert by National Farmers’ Association, the Agr.M. and Prof. White recalled Mahaffy’s great intense, he took a great delight in rustic singing rounds at Front Gate! affection for the Phil., which he had life and peasant speech, but disliked Incidentally, it appears that all seats The Rt. Rev. Alan Buchanan, Bishop adorned in his younger days. He de- prevalent trends in Irish politics. for the Choral concert to-day are sold, of Clogher; Rt. Rev. Arthur H. Butler, scribed the portraits of the great Provost His unhappiness, perhaps, fostered the But I understand that nobody will be Bishop of Tuam, and the Rt. Rev. hanging in the College and dealt with bold, venturesome spirit which linked turned away, as non-ticket holders can Edward F. B. Moore, Bishop of Kilmore, his fondness for College students and with the Victorian characteristic of get into the promenade at the back of all received the D.D. for the boys of the Chapel choir whom super-abundant health made up the man. the hall for 1/-. M.A.’s were awarded to Dr. A. C. he annually treated to tea in the He loved to fascinate people and how Allen, Dr. L. Bass and Mr. W. J. Provost’s House. pleased he would have been to have been Tarleton. Mr. Godfrey felt that Dr. Stanford had present at this meeting, 40 years after George Frederick Handel been too keen to dwell on Mahaffy’s his death, and to see that in the Univer- sity Philosophical Society an altar still An important bicentenary, that of the foibles, which abound in all human death of Handel, occurs on 14th April. beings, and thought we should think burns to him. Its main significance for Dublin derives .John Millington Synge from the fact that the first performance J. M. Synge died on 24th March, 1909. of the "Messiah" was given here, on An exhibition of his works to cam- 13th April, 1742. This was in the New memorate the fiftieth anniversary of his Musick-Hall, Fishamble Street, and it death will be opened in the Long Room was presented in aid of three Dublin 0n 16th April, at a special meeting of Alabcmy charities. the Friends of the Library, by J. M. The preliminary advertisements and Synge’s nephew, Professor J. L. Syn, ge, Miss Mary Carson covered many men have sought the philosophers’ stone an enthusiastic report of the perform- M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., Honorary Fellow of aspects of her subject in an interesting and some claimed to have produced gold, ance appeared in contemporary issues of T.C.D. A catalogue will be issued and and often amusing address on alchemy but usually were discovered to have used George Faulkner’s "’ Dublin Journal," the exhibition will continue through to the D.U.E.S.A. last Tuesday. From various fraudulent means, such as false- which can be consulted in Marsh’s the summer. the Chinese philosophers many centuries bottomed containers, or gold embedded Library. Trinity College Library has a The exhibition is being arranged and before Christ, who were fascinated by in charcoal which was burnt away. copy, although incomplete, of the word- the catalogue compiled by Mr. Ian the number five (they thought of Even in our century, a man called book issued for the first performance; MacPhail, M.A., F.L.A, of the Library directions, for instance, as ,north, south, Tansend, claiming knowledge of the the only other copy known to exist is in staff, with the assistance of Miss M. M. east, west and centre), she ~moved to the secret, formed a company and made the British Museum. A small exhibition Pollard, A.L.A., of Marsh’s Library. early Egyptian experimenters, and £50,000 before being reported to the of Handel material is being held in m co-operation with the Irish Biblio- thence to European alchemists such as police. Marsh’s Library at the present time. graphical Society. Norton (who ~tipulated that lab. workers The possibility has always had an should be clean and sober, and either all attraction for people, even in this ¯ ¯ 0000 ¯ ¯ 00000 O men or all women, not both!) atomic age; one cannot, as Miss Carson Gold was considered a perfect metal, said, imagine the golden gates made of $ said Miss Carson robabl because it is radio-active metal. Gold still has an the eolour of ti~ep su~, Yan object of almost mystic attraction, and alchemy is worship from primitive times. Many not quite dead. CAFE ¯$

The Rest Place for... /!! :i ~l!i~~ I I 1 "!~:i! i All Stationery Requisites Both our Cafe and Restaurant are ¯ METROPO!E decorated in gay contemporary ¯ colour schemes. The Cafe in grey ¯ Centre of the City s and yellow, the Restaurant in pink ¯ and grey. Just the places to relax ¯ Entertainment over a cup of coffee, a tasty lunchor ¯ £verybady Meets at-- a substantial tea after the exertions i LUXURIOUS BALLROOM of study. ¯ ¯ POPULAR RESTAURANT NEW LOOK RESTAURANT’S ¯ if’ i!¸ ~;~ ¯ GEORGIAN ROOM ! LONG BA0 td. i. Y ~ ~ es St. Andrew Street, off Wicklow Street CAPE AND RESTAURANT ¯ i. 5LIN I ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ O O ¯ O i: I , .... - [ i TRINITY NEWS March 12, 1959 Profile College Ronnie Wathen -- The One and Only L I A major danger of University life is A background of Marlborough and the Observe l Vol Royal Irish Hussars would lead one to that ,one becomes a mere member of a The crocus pushing up out of the TRINITY NEWS crowd--or so we are told by many self- expect a carefully preserved, cavalry- twilled anonymity. Ronnie, however, a black earth, cold blue sky, silent stone 3 Trinity College styled individualists as they carefully student of English and German, pre- buildings, smiling mask faces, " College Chairman: stroke an unruly beard or tug at a serves instead that " sweet disorder in Observed," and myself, feeling suddenly FRANCES-JANE FRENCH the dress " which is indicative, not of old and very tired. an untidy mind, but of a mind which The end of term closer and the tempo VoL VI TRINITY NEWS No. 12 concerns itself primarily with essentials. ebbing and then changing into a different T THLRSDAY, 12TH MARCH, 1959 Ronnie’s main interests are mountain- pace as the character of the beat eering and writing. He is not concerned changes from the term to the vacation. merely with the business of getting up The last parties coming fast and leaving i and down rock faces, but with talking nothing save a memory of an emptyi A Trinity about it, interesting other people in it, laugh and vanity, i~ on J~ HAT is Trinity’s role in the and with writing about it. Two years Another seven weeks are past and l intere he was a member of an expedition there is still nothing save in the change i W Ireland of to-day? This Peruvian Andes; last year he be- refor~ of the ,mind; the fibre of the mind question is frequently being posed, :ame the first President and moving stiffened even harder: that is strange~i Court although more often than not, it )irit of the Trinity College Cli~nbing after no hardship, advoc does not extend beyond a sub- This year he edited the Irish Thoughts ahead; a long stretch on into Mountaineering Club Journal, after stinging sand and whispering marra~n conscious thought. having published many articles in that from grass, or a friendly hand on the shoulder Hous* Trinity is in a unique position, magazine since arriving in College three and a warm glass in the hand, anxious for it is a watershed of ideas. and a half years ago. Nor is this eyes looking into eyes for any change in the a Within its walls, Protestants and Ronnie’s only claim to literary fame. the mind and finding still the sadness, based Catholics, English, Northern Irish He edited this term’s issue of " Icarus " c~nly a litle harder now and the eyes a transl --and like most of his activities, it little softer in their sympathy and love. and Southern Irish meet to work bears the mark of independence and shoal’ The emptiness in the chest aching to Lo~ and play together. Here these originality. be filled, aching to find somewhere soft different types learn to tolerate He does not suffer fools gladly, but and clean and warm, aching to taste sider: and respect the views and opinions paradoxically has a wide circle of friends " Fre to whom he will offer a sympathetic if something fresh, something fresh, like of others. occasionally deaf ear, tea m his the dew resting so soft on the spikiness not g But what happens when these sumptuously appointed rooms, and an of the grass, in pr same people leave College? Each abundance of succinctly worded insults. Thoughts back; the broken clay of life eleme lying putrid on the pristine hope of the goes his own way, g]vmg little " I o~ly argue with my friends," he says, merit and only those fortunate enough to have heart. Things nearly held, then their thought to the valuable contacts argued, or been argued with, can delicacy lying broken an the pathway, tiny as it he has made with other people --By courtesy Sunday Independent. appreciate the wisdom of his motto. Knowledge st~ddenly blossomi.ng, the~ whilst at Trinity. Tenacious and unyielding, with an open dying with its own limitation and the any 1 Many of these same people are neatly battered hat. The real person- contempt for narrowness of outlook, mind seeing too much, and hope dying, syste~ destined eventually to play im- ality, however, does not rely on external Ronnie never fails to exhilarate or Looking around, reflecting; all around, and i gimmicks to make himself k~own; rather exasperate, to convince of his point of suffering, and some of them blind to portant roles in their awn view or of his obstinacy. His climbing their own suffering, not seeing the would countries. It is up to this genera- does he present an apparently severe ability to get out of tight corners stands mountain for the ant-hill, easy to break, maim tion of Trinity men and women to face to the world while maintaining his him in good stead in many disputes, but waiting to be beaten up by Life. Aad ensure that the contacts they have individuality. Such a man is Ronnie equally it makes him generous to those others, having been stabbed, finding that who drag on the rope. a scratch wrecks them with pain. and made here endure into the future. Wathen. A others after so long, getting hardened, Prop( For, if this attitude once became so that now there is only a long grey universally accepted, Trinity would ache that becomes even more constant electi once again be in a position to shape New Three-Year Rule and grey, and others pulling themselves Dubli the destinies of these islands. Although we are often war.ed against ¯ erect and slugging away at their brains audie " The Registrar of Chambers will and making themselves fight. Then fall- the ~. It is up to those of us who are notify by 1st June all students who will any attempt at compariso~ with Oxford ing again, a.~d yet again picking them- over~ not so fortunate as to be the direct have enjoyed three years’ residence next conditions, it should be remembered that selves up out of their own defeat. October that they must vacate their war& inheritors of positions of influence there a student can only reside inside his And what are all these grey buildings rooms." This notice recently displayed and these people in gowns, in tweeds, all syste] to offer our services, however college for one year. A three-year on the Arts notice-board at Front Gate these books and all these words ? Is it trate( limited they may be, in some form has come as a shock to many residents tenure seems in this light more reason- all just " living and partly living?" Or the 1c of public work, both social and in College. It comes at the end of a able. It has been suggested that the is it really the gateway to LIVING? political, in our respective statement of the Board’s new regulatio,.ns I mean positively living. Bending iife of Ire concerning tenure of College rooms. first students to be asked to vacate with t countries, whilst at the same time rooms should be Dubliners, since they into sympathy with the will. At first sight this new ruling seems could be said to be occupying places un- College becomes a boxing ring; some ment retaining our connections with the arbitrary and severe. Eviction is a stern people fight like light-weights, shifting contacts we made while at Trinity. necessarily. There is no sound reason into word in any circtcmstances. One must, for adopting this discrimination against fast and hitting hard, always attacking, Because of her unique position, however, bear in mind the present long defending with the quick sidestep while morn, waiting list for roams. It is also wn- Dublin residents, but they might be Trinity, and Trinity men and dissuaded in cases where residence in attacking with another punch; sometimes Arth~ fortunate that only a small percentage they become exhausted, but recover women, should be able to vie~v the rooms was not of vital importance. of Si: of Junior Freshmen is resident in quickly and jump into the attack again, a sist ma~or questions of the day in a College. While many people prefer to The new regulations have reinforced Others are more cautious and hit care- detached and analytical way; and live outside, many would maintain that the position of a few years ago when first students were simply " liable " to fully and watch for themselves. Others having weighed the evidence, to to live in rooms is to sample the most go in like an old heavy-weight with 1~ Qu enjoyable life that Trinity can offer. eviction. They are an inevitable result produce a constructive and con- rounds to go. They think, they slug Metal The new ruling is, therefore, to be com- of the great increase in the number of away, ~hey get slugged, they get hurt, sidered contribution to any topic mended if it affords greater pleasure to students which has set many problems unexl but they are used to the hurt, and only effete worthy of discussion. a greater number. for Trinity. wish to avoid .new pain; they can ride This is an asset which is not over past hurts because the:/ are rugge& uniqu being made enough of at the College Classical Society And there are some who sit in the ring a w: moment. Trinity can and must without seeing anything to fight. May- mino~ The Auditorial meeting .of the College The paper was entitled " Vir Fortis ac be they are lucky . . . Maybe they are Muns play her part to the full in the right, Classical Society took place yesterday Strenuus." Professor Palmer was fair future of these islands. But she in the Graduates’ Memorial Building. particularly interesting in relating the I. observe the people in College while The Society has been in existence since grey buildings obscure me, looking at Parli cannot do so unless the young men Mycenean social system to the whole and women who come here to study 1906, and it is now an established Axel Munthe saying: " Man was built to set tradition that each year the Auditor in- European scheme. His title represents carry his own cross, that is why he was are determined to put Trinity once of c( vites a distinguished classicist to deliver the " Baron " of feudal times. given his strong shoulders," and smiling more in the forefront of public a paper. Last year the guest of honour faintly in his old wisdom. But are his votin Mr. Killen broadened the scope of his for t affairs; and this can best be done was Dr. D. L. Page, Regius Professor meeting by inviting as supporting shoulders always strung ? If not, he still along the path outlined above. of Greek at Cambridge. speakers two authorities on Celtic has to bear his cross or be defeated, sent~ If Trinity means anything to This year’s Auditor, Mr. J. T. Killen Philology, Professor Myles Dillon of the and he was not made for defeat--only to (Sch.), is particularly interested in be broken a little. you, act now and cease considering Institute for Advanced Studies, a~d Mr. philology, and he invited Professor L. R. E. G. Quinn, F.T.C.D., our own lecturer the situation hopeless and beyond Palmer of Oxford University, whose M~ in Philology. The meeting thus attracted PREPAID ADVERTISEMENT press repair. It is not YET too late, book, " The Latin Language," has be- a wider audience, and as well as those although the time at our disposal come the standard work in English on interested in classice, many Dublin made Latin philology. Professor Palmer was DIVINING Pendulum Wanted at once. Box 13, to take the initiative is seriously Celtic scholars accepted the Society’s sentu educated at the University College of invitation to attend. legis] limited. South Wales, and was head of the Classical Department at King’s College, After a reception in the U.P.S. Con- in " versation Room, the chair was taken by whet London, before accepting the Chair of the President of the Society, Dr. H. W. THAT WONDERFUL ELECTIONS Comparative Philology at Oxford in the: 1952. Parke, Vice-Provost and Librarian. and At the annual general meeting of WHISKEY in p~ S.C.M. held on Tuesday, February 17th, one : the following officers and committee were Co-op. and Buffet Of Dust-bins and a Tape Gore elected for the coming session: Chair- La man, Mr. C. W. Musgrave; Vice-Chair- There were not twelve shareholders Recorder by man and Irish Industrial Secretary, Mr. present at the Co-op. meeting which was There is a rumour that Players’ Soci~ R. E. S. Dunlop; Secretary, Miss B. to decide the future of Buffet. The Theatre is to be used for a most in- bodi~ McCague; Treasurer, Mr. J. Wallace; Chairman was Dr. Pyle. Mr. Thornton and Librarian¯, Mr. W. J. Moore; Cammittee- and Mr. Packenham-Walsh spoke teresting production during the vacation. Rule Miss C. Dalap, Miss K. Thompson, Miss strongly in favour of the proposal to The show will be a double-bill production a ¢oi M. Hall, Mr. S. Lacey, Mr. H. Patrick, hand over Buffet to College, together of "End Game" and " Knapp’s Last the 1 Mr. P. Skelton. with £2,500 of the reserves, leaving Tape " by Samuel Beckett, and it will but t £1,200 reserves for Co-op. There were it an signs of opposition from some of the open, we are informed, on March 30th. patti student shareholders. In particular, the These plays will be the first staged by J. J. & S. 10 YEARS OLD frea~ Photographic Association and Chess the newly-formed professional company exist EASTMANS Club representatives did not like to see a which is called Art Theatre, Dublin. they company giving away its only profitable The founders and directors of this Iltllllllllllllllllilllllll mett LTD. line. campany are Robert Somerset and liam, There was much discussion, including Players’ own Louis Lentin. Other PURVEYORS OF considerations of the immorality of Players’ stars involved in the forthcom- vsing Buffet profits for Co-op. dividends. ing production are John Jay, who will i HIGH-CLASS It was decided to accept the proposal, design the sets, and David Nowlan, who It with the proviso that the renovations will play the part of Nagg--the gentle- MITCHELL & 8ON syste i MEAT must be carried out by October let, man who lives in a dust-bin, as you r~ay Unit 1959. Failing this, Co-op will retain remember. 21 Kildare Street the i Suppliers to the £2,500. A request was made for The plays, incidentally, will probably to se adequate representation on the manage- be under the auspices of the Arts DUBLIN Peep i Trinity College ment of Buffet. We can now expect Council, and will almost certainly be ~ge something new in the way of lunch worth a visit by any student staying in odi~ service in the coming academic year. Dublin during the vacation. sews SYMPOSIUM ON

Vol. VI--No. 12. TRINITY NEWS March 12, 1959 ,f the stone ~ollege tdenly THE HISTORY OF P.R. IN IRELAND

A letter in the " Freeman’s Journal " securing any representation in pre- on January 1’4, 1911, first aroused the PROINSIA8 Mac AONGHUSA dominantly Unionist areas under the interest of the Irish people in electoral old system. A similar fate would be in applied to all local and Parliamentary store for all who did not believe in the reform. The latter was from Lord of the Ratepayers’ Association, who Republic in the three southern provinces elections in the country. Only one large realised that if the substantial minority g0urtney to Thomas Sexton, M.P., and it group stood out against P.R. and said in spite of the fact that such people taxes was to be represented on the new formed a very strong minority. The ~lvocated that the country be divided that they would not have it under any Corporation a fairer method of election into large constituences each returning circumstances. They were the Unionists than the British one would have to be results in Belfast and Dublin show how of Ulster. this injustice was avoided. from three to five members to the found, Dublin City returned seven Sinn ~Iouse of Commons. It also stated that Sligo F6iners and no others to Parliament in the actual system of voting should be Verdict on P.R. 1918; Belfast elected eight Unionists and The general verdict on the election based on the principle of the single This first election on P.R. principles one Nationalist. In both cities there was was held at Sligo on Wednesday, was, in the words of the " Irish considerable opposition to the members transferable vote and that tt~e counting January 15, 1919, under the Sligo Cor- Independent," that " it has given Sligo returned. On the face of it, it seemed should be done by the quota system. ~poration Act of 1918. The town o’f Sligo a model council." The local verdict on it probable that the Belfast Unionists and Lord Courtney’s system found con- had become a by-word throughout the was just as enthusiastic. "We saw it the Dublin Sinn F~iners would sweep siderable support among readers of the three kingdoms as the last word in work, we saw its simplicity; we saw the all before them at the municipal badly-run boroughs. As a result of mis- result, the final count, and we join in elections. But in fact the following was "Freeman." The British spot voting had management, waste, neglect and lack of the general expression of those who the result since the election Was held on not given the country much satisfaction powers for increasing local taxation the followed it with an intelligent interest: P.R. principles: Dublin: Sinn F6in, 42; in preceding years and the Irish-Ireland condition o~ the town was bad in the "It is as easy as the old way; it is a Labour, 15; Unionists, 12; Nationalists, big improvement; it is absolutely fair." elements and the growing Labour move- extreme. In addition, even though 25 per 9; Independents, 2. Belfast: Unionists, cent. ’of the voters were Unionists they That is the character Proportional 35; Labour, 12; Sinn F6in, 5; ment were very much opposed to it. The were unable to elect even one member Representation deserves and it is the Nationalists, 5; Independents, 3. tiny Sinn F6in organisation felt, wrongly to the Corporation because of the relative character it got as an operating factor The Belfast Unionists were the only it turned out, that it could never make majority votiog system. The Corpora- in the Sligo election," declared the people to complain of the result and " Sligo Champion." mY progress under the British election tion was exclusively in the hands of the their leaders said that they would return Nationalists. Before the extension of to the old system at the earliest oppor- ~stem and that the corrupt, arrogant the franchise under the Local Govern- Ulster Unionists tunity. They could see no reason for and priest-ridden Nationalist Party ment Act of 1898 the exact opposite was These words were echoed throughout kavLng fair representation for their would forever be in an overwhelming the case, with the Unionists and Ireland and as a result the British opponent~. majority. Capitalists having complete control of Government agreed to make provision the local government. There had been for holding all local elections in Ireland Democracy ? P.R. Society no opposition to speak of and the result under the P.R. system. The P.R. prin- To sa’feguard the interests of in the words of the " Sligo Champion" ciple of elections became law in the minorities, North and South, a provision A meeting was held to discuss the was included in the 1920 Government of Proportional Representation principle of Ireland Act which prevented the election election in the Ancient Concert Rooms in system from being changed for three Dublin on April 20, 1911, and a large years. At the earliest moment permitted by the Act (June, 1924) the N.L Govern- audience heard Courtney and others tell CONTENTS ment reverted to the British system. the history of P.R. and its advantages Page This was just in time for the 1924 Local ever all other methods of election. After- Elections. The 1925 General Elections ~axds a model election was held and the The Weakness of a Proportional Electoral System were held under P.R. but it was abolished in time for the 1929 contest. It is in- ~/stem was fully explained and illus- Lionel Booth ...... 2 teresting to note that in 1921, under t~ted. As a result of that meeting, The Case for the Retention of P.R.--Sefin MacBride ... 2 P.R., there were no uncontested seats the Proportional Representation Society in N.I. In 1925, again with P.R., only 0~ Ireland was formed some months later The History of P.R. in Irehnd--Proinsias Mac Aonghusa 1 eight seats went without a fight. But with the object of convincing the Govern- in 1929 there were 22 seats uncontested The Proposal to Abolish P.R.~Basil Chubb ...... 3 and in the General Election fought four ment that P.R. ought to be introduced years later no less than 33 members out into Ireland at the earliest possible P.R. and the Protestant Minority--W. B. Stanford ... 3 of a total of 52 were returned to Par- moment. Among its first members were liament without any opportunity being The P.R. Voting Paper--A. A. Luce ...... 4 given to the electors to pass judgment Arthur Griffith, the founder and leader upon them. As is well known, the pattern of Sinn F6in, and Mrs. Kathleen Moloney, The Value of P.R.--Enid Lakeman ...... 4 has continued up to the present day. a sister of Kevin Barry, who became the first secretary of the movement. Legion of the Rearguard Quite a number of the Nationalist In what became the Irish Free State Members at Westminster gave the society and later, Eire, the system worked well ~nexpected support. They believed that it and, until recently, there was no move ADVERTISEMENTS to revert to the British method. It helped offered a solution to some of the country’s Page to heal the wounds left by the Civil War ~tique problems and they realised that by giving fair representation to the de- a way must be found to give the Brindley ...... ° ... 3 feated Republicans and by opening the minority--the Unionists of Leinster and way for them to enter Parliament with Duffy’s ...... °.. ... 2 a respectable number of deputies. Under Munster and the Nationalists of Ulster-- the other system they would be bound fair representation in the Home Rule Hanna’s ...... ,.. 2 to remain in the wilderness with a hand- Parliament which they believed would be Hedges & Figgis ...... ful of parliamentary representatives for eet up within a short time. They knew, °,. ... 4 many years and the likelihood of their taking to the gun once more would be of course, that under the existing spot Irish Photo Engraving Co ...... , 1 greatly increased. Throughout the years voting system it would be very difficult since self-government was attained it for these elements to secure any repre- has given the country fair representation sentation whatsoever. and reasonable stability. Since the State was " general waste, mismanagement, middle of 1919 in spite of bitter opposi- was founded there have been only three Arthur Griflith Prime Ministers in office; one Govern- who paid the greatest amount of local tion by Ulster Unionists inside and out- ment lasted 16 years, another lasted 10 Mr. Griffith’s views "~n P.R. were ex- decay of industries, enterprise and the side Parliament. It is no exaggeration years, two lasted three years each and pressed in many references which he contraction of a bad load of debt. The to say that this reactionary attitude of the present administration has the new position, following the 1898 Act, the Ulstermen was largely responsible made to the necessity of having’ repre- greatest majority ever given to an Irish was that the most heavily rated sections for the unfriendly division which arose Government. There has never been any sentatives of all sections in the proposed o’f the community were barred from between Southern and Northern Unionists popular feeling against it and those who legislature and especially in. his article having representatives on the Corpora- and for the bitterness that followed in care to study the figures for the various in " Sinn F6in" on February 25, 1911, tion. the coming years. Needless to say, elections from 1922 to 1957 will find that Southern Unionists, whose sole repre- where he declared: "P.R. secures that justice was done at all times and. the Nationalists sentative in the Commons at that time will of the people was seen clearly in the majority of the electors shall rule, As it happened, the Nationalists were was Sir Mauriee Doekrell, supported the and that minorities shall be represented the results. It will also be seen that i~ proportion to their strength. It is the extraordinarily bad administrators who electoral reform move. the system as worked in Ireland tends one just system of election in democratic allowed things to drift from bad to worse The Local Government elections were to give a slight bonus at all’ times to the until, eventually, the climax came and it held in 1920 with results which gave two major parties at the expense of their Government." general satisfaction. Had it been held ,%i Largely as a result of the work done was realised that the town was on the smaller competitors but at the same time by the Proportional Representation verge of bankruptcy, and that emergency on the British system, as had the General that it guarantees that no substantial measures were necessary at once. The Election of 1919, the Unionists, no doubt, minority will be artificially kept out of t Society of Ireland the system was em- Sligo people realised that many changes would have swept all before them in the bodied in the Home Rule scheme of 1912 the D~il and forced to forward its policy would have to be made in the town’s North and Sinn F6in would face no by other, and possibly more bloody, and subsequently in the ill-fated Home effective opposition in the South. This Rule Act of 1914. By then it had gained constitution and because of pressure means than parliamentary action. il ! a considerable amount of support among from all sides in Sligo the Local Govern- would have suited the Unionists, but ment Board assisted the Corporation and even in their hour of strength, the Sinn Return to the Gun? the thinking sections of the community F~iners were all in favour of the new but the ordinary voters knew little about the local Ratepayers’ Association to Over the years a number of small it and understood less. They were not draft a Parliamentary Bill giving wider system and declared openly that they powers to the Council and stipulating believed in democracy and that the parties have arisen in this country for l~articularly happy with some of the that all future Councils in the town be democratic ideal was better served by one reason or another. Some of them freak results in elections held under the elected on P.R. principles. Contrary to P.R. than by any other known method got considerable support, elected mem- existing British system but on the whole what interested politicians have said of election. bers to the House, fulfilled their function they looked on it as the only possible lately the P.R. clause in the Bill was not and then disappeared. Under another r~ethod of choosing Members of Par- introduced at the instigation of the Local Sinn F6iners system they would have survived as a liament. Government Board but at the behest of Nationalists and Sinn F~iners would frustrated minority outside the D~il Sligo citizens, led by Mr. T. J. Kilgannon have stood a very poor chance o’f plotting and planning against the Enthusiasm Government and ma kin g mischief generally for the country. No doubt, It was not until 1919 that the P.R. Ystem was tried out in any part of the with our traditions, they would have ~hired Kingdom and that the man in taken to the gun in a number of cases. the street had a chance for the first time Fortunately, thanks to P.R., all that was to see the theory in practice. What the -k FOR PRINTING BLOCKS avoided and the country was given some People of Ireland saw delighted them and chance to develop in a democratic fashion. general call went forward from local IRISH PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., LTD. It seems a great pity that these benefits ~odies, clubs and organisations and and blessings may now be thrown away CUFFE LANE (Off Cuffe Street) and that the country may once more be aewspapers for the P.R. principle to be thrown into the melting-pot. SYMPOSIUM ON P.R. TRINITY NEWS TRI] THE WEAKNESS OF A PROPORTIONAL Th, i - will d ELECTORAL SYSTEM majo] i much on th The main weakness and danger of a most proportional electoral system has been LIONEL BOOTH, T.D., Fianna Fail Deputy for Dun Laoghaire, Rathdown excellently summarised by Deputy J. A. chang Costello as being one that leads "to a Continental Election Systems visualise the enthusiastic acceptance of probable that the unhappy experience of or a~ large number of small parties being re- such a system in Ireland. other countries will i,nevitably be ours again turned, m akin g for instability in Comparison with European electoral too if the present system continues. imnoI Government. That is inherent in the systems is deceptive unless the full facts France on f~ system of P.R. and the single transfer- of each case are appreciated. In no Weakness of Coalition Governments artic], able vote." other country in the world is the national Recent examples of political instability howe~ parliament elected by the single trans- due to proportlonalism in other countries The basic fallacy in the argument or to The Red Light ferable vote which is used here. Various deserve to be noted. In France, since the favouring proportionalism is that "repre- It is forms of proportionalism are in use in last war, instability and the rise to sentation" is assumed to be the test of numb, In our system so far this weakness Europe, but they differ considerably power of the Communist Party. led to government; in fact the main test is a consi( has not yet become fully apparent, but from each other. Their basic similarity, the virtual collapse of democracy m 1958. government’s capacity to govern. A the danger signs have already appeared. however, is that they favour a " Party The country was saved by the leader- Coalition is wide open to criticism both There has always been a number of List " system whereby the votes are cast ship of General de Gaulle who insisted as regards representation and capacity Fir~ small parties in the DAil, and greater for parties and not for candidates, and that proportionalism be eliminated from to govern. Its policy must be a com- Const multiplicity has been avoided only be- seats are allotted to parties in some the electoral system and that a majority prumise from the outset and its govern- for re cause (to quote Deputy Costello again) proportion to the number of votes cast system be substituted. ment must be of a tentative nature in our b "we have been fortunate, or misfor- for each party. The seats are then filled an effort to prevent its own disintegra- for tb tunate if you like, in this country in by the nominees of the party selected Deadlock and Minority Governments tion through the alienation of the respm having two big political parties with big by the party, from its list of approved In the early months of 1958 the support of. some of its constitutional public issues dividing them. It may be--and candidates. groups. This means that a Coalition is it is t the probability is--that in the course of Belgian Cabinet of a Coalition Govern- ment reached a deadlock due to inability not representative of any of its gro,ups, also t time the issues that divide these parties Norway or is representative of only one, and that to art will be completely swept aside." It has to reconcile its own inherent differences. For four months there was no Cabinet it is essentially weak. While a strong stitutJ been suggested, however, that the pro- In Scandinaviam countries, propor- government is not necessarily a good or the w posal to amend the system is premature, tionalism has had to be adjusted to give in office while negotiations proceeded in a wise government, its worth depends dissat but further delay could very easily make preference to the larger political groups an effort to form a new Government. If any crisis, such as the recent riots in solely on the ability and principles of on pa amendment impossible. No Coalition in an effort to prevent the dangers of the men who form it; but a Coalition, On Government could pass the necessary multiplicity of parties. This is illus- the coal mining districts, had occurred during those four months the result by its very nature, must be weak and out tl legislation to enable a referendum to be trated by the return of a Labour Govern- cannot govern decisively. A war-time ~ment in Norway in 1949 with 57 per cent. could have been disastrous. In WaS V held, as its own smaller groups would Coalition is an exception as, in such cir- it has have a vested interest in the mainten- of the seats, although it received only December, 1958, some Ministers of the Coalition Government of Luxembourg cumstances, all party differences on becau~ ance of a system which had been to their 48 per cent. of the votes. social, economic and international affairs and p, benefit. resigned from office. No substitutes are swept aside by the united national comm~ Switzerland could be found and the " rump " of the effort for victory. Negligible Minorities Cabinet was asked to continue in office the a~ Switzerland is often quoted as the u,ntil further notice, although it was a shall I.nstability of government has also ideal of democratic government, but the blatantly misrepresentative, minority Remedy in Our Own Hands first, ~’ been experienced by the return of great amount of autonomy enjoyed by group. The Italian Coalition similarly History has shown, and present events governments with negligible minorities. the separate cantons makes comparison foundered this year, and only after pro- This has resulted in elections having to of little value to us. In any case, the still show, that proportionalism is in- longed negotiations has a new Govern- herently dangerous, though superficially One be held long before a government had central government does little more than ment been frowned by the Christian debate completed its full statutory term. In- suggest legislation which is then re- attractive to the amateur political Democrats who are a minority in the theorist. No such criticism can be about stability has been shown more obviously ferred to a referendum, and this fre- country and in the Parliament. The simple by the virtual disintegration of the two quent, sometimes monthly, recourse to a levelled at the simple and direct system future of such a Government is not known as "the relative majority vote" "lea&, recent Coalition or Inter-Party Govern- referendum seems to be hardly suitable difficult to foretell. in the ments. In each case the withdrawal of to us. At a Swiss election each party which has been developed through centuries of experience in Britain and coaliti, support by the smallest of the parties selects a list of its candidates and this Instability Likely Here ment. concerned caused the collapse and dis- list can be used, and is in fact used by adopted by the members of the British Commonwealth and by the U.S.A. These "lead~ i solution. In this instance, too, further the majority of voters, as a ballot paper While no definite proof can be given strong delay could be very dangerous if not by simply dropping it in the ballot box. that the same results would follow in countries have a record of stable govern- and pt disastrous, as instability leads to loss of Any ex-Minister of the Government is Ireland from a proportional system as ment which is the envy of the world. We availa] confidence by the electorate in normal entitled to be returned without contest- have followed elsewhere, it is impossible, should not be content to remain envious As : parliamentary democracy and this, in its ing the election at all. The franchise too, to find any proof to the contrary; any longer when the remedy lies i~ our cerned turn, can lead to dictatorship. is restricted to men only. It is hard to but, on balance, it appears more than own hands. and ex studie( portan system suppm THE CASE FOR THE RETENTION OF P.R. In discussing P~oportional Representa- tio~ it is necessary at the outset to SE .N MacBRIDE, S.C., Former Minister for External Affairs el decide what we mean by parliamentary democracy. Do we want a parliament since 1921 as the basis of our electoral proportional representation, but there is ment. And, of course, when Mr. de which reflects as closely as PoSsible the Pro]~ system for three main reasons: a real danger that through apathy and Valera talks of a single party govern- views of the electorate or do we want a lished 1. Because it was regarded as, and inertia they will not rally energetically ment he really means a Fianna Frill parliament which reflects the views of admitted to be, the fairest way of enough to defeat this proposal. This is government. Anyone who has studied only some portion of the electorate? what the Government is relying upon. the British electoral system knows that Or, in other words, do we want govern, enabling the will of the people to be the strongest party, evem though it may ment by the people or government by s seertained. 2. To ensure that, both while Reasons Advanced for Abolition only poll a minerity ,of the votes, will only some of the people? Partition subsisted and when Ireland Very many different and conflicting sweep the boards. Thus, in all proba- There can be no doubt that the aim was ultimately united, the " Unionist" reasons were originally advanced for the bility, if P.R. is done away with here, is to elect a gover~ment which is repre, and non-Catholic mi,nority in the Twenty- Government’s proposal to do away with our next Drill will be composed of any- sentative of all sections of the people. six Counties and ultimately in a united P.R. The leader of the Government, Mr. thing from 100 to 130 Fianna FAil Proportional representation serves that Ireland would have due representation, de Valera, at first suggested that it was deputies and there will be virtually no purpose. The system of P.R. which we use here is by no means mathematically and that their minority rights would be because P.R. had led to instability of Opposition. accurate enough to ensure absolute pro- adequately safeguarded. This, indeed, government in France. When it was It is now blatantly admitted that the portional representation, but it does was regarded as such an essential con- pointed out that this was nonsense be- smaller parties will be completely achieve a reasonable result and, on the stitutional guarantee for a united Ireland cause France never had P.R. except for obliterated that includes Labour, Sirra whole, it favours the majority parties. that it was enshrined in the Constitution. a short period in 1945-46, that argu- F~in, Clamn na Talmhan and Clann na ment was put aside. We were the.n told Poblachta. The aim of the pr.oposal is, The British System 3. To give minority groups and therefore, to deprive the people of their that, anyway, it led to instability; when The system used i~ Britain, which the parties due representation and thus to right to choose the policy, the party or Government proposes to introduce here, ensure, in a country where constitutional it was pointed out that there was the representatives they want. If they makes no attempt to ensure that the practice had had a chequered history, greater stability here and in countries want their vote to count, they will have parliament elected will be representative. there would be respect for our parlia- which had P.R., we were then told to vote for one or other of the main On the contrary, more often than not it parties. results in a parliament in which the mentary institutions. that P.R. was bad because it was in- majority party has secured only a No amount of party propaganda by troduced here under British rule. The Purpose of P.R. minority of the votes of the electorate. the Government c~u disguise their real ridiculousness of this argument is high- The aim of P.R. is to give the different The result of the So~th African gemeral purpose in now wishing to abolish P.R. lighted by the fact that P.R. was em- parties representation proportionate to election is an illustration of what may bodied in the 1937 Constitution by Mr. their strength. There is no system and does frequently occur. In that They realise from the bye-election which is equally fair. That is why we election the Government party secured results and their growing unpopularity de Valera himself. Surely, it cannot be embodied it in our Constitutions and 598,685 votes and obtained 92 seats, that they have lost the confidence of suggested now that the British Govern- why all parties have hitherto accepted whereas the Opposition party, which the majority of the people; for these ment compelled him to do so? it enthusiastically. It was correctly polled 608,165 Votes, only secured 43 described by the political philosopher, seats. Such a result cannot in any way reasons they are now contemplating a Fianna Ffiil’s Real Aim John Stuart Mill, as "the greatest be described as representative democracy. form of "gerrymandering " to maintain improvement .Vet .made in ~he theory It was only when the complete fallacy Not o.nly is it not proportional, but it Fianna FAil in power. and practice of government." achieves minority rule instead of of all these arguments became apparent As to the argument that P.R. pro- majority rule. In eight of the last ten Acceptance by All Parties that the real reasons for the desire to duces instability, we need go no further British general elections, the govern- ame,nd the Constitution was stated. In than our example to test the falseness ment which resulted had not polled a In a country where political differences his speech in the Senate, which has not of this argument. In 26 years, Mr. de majority of the votes. are sharp and where there is seldom Valera has had the reins of Governmen{; agreement, P.R. has been accepted by all received sufficient attention, Mr. de in his own hands for over 20 years; Why Ireland Adopted the P.R. System parties without exception until now. Valera stated: durin~ that period there were only two " The Gover,ument have come to the changes of Government. In’the same Proportional representation w a s P.R. was embodied in the 1922 Con- adopted here and approved by all parties conclusion that it was not in the best ~oeriod there were seven different Prime stitution and again in the 1937 Con- Ministers in Britain. stitution. Of all the constitutional pro- interest .of the country to have govern- visions in our system, it is the one which ments of a coalition kind." has caused the least criticism. Why So, the purpose of this proposal is to BOOKS then this sudden urge to change from prevent the people from being able to Books on P.R. P.R. by the Government in power? choose the type of government they FRED HANNA LTD. want and to compel the people to have and any book you want ¯ 8-29 N~ssau Street Government Relying on Electors’ Apathy a single party government whether .or ~EW d~ SE~O~D-HA/IVD I. have no doubt that the majority of .~ot they want it and whether or not DUFFY’S, 38 WestmoPeland St., Dublin the people do not want to do away with that government is a minoritY govern- TI{INITY NEWS SYMPOSIUM ON P.R.

THE PROPOSAL TO ABOLISH P.R. The great majority of the voters who stable majority. Under our P.R. system will decide the issue of P.R. or the simple such effective assemblies are the product majority system will probably not be An Academic View of the political situation. Until now. much influenced by the current debate circumstances in Ireland have polarised political life and have produced stable on the subject. If we could but know it, BASIL CHUBB, D.Phil., F.T.C.D., Bursar of Trinity College majorities and, hence, effective assem- most people will either vote for the blies. However, between 1948 and 1957 change as a vote for Dev. and the party, there were signs of what might happen or against it because that is a vote one example, coalition Governments. In or failure of our present system as it when Governments have to rely on un- against them. But some, a very small almost thirty-seven years Ireland has works in an Irish context. Only if it reliable groups and Independents. Under minority, want to make up their minds experienced only two and ’from 1922-48 appears to have failed, or the alternative some circumstances, the simple majority on facts and sound principles. This there were none. Ireland, indeed, ex- can be shown to produce better results system gives a bonus to the largest party article is addressed to them. It does not, hibited that most important feature of for a certainty, is a change justified. and, hence, increases parliamentary however, pretend to present the "facts " the two-party system, one-party Govern- In his recent book " Free Elections," majorities. It is one of the main argu- or to lay down the " sound principles." ments, and an alteration of Governments ments used in f~vour of the system that in an "ins and outs" pattern rather Professor W. J. M. Mackenzie suggests It is rather an attempt to suggest a a number of criteria and the list that it tends to ensure effective assemblies ~umoer o I aspects which might be worth than the pattern of, for example, the follows is based on his. and governments whatever the ell’cure- c0nsiaera~lon. French Fourth Republic. For fourteen stances and this is no doubt a legitimate of these twenty-five and a half years aim. Changing the Constitution Governments had absolute majorities and Quality of Members First, this is a proposal to amend the even when they had not, they were not Does the system produce good quality Reflecting Public Opinion Constitution. There is much to be said so embarrassed as to seek the ties of members? P.R. gives voters more Elections ought to reflect opinion. But coalition, opportunity of expressing opinions about in what sense? Some argue that for regarding the Constitution, which is the merits of individual candidates than our basic law, as unchangeable except Even since 1948 the Coalition Govern- elections should "face the elector with a for the most pressing of reasons and in ments have tended to develop into the does the simple majority system. There choice, which he is to make in a par- response to a considerable and sustained stable variety more reminiscent of New is substantial local choice of candidates ticular set of circumstances, between Zealand and Australia than of the Fourth and the voters place them 1, 2, 3 in the alternatives that are real and present." public demand for change. Governments, order of their choice. Whether this leads it is true, ought not merely to follow but Republic in France. Yet New Zealand This is to say in effect that the role of and Australia operate majority systems, to good quality members depends on the also to lead. Is it desirable, however, electorate, but is there any reason to the elector is that of Government maker, to attempt to create a demand for con- the one a relative majority system, the choosing from two alternatives known in other an absolute majority system. believe that the single choice of the ~tutional change, let alone to bring out party militants (the few active members advance. In some circumstances under the voters, who have not been obviously But, it will be objected, the pattern the majority system, it is true, the of Irish government has been due to who run local party affairs) would be mathematics of the system make this a dissatisfied to settle this matter largely better? In any case, under P.R. the on party lines ? particular circumstances I the split of travesty. The P.R. system allows all Sinn F6in; the existence of cabinet elector takes a bigger part in choosing sorts of considerations and interests, On the other hand, it may be pointed representatives than he does under the out that our present Constitution itself government of the British variety; the some of them extra-party and local, to fact of Fianna F~il being almost a majority system. If democracy involves have due weight. But the danger is that was very much a party measure and yet majority in the country; Mr. de Valera’s taking a part in government, this is a the electorate may be deprived of the it has been successful. But this is surely point to be considered. because it accords with the general social antipathy to coalitions. Certainly. And function of choosing the Government. such is always and everywhere the case. Ought this to be his role rather than and political experience and ideas of the The Member and his Constituency community. Can the same be said of This prompts a second warning. Election that of putting local candidates in the the amendment now being proposed ? I systems might have an influence on the Does the system produce members in order of his choice for whatever reasons shall turn to this question below, but, number of parties, the working o’f close touch with their constituencies? mo~e him ? first, some warnings. government, and the relation of the Here in Ireland personal and local party to its members or of the represen- factors are very important and would be Confidence tative to his constituents. They clearly so under any system. The Irish member, Do the people believe the present Over-Generalisation do not govern them. The constitutional particularly the rival member, is very One of the features of the present system to be fair? Until the current system, enduring social and political closely in touch at least with his own debate started, there was little sign of debate is the tendency to generalise divisions in the community and, more part of the constituency. P.R. surely public discontent. Having experienced about "the effects" of P.R. and the immediately, the political circumstances encourages this: some may hold, indeed, simple majority system. P.R., it is said, a system in which the relation between of any election all play their part, that it encourages too much the role o’f seats and votes is proportional, people "leads to " or even "causes " divisions together a very large part. What is the T.D. as a contact man. Party col- may well find the capricious inequalities in the community, a multi-part~system) bedevilling much of the current debate leagues cannot fight one another on of the simple majority system unfair. coalition government, unstable govern- is talk of election systems in vacuo as policy; instead they vie with one another ment. The simple majority system it d counting systems to be judged in them- to give service. It is at least doubtful Effect of Majority System lea s to" the two-party system, selves for their mathematical or logical either that single member constituencies strong government, dictatorial Cabinets Finally, yet another warning. It is. qualities and arguments of the post hoc would enhance this contact or, given our difficult and dangerous enough to ascribe and party hegemony. But do the facts ergo propter hoe variety. Irish ways, that they would lessen it. available support these assertions ? this or that feature of Irish politics to As far as our system of P.R. is con- the present electoral system. It is nearly An Effective Assembly impossible to forecast the effects of a cerned, we have few examples to go on Criteria by Which to Judge Does the system make it possible for and even those have been all too little change. If the generalisations about the Instead of attempting to generalise in the Drill to do the business required of effects of other electoral systems are as studied. But Tasmania, the other im- the face of insufficient data and of the ~rtant example of P.R. has a two-party it? In our cabinet system the Govern- ill-founde~l as some of those about P.R., difficult~ of measuring the weight of any ment is continually dependent on the Irish experience with the majority system, Nor does our experience itself single factor, it might be better to decide Drill in order to do its job and must. support such assertions. To take but ,system may be as confounding as it has criteria by which to judge of the success therefore, be capable of maintaining a been with P.R.

Proportional Representation and the Protestant Minority

Proportional representation was estab- and ministerial calibre, Protestants will, lished in the Irish constitutions of 1922 SENATOR W.:B. STANFORD, Litt.D., S.F.T.C.D. I hope, continue to have an opportunity and 1937 for the purpose of safeguard- to serve the country at the highest levels ing the rights of the minorities. Both Regius Professor of Greek of public service. So I am not can- the constitutional and the military tending that the abandonment of P.R. will drive Protestant would-be parlia- leaders in the struggle for Irish in politics the better. I prefer that view This will be almost impossible if the mentarians completely into the wilder- independence before and after 1916 myself, and 1 would deplore any increase proposed change is made. The fate of ness. But I do assert that it will make liberally affirmed their determination to of sectarianism in Irish politics. But I the Liberals in England is a clear it almost impossible for the Protestants preserve these rights, not only for the warning. by themselves to secure representation also hold that the Protestant minority Chances of Election in the Drill, and harder for them to win sake of the minorities themselves but should be allowed to retain the power to What about the future of Protestants seats as party members. the name of justice and for the general elect some representatives on its own as members of the major political By request I have confined myself good of the many-peopled Irish nation. vote alone, if necessary and desirable for parties ? I hope they will steadily in- here to a single aspect of the con- Long before the British Government crease. But will the proposed change troversy. In my speech to the Senate on them (as it could become in "changed improve their chances of election to the introduced proportional representation February 4th I gave my reasons for circumstances). A change from pro- Drill? I think not. Under P.R. there believing that the abolition of pro- into Ireland, it had been advocated by portional representation to the method is every attraction for a party to make portional representation would injure independemt-minded Irishmen for Ireland of the single-seat constituency with the a bid for the existing Protestants, 30% our parliament and people in general. as a whole. to 10% in several eonstituemces, by The five other university representatives single non-transferable vote will remove putting up a Protestant candidate. I~ It may well be believed that the less in the Senate -- four of them not that power. fact a party is much more likely to gain members of the Protestant minority-- attention paid to our religious differences than lose "by this. (And, incidentally, also opposed the Government’s proposals. Percentage of Poll Required even if there are two rival Protestant Let us consider the elementary candidates, they are unlikely to cancel mathematics of the contrasting systems. each other out under P.R.) But in a single-member constituency it is .only Under P.R. the following are the per- reasonable that in normal circumstances "Trinity News" presents centages of votes which are certain to the Roman Catholic majority will prefer this " Symposium on P.R.," win a seat:-- to be represented by one of themselves, 5-Member Constituency ... 16~ %+1 and a party nominating a Protestant may with the conviction that lose more votes than it gains. It would Trinity should make a con- 4-Member Constituency ... 20% +1 be silly, I think, to call this bigotry, or 3-Member Constituency ... 25% +1 to think that it is peculiar to Ireland. Brindleu’s structive contribution to this Under the other system a group must It would be equally silly in my opinion vital discussion. We have, command 50% + 1 of the votes to be to deny it. The consequence, then, of LIMITED therefore, much pleasure in certai.~ of winning a seat; and the abandoning P.R. would be to reduce minimum possible winning majority is every Protestant party-member’s chances offering our readers the con- 33~% -~- 1 when there are three candi- of nomination and election. sidered views of a number of dates for the constituency, 25% + 1 when there are four (more are unlikely). Prospects for the Future prominent people, each of The average vote needed for election is There are, I know, complicating Printers & Stationers whom has objectively dis- likely to be 40-50 %. Anyone who factors and subtleties which may examines the distribution of Protestants suggest modifications of the broad view ~ool~binders cussed a specific aspect of the in the constitue~Ces of the Republic will which I have taken here. (A good deal, question. see that ~his second system will most for example, depends on how the con- ~iccount Boo/~ ,aWIanu&cturers likely prevent the Protestant vote by it- stituences are drawn, and on local We would also like to take self from securing a single representa- loyalties.) At any rate I have no this opportunity to thank our tive in the DAil. P.R. (even in its personal prejudice against the party attenuated form as we now have it) system, or the parties, or the present distinguished contributors, as ensures that as long as they have 25% parliamentary representation in Ireland !:i well as those firms who have to 16~ % in some constituences they will (apart from the lack of vocationalism in Factory : i kindly given us advertise- retain this right (or privilege, if you the Senate, which we hope soon to like). In fact, at the moment three out amend). So far as the religious Eustace Street, Dublin ~’ ments for the Symposium. of the four Protestants in the Drill are minority is concerned, the less sectarian- iii ~: members of the two larger parties (2 ism it encourages or encounters, the Stationery : F-J. F. Fianna Frill, 1 Fine Gael), and only one better, in my opinion not only for itself is an Independent. But if Protestants but also for Ireland as a whole. As 22 Nassau Street, Dublin wished to elect more Independents under long as the Protestant minority can- the present system of P.R., they could. tinues to produce men of parliamentary TRINITY NEWS 4 SYMPOSIUM ON P.R. ~iar, THE VALUE OF ENID LAKEMAN, B.Sc., A.R.I.C., Research Secretary of the P.R. Society (~ University Seats Bournemouth East and Gravesend more independent-minded, and indeed as to cut them in half. If all parties My they would probably elect both, for We had P.R. in Britain for thirty The effect of the single-member have their strength evenly spread, this Yo’c years in four university constituencies there are enough Conservatives in that gerrymandering is impossible, and you system can be seen all too clearly in the district to fill at least two seats and and the difference it made to them is several Government speakers have ex- ferou dispute that has bedevilled Bournemouth they seem to be fairly evenly divided. here some guide to the probable effects (in pressed the opinion that this is the case reverse) if P.R. were abolished in East for two and a half years. The Both factions would have been satisfied, " deg Ireland. local Conservative Party Executive in- while as things are, many are bitter in Ireland. That, however, means that moun Until university representation was and considerable numbers of them may the party having the .most votes in any festiv sisted on choosing a new candidate in desert the party. abolished before our 1950 election, one of the existing constituencies would Marg place of the sitting M.P., Nigel Nicolson, Carpet-Baggers Coop~ Oxford and Cambridge had for many who had opposed his party in the Suez years each elected two M.P.s Up to Another inevitable consequence of also have the most votes in any one of brigh affair. After a bitter public quarrel, the the single-member constituencies into 1910, these were always two Conserva- matter was eventually settled by the un- changing to single-~member constitu- from tives, who could equally well have been which these might be divided, and there- the " precedented step of taking a poll of all encies would be a great weakening of elected for an ordinary ceastituency. fore would win them all. On that basis, quite the local party members; this revealed the link between a T.D. and his con- Mich~ Any non-Conservative elements were in them to be nearly equally divided, 3,671 Fianna FAil, having in 1957 most votes so hopeless a position that they did not stituents. Besides losing their present aFld for Nicolson and 3,762 against him. everywhere except in Sligo-Leitrim, even contest the seats. At that time, Moreover, the subscribing members power to select the person they want, of us ~:oting was by X’s, each elector having would win 142 out of the 147 seats (an.d sausa ¯ entitled to take part in this poll were the electors would often find themselves one vote for each of the two seats in his in the three preceding elections it Nez only one-third of the number who voted saddled with, say, a Dubliner to repre- time constituency. Conservative in the last election there; would have won, respectively, 126, 131 At the next election (1918), the same sent Galway or a Cork man in Sligo. Oeve’ constituencies voted by P.R. and there we still do not know the opinions of the and 135 seats). Bolla other 18,000. That is what happens in Engla,nd, be- was an immediate change. Although a cause anyone belonging to a party that On the other hand, if all non-Fianna was two-member constituency is too small to All this trouble arose only because the FAil voters combined against it, that "mis British electoral system forces each is in a minority in the place where he Hull give the full benefits of P.R., it did party would then win only those con- mean that (a) a large minority could party to select just one candidate for lives can never represent his own home, the " stitu~ncies where it polls more votes get a seat and, therefore, any group submission to the electors in any one but must go seeking a seat in some Anne that might hope to poll more than one- constitue.ncy. If Nicolson were to stand ing " different place where his party com- than all other parties and Independents third of the votes found it worth while as an Independent Conservative, giving combined. In 1957, there were 13 such to fight, and (b) the personalities of the the electors the chance to choose between mands a majority. candidates assumed vastly greater im- him and the official nominee, he would constituencies, containing 46 seats, so in portan‘ce. In 1935, for example, the almost certainly present the seat to an Minority Groups’ those circumstances the same amount of result in Oxford was:-- opposing party, as Sir Richard Acland Religious minorities also would be support that would give 142 seats in the much worse off, because it wouldbe first case would give it only 46. Judg- | Candidates 1st Count Last Count ing my experience m Britain (and in much more difficult for, say, a It Lord Hugh Cecil (Conservative) ... 7,365 5,081 -- elected, 1 Protestant to get himself adopted as the Northern Ireland, where the last general election was contested by 13 parties), a D.U.t C. R. M. F. Cruttwell (Conservative) ... 1,803 3,697 one candidate of a mainly Catholic party Tuesc A. P. Herbert (Independent) ... 3,390 5,206 -- elected, 2 than it is now for him to become one successful alliance against the largest the b J. L. Stocks (Labour) ...... 2,683 of several candidates for that party in party is unlikely; therefore, Fianna more FMI’s representation would probably be of t a P.R. constituency. (In England this beliet Non-transferable Votes ...... 1,257 nearer to the 142 seats than to the 46. Total Valid Poll ...... 15,241 15,241 is less important, because there are Th, 15,241 certain districts where Catholics or Jews on h( Quota: ~--,+1=5,081. The Greatest Gamble on Earth are so numerous that a candidate of religi The kind of government that would ouest that community is preferred.) result is also doubtful. You might get spea~ Cecil was elected on first preferences. did in our last general election in anything from the perpetual rule of what His surplus went mainly to Crattwell, Gravesend: ¯ Nature of Support and Opposition party which the single-member syst.em Nobo but was insufficient to elect him; Herbert P. M. Kirk (Conservative), 22,058-- The number of seats that would be has given in the Six Counties to the in- point won the second seat with votes trans- stability of Britain in the 1920’s when ferred from Stocks. Had the election elected; C. J. V. Mishcon (Labour) won by any given party under the three succesive general elections gave us word single-member system is much less pre- until been held under the old system, each of (19,149), Sir R. Aeland (Independent) three changes of government in under that the Conservative voters would have been (6,514), 25,663. dictable, because, while under P.R. this two years. Again, the former is the whicl~ able to give one X to Cecil and another depends on the number of votes cast for more probable, because Ireland has one that ¯ Since Acland differed from Labour party so much bigger than may one of to Cruttwell, so both of these would that party’s candidates and not to any have been elected, each with about 9,000 only in‘ his attitude to the hydrogen its rivals, but no-one can tell for certain Sol serious extent on anything else, under a very votes, although they were very unequal bomb, it may be regarded as certain a former secretary of the British Labour pane] i~ popularity. The electorate remained, single-member system it also depends Party said there Was "no greater that the majority in Gravesend pre- a co as before, ’predominantly Conservative, very largely on such factors as whether gamble on earth" than a general but instead of electing any candidate ferred Labour to Conservative, but the election under our single-~nember system. soul ~. that party chose to put forward, it attempt to give the electors a voice in the party’s supporters are scattered or My advice is to rest content with the evolu elected only the better ones, like Cecil; that one very important question enabled concentrated, whether its opponents form Irish Sweep if you want to gamble, and same inferior Conservative candidates found the minority to win. Moreover, it was one party or several, and how the con- for your elections to stick to the system sider: themselves beaten by right-wing In- not even a fair test of how many agreed you have--a system under which no throv with Acland’s ban-the-bomb policy, for stituency boundaries are drawn. hims, dependents--people still of a Conserva- If a party’s votes are concentrated i~ party ca~ get many more or fewer tive type but not accepting the party there ~nay have been many besides the than the people want it to have, and the He whip. 6,514 who agreed with him but who pockets, that party can be helped or voters (not the party machines) have the of th voted for the official Labour candidate hindered by drawing the boundaries so last word in deciding what particular ChrL, T.D.’s--Cogs, Not Individuals because they thought he had the better press as to leave those pockets intact or so men and women shall fill those seats. If P.R. were abolished in Ireland, it is chance of beating the Conservative. the certain that the personal merits of a If the vote were transferable, these Chris, candidate would caant far less than they difficulties would disappear, and under awak do now, and each Deputy, like a British P.R. the Bournemouth affair would they M.P., would ,tend to become more and probably never have reached the stage Th more a cog in the party machine, sub- of an open dispute at all--the local Con- a C[ ject to control by his party because of servatives would in any case be nomin- Mr. his dependence on it for his seat. Under ating at least two candidates and there A GOOD thou~ P.R., it is the voters on whom he de.- would be nothing remarkable in having rath, pearls, the voters who can over-rule the an extra one; the voters would choose OSSEOChll Ni ShN IN [ I] /IS CERICAi11I LMIND~ 0 NERV O l"IE 0 U L L AP, Y ... party in any election if they so choose, freely between the orthodox and the and thinl ham] put cont~ VO lNC PAPER and At ii mem ~ A.A. ,,LUCE,. D.D., S.F.T.C.D., Berkeley Professor of Metaphysics of d ii i they :ii~ The P.R. voting-paper has long That thought and the feeling it engen- ~¢as ~!’i~ appealed to me, not only for its more ders are of the essence of government by a go !i’.i consent of the governed¯ that :i° i concrete results, but for its educative worl- ~l value. I wrote to the press in support P.R. Has Helped to Heal the Split or il !i:I of it some thirty years ago, and again I cast my mind back to " unhappy far- all some twenty years ago. My relative off things." I recall the civil war, and Pert "il~ ii] inte~ silence on this occasion is not due to the terrible animosities that stalked H, ’i any change of mind, but rather, being through the land, and split almost every ii ~,cim ’ cld, I ought to " seem so " and hold my town and village. It seemed then as if ’wer~ ii’i ~, tongue, we should remain for ever "a house chea divided against itself." For the unity " :Re i’.i! ::ii Positive, Not Negatiye, Votes and the measure of internal peace deve achieved, the " P.R." voting-paper way~ On these complex issues the intelligent deserves much credit. citizen fixes his attention on the part And so does the present Taoiseach. nearest him, the part that affects his He has made the minority ’/eel that the action. In this case that part is the country wants them. He has resolutely voting-paper. Mr. MacEntee may be opposed religious intolerance. He has right about the sort of T.D.s single- set an example of breadth of mind in 0 member constituencies would give us, or things great and small. I have even seen he may be wrong. The Taoiseach may him patiently watching cricket in the H be right about the sort of Governments College Park, and Dr. Sheehy-Skeffington 1 we should get, or he may be wrong. You impatiently hitting " sixes " with avid and I find it hard to judge these remoter zeal and zest. I do not believe that Mr. questions; but we can all judge the de Valera is aiming at purely Party merits of the ".P.R." voting-paper. This advantage. I do not believe that he has is the voting-paper for the public- narrowed his mind. I doubt if he could BOOKS L spirited, intelligent man or woman. On do so; for he has been too well educated this voting-paper the voter can express politically by the " P.R." voting-paper, SEE more ¢ff his political mind than on any or at any rate by the liberal tradition other. Its ’very form takes the sting, the for which it stands and which it acid, and the poison out of political expresses. I thought his final speech in strife; for it reminds me, in the act of the Senate debate frank and fair. Its HOUGES FIGGIS voting, that I am not voting against any conclusion is mistaken, I hold; but it was candidate, but am voting for them in the the speech of a statesman who owes Booksellers order of my preference. As a result I much to the spirit of "P.R."; and I feel in some degree that "my man" is believe that the young men and women 6 DAWSON STREET always in, whether the successful can- of to-day still need the liberalising | didate was my first choice, or my last. education of the " P.R." voting-paper. garch 12, 1959 TRINITY NEWS

A WOl N 5TAIRGASE--WHY ? The staircase of No. 4 must be one Christian Life and on the teachings of of the best-known staircases in College. Christianity have drawn good numbers. (With Apologies to A. P. Herbert) the " Colonial" girls forgot debbery is Up and down it there tramps every day Prayer Meetings and group Bible Studies done and "hovered" round Charles a constant stream of pedple; some going have been held regularly. Two films, of ~ly dear Myrtle, to the Choral Society, others to the Jazz pa~rticular interest to scientists, "The you are " always " asking me to give D’Arcy--my dear, too " gelatinous." Session, and the elite even to Singers. Stones Cry Out " and " Time and 0u the " low-down " on the " junketi- Then "who" should c(mae but--"crashes!" Players’ Theatre, on the ground floor, is Eternity," were shown in the Dixon Hall ~ero~s" parties here at ’ Trinity." Well, Michael Brereton with a " pink-faced" known to all; the S.R.C., with its vital earlier on in the term. The former of here goes. Last Thursday a party, of man called Fowke, quite too " digestion- function in College, operates from the these American productions demonstrated ,,de~ree-people" assembled in " Sandy- disturbing! .... Britain’s subaltern " second floor; whilst the D.U.A.I.A. has graphically the fulfilment of certain ~ount" -- too " coast-like " -- for the Patrick Perkins just went on being recently acquired rooms on the third Biblical Prophecies, and the latter, the f"estivities given by " medicine-woman " " smooth." Felicity Findlay with " hair" 11oo?. fact that man, in contrast to God, is llarguerite Newman ,,and ,,Rosemary clone in the most " curtain-like " way Between Chorus and Controversy, bound by a fixed time basis. Co0per. We all "chirped and chortled," screamed " fashionably," but people kept however, lies the Christian Union ~n the The Christian Union’s programme for brightly fortified by " flashes " of wit on arriving from " another " festivity second floor. Although well known to next term will begin with a week-end fr0m,,Denzil Stewart, " Nature’s " gift to given by Mary Hamilton and George some, it is unknown by others; and it House Party in Greystones. The Satur- the earnest female, and John Jay, Green -- the most " silent " thing since is for this reason that we would examine day evening Meetings are to alternate ~ite " Byronous "--he’s a " writer." John Mason. Edward was there, too, the activities of this College Society. Its between talks on the Bible given by out- ~iehael Philcox looking " too " scrubbed " cavalry-twill " with that " angelic " aim is to " present the claims of Jesus side speakers, and more informal even- and "British," " hovered," but the rest looking Daphne Greene and " everyone Christ to the College, and to provide ings, perhaps including a tape-recording of us tucked into the most " evanescent" bubbling " with " witticisms "; Catherine opportunities for Christians to meet and discussion. They hope also, weather sausages and " fruity " drinks. Bury chattered looking "too " sweet. together to learn, and to encourage one permitting, to arrange a hike and bar- Next day it was " another " party, this And " there" we all were--it was so ’another in the Chl~tian life." becue one Saturday. Although all time given by Edward Wilson, John "confide~lce-making," knowing that those The Christian Union’s term card has members of the university are invited to Deveuile, Tony Francis an d Chris. other "adjectival " people I told you recently been enlarged to one of the these meetings, two evenings are planned IMland, all too hospitable. " Everyone " about--"teeny" Bontoft (too "Norman") 3-fold variety in order to include all their provisionally, at which the speakers will was there. Lawrence Roche, too quite definitely " oleaginous" and John various activities. During this term, and be known beyond Dublin circles, and it ,,mission-like" for words, had Bridget Wilkins too "mountaineery" were "still" in previous ones, there has been a series is hoped that large numbers will be ltull hanging on " every " syllable. All i~ the " coffee bar." Which reminds me of Lunch Hour Meetings on Wednesdays, present. the "filly-school," including Angela and I must " fly " or the " pal%y " will have when well-known Dublin speakers have With all these activities past, present, Anne Ferney, " screamed " about " hunt- started.--Yours " crashingly," been asked to speak on such subjects as and anticipated for the future, it appears ing" in the most " horrifying" way. All Topsy. " The Fact of Christ," and on the per- that the Christian Union has played, is sonal aspect of the claims of Christ. playing, and may be expected to con- Saturday evening meetings with talks on tinue playing, its part in the wearing out the practical out-working of the of that much traversed staircase in No. 4. RELIGION v. SCIENCE Organisation It was hoped that the S.C.M. and with science. There are more religions At the last meeting of the College the best papers read to the Society this D.U.E.S.A. would come to blows on than Christianity, and many more books Theological Society this term, Mr. J. term. Tuesday, the 24th of February; instead, to consider than the Bible. This was not Jackson read a paper on " Organisa- During the evening there were many the brains trust turned out to be nothing interesting speeches. Mr. C. W. M. more than a group of Christians (some the ’fault of the speakers (they believed tion." Mr. Jackson, an older member of Cooper, B.A., stressed organisation with of them scientists) discussing their what they believed), but the person who the Society, brought his wide experience regard to one’s own life and especially beliefs, chose the four Christians to speak. The to bear on the subject, having served as that of the priest working in a busy The questioning opened with a query meeting would have been much more an officer in the First World War and psrish. Mr. Tease said that we should on how Genesis could be reconciled with stimulating if the speakers were one later in the Postal Service. He used his bear in mind Our Lord’s sgying: "I am religion. Perhaps it was because the Muslim, one Buddhist, one Christian and experiences as illustrations as to how among you as one that serveth." Mr. question was badly worded, but every one atheist. the Church should be organised. He Cummins asserted that there were too speaker gave his own interpretation of Perhaps in future the advertisements showed that organisation was not many organisations which were chal- what the writer o’f Genesis had in mind. will be honest. People do not like to be enough. "Except the Lord build the lenging the spiritual life of the Church. Nobody thought of the very interesting dragged into a meeting on false pre- house, they labour in vain that build it." There were many other good speeches, p0int that Genesis was thought to be the tences: i~ wastes time, and there is no He then went on to deal with the various including that of the Rev. M. L. Ferrar, word of God Himself through a prophet way of capturing lost time. Church organisations. This was one of who summed up. until very recently, and that it is possible that even now there are many things which are accepted as Divinely authorised that may be so much nonsense. Some of the following questions were very well conceived and wasted on the panel. Such questions as, " When does a conglomeration of cells acquirea s0ul?" and " Is man the final product of evolution?" were all answered in the same unimaginative way without con- Steel sidering the possibility that it was only through pride that man ever considered himself to be " Divinely authorised." However, it was not all wasted. Some of the differing explanations of the four Christians under fire were well ex- pressed, and must have clarified some of the more casual thoughts of the tubes Christians present, and it must have awakened in them new thoughts that they had never before considered. The most telling speaker there, from a Christian point of view, was probably Mr. Dawson who, before answering, thought, and then said: "I believe," rather than I think. Dr. Bass was lucid in his explanations are and aroused some ’food for very positive thinking. He seemed to be slightly hampered by talking in English, but he put forward some well-considered and controversial definitions of science, soul and religion. At the end of the evening most of the members of the S.C.M. left with a look Important of demure satisfaction on their faces; they must have been reassured that it ~as possible to be a nice scientist and a good Christian ’at the same time, and that they need have no qualms about working on the development of a bomb, They are important to Stewarts and Lloyds’ 28,000 customers at home and abroad, in or in a munitions factory, and that after !t! ,,i all the Bible still contained much truth. manufacturing industry, in transport, in agriculture, in building and in all essential Perhaps this is too harsh; I could only interpret the expression on their faces. services... They are important to the nation’s export trade. Stewarts and Lloyds them- However, there was a small group of selves sold £30,000,000 worth abroad last year, quite apart from the overseas sales of $cientists that were not Christians who were far from satisfied. They felt the many companies in the U.K. who depend upon Stewarts and Lloyds’ tubes .... cheated. The meeting was advertised as "Religion versus Science" and it They are important to the Stewarts and Lloyds Group’s 40,000 employees in the U.K... developed into a discussion of various ways of making Christianity compatible THEY MAY ALSO BE IMPORTANT TO YOU LAWLOR’S OF UPPER RATHMINES RD, Stewarts and Lloyds recruit each year small numbers H|gh-Clua Victuallerm. Suppliers to T.C.D of Science, Engineering and Arts Graduates for the i~ 143 UPR. RATHMINE8 RD., DUBLIN ¯ Telephone: 91737 production, research and commercial activities of the i!. Company. Your Appointments Secretary has full ’ !i Ladies Fashions details. Alternatively, you can obtain details from the Household Linens Assistant Manager/Personnel:~ Carpets & Linos Mens & Boys STEWARTS AND LLOYDS, LIMITED Wear Clydesdale Steel and Tube Works, Bellshill, Lanarkshire !i s BOYERS & CO~ LTD. 2022 NORTH EARL STREET ii ::i

:! 4 TRINITY NEWS March 12, 1959

]Vial familJ in the tions Centr: A gpp.liq ~erlocolleg it, but ¯ CertaJ for, ai faxr fifteer In reade~ throu~ were wind unive~ of Ur theref article at should consid " Trin: The the C~ St. much librar~ Britai] Colleg, In 19: Helens Dublin be S Ul~ ing t~ county realise becam~ library to be books; probab which One o~ of the counte: (also Carne~ as a books. of libr. --it Irelanc happer book v~ If the I.C.L.S Irelanc to its , the s~ there eovere( ease e~ applica In tt respom Nearly county restrict and a[ lection rest w{ sity li[ librarie Among ee]v]ng Bord

For (

! 150 DUB

:~ il~ You would hardly expect to find a thriving sailing panel of directors. They ensure that the enlistment interest in a wide range of subjects, including phy- club at an inland industrial town like St. Helens, but of graduates is limited to the number indicated by sics, mathematics, mechanical engineering, electrical every week-end helmsmen match their skills there the future requirements of the organisation at top engineering or fuel technology. i), i !i i iliwith as much enthusiasm and as much enjoyment as level, and that when engaged the newcomer is not For full details write to the Personnel Officer ’l’hu] ~ their opposite numbers at the well-known yachting pigeon-holed and forgotten. i! ,.i! r:’ (Graduate Recruitment) at the Head Office, St. 9 !! ~ !i centres. And the work? Glass is one of the basic and most Helens, Lancashire, giving age and a brief descrip- The sailing club is one of the many leisure activities versatile of today’s materials. Describing the present tion of education. (Ticl afforded by Pilkington Brothers Limited, Britain’s day as the "Glass Age" is no fanciful phrase. Glass P.S.~Sailing is not the only unexpected recreation biggest glassmaking organisation and one of the big- is everywhere.., in a vast number of forms in build- you will find at St. Helens. Whatever your particular gest in the world, who have their headquarters in Lugs... in observation panels at the very heart of sparetime activity you are most likely to find there is St. Helens. And for the young man looking for a nuclear research.., in the form of insulators carry- already a club catering for it. career it is worthwhile knowing that at Pilkingtons ing electricity al! over the world.., as lenses and the graduate recruit is given every assistance in television tubes playing a large part in our entertain- steering the course which he feels will be most ment.., as glass fibres for the plastic industry. rewarding. These are just some of the many purposes for Pilkington A lot of people have the idea that in a big organi- which Pilk/ngtons produce glass. And the versatility ’ ill L sation the recruit finds himself involved in a scramble of the products is matched by the variety of the work : iii for recognition in which merit and ability rate low constantly going on in the organisation’s research on the list of priorities. Piikingtons are big all rightm laboratories, technical development departments and Brothers they employ almost 25,ooo people--but the business production plants. Recruits are given every encour- i/.~ ~1 , has never lost its intimate family touch. In the com- agement to sample that variety to the full before they pany’s files are letters, to applicants for positions, decide on their own particular bentmbe it pure re- Limited written by Mr. William Pilkington, more than IOO search or solving intriguing production problems. years ago. They are much more than formal offers The sort of man to whom Pilkingtons offer these *!i. of work, and go into great detail about the kind of opporumitiesmand the material rewards which ST. HELENS ¯ LANCASHIRE employment and conditions. The same tradition measure up to the importance of the work--are WORKS IN CANADA " S. AFRICA " AUSTRALIA holds today. Recruitment is the special concern of a science graduates and technologists with specific i NEW ZEALAND ARGENTINA BRAZIL 1:i TRINITY NEWS 5 The Irisn Central Li[,,ary For Students

Many Trinity students and staff are I.C.L.S. are ample evidence of the inter- familiar with the yellow forms, available By F. J. E. Hurst, Deputy Librarian, T.C.D. .nationalism of libraries and of the in the Reading Room, on which applica- existence of cultural co-operation regard- ~0ns for books are made to the Irish Library, the D~il Eirea~n Library, the British Plastics Federation, Imperial less of political and religious differences. ~ntral Library for Students. These Income Tax Commission, Kimmage Chemical Industries, and the Ministry of The I.C.L.S., as has been stated above, spplications are usually for books and has its own bookstock, to which it adds Friodicals which either are ~ot in the Manor, the Royal Dubli:a Society, the Agriculture and Fisheries, i~ addition Society of Irish Foresters, and the to twenty-seven university or college gradually as the result of the specialised College Library at all, or are indeed in School of Cosmic Physics, to mention libraries and nearly one hundred public requests it receives. But this bookstock but are required for reading at home. is chosen so as to be auxiliary to, and types of book may not be applied only a few. In order to supply these libraries. Books were also borrowed for books, any that were not actually in Irish readers from Berlin, Berne, not a substitute for, the bookstocks one and books in print costing less than stock in the I.C.L.S. had in turn to be Brussels, Calcutta, The Hague, Cologne, can reasonably expect to find in qther shillings. libraries. When it opemed its doors in the year 1957-8, Trinity College 1923, this stock could be accommodated actually borrowed 131 volumes on one shelf. A year later it had grown the I.C.L.S., which is more than by users of any other to 187 volumes. By now it is about library in Irela.nd, except that 40,000, kept in the many rooms of 53 Upper Mount Street, whither the Libra.ry University College, Galway. It is, migrated from 32 Merrion Square m appropriate that this final 1932. Needles to say, like many another in the series on Dublin libraries library, the I.C.L.S. needs mot space. should be about a service which is of The control of the I.C.L.S. was trans- considerable benefit to readers of ferred in 1948 from the Carnegie Trust ,’ Trinity News." to An Chomhairle Leabharla~na, which The LC.L.S. was created in 1923 by was established as the result of the Be Carnegie Trust, which has done so Public Libraries Act of 1947. This much for the develolament of public Library Council was charged with h~rary services in this country and accepting the gifts of the I.C.L.S. from Britain, a~d which last year gave Trinity the Carnegie Trust, with operating a College Library its new exhibition cases. central library, and with assisting local In 1919 the Trust had established in authorities to imnrove their library Dublin a depSt from which books could services. Thus the I.C.L.S. is now main- be supplied on loan to rural areas pend- tained from public funds. An Chomhairle ing the establishment in Ireland of a Leabharlanna (on which T.C.D. has two county library system. But it was nominations) has produced two im- tealised that even when library services portant reports on county and municipal became properly organised, a local libraries and has made recommendations library unit could never be large enough about their improvement. to be self-sufficient in the matter" of No reference to the I.C.L.S. can be Moks; and yet at the same time it would complete without mention of its pwhirobably carry books, temporarily idle, Librarian, Miss Christina Keogh, A.L.A., eh were wanted by readers elsewhere. F.L.A.I. Born in Dublin, a~d working for One of the principal functions, therefore, a time at Rathmines Public Library (now d the I.C.L.S., as of its slightly older part of Dublin Municipal Libraries), c0unterparts in England and Scotland Miss Keogh joined the Carnegie Trust {also founded with the help of the in 1920 and has been i’n charge of the Carnegie Trust), has always been to act I.C.L:S. since it came into existence. as a clearing house for requests for From 1948 she has also been secretary books. By co-operating with every type tc An Chomhairle Leabharlanna. Diminu- d library--public, university and special tive but dynamic, she has built ~p the -it enables a reader anywhere in I.C.L.S. from nothing into an institution Ireland to borrow, from wherever it that is ,now known to librarians every- hppens to be available for loan, the where. Her contribution to Irish book which his own libray cannot supply. librarianship showed itself particularly If the book is not on the shelves of the in the years before the last war when LC.L.S. itself and cannot be cbtained ha she was writing and broadcasting about Ireland, the request may be passed on Irish library problems. She has been a to its equivalent in other countries. At member of the governing body of the the same time, as indicated earlier, Library Association of Ireland since there are certain types of books not 1928, having last month just completed covered by the service, which in any a year as its President. In a week’s case ca~ be operated only through the time, at the i.nvitation of the Library applicant’s own local libraria’n. Association of Ireland, the first group In the year 1957-58, the I.C.L.S. was of Library School students ever to visit responsible for supplying 12,819 books. this country will arrive from Britain to Rearly half of these were for 31 Irish see something of Dublin’s libraries. county libraries (the Border does not Almost half of them will be from restrict the activities of the Library), borrowed from elsewhere, and 799 came Paris, Pennsylvania, Rome, Vienna, countries beyond the British Isles. It is and about a third for the varied col- via the National Central Library in Warsaw, Washington a~d the U.S.S.R. reasonably certain that the one Dublin lection of special libraries. Most of the London. The biggest s~ngle lender in (How many of these were for Trinity library, apart from our own in Trinity. rest went to Irish ~nunicipal and univer- Ireland was the Royal Dublin Society readers?) Likewise, books were sent that most of them already have heard sity libraries, but over 400 were lent to with 206, followed by the Royal Irish from Ireland to 153 different British about is the I.C.L.S., and this is mainl~ libraries in England and Scotland. Academy and University College, Dublin. libraries (including those of the House due to the patient work over nearly forty Among the many special libraries re- &mong the many British special libraries of Commons and the B.B.C.) and to years of the librarian who, on 23th relying loans appear such names as that lent books to Ireland appear naznes places like Cologne, Stockholm, yienna March, will welcome them in the hall- g0rd na Mona, the Central Catholic like Boot’s Pure Drug Company, the and Rhodesia. The activities0"f the way shown in our illustration.

Alcoholism THE MAY’S Happy Ring House On Tuesday evening the Sociological helped i.n their mutual problem by each For all usicat Requisites Society invited a member of Alcoholics other and endeavour to help those out- Established 1870 Anonymous to speak on " Alcoholism." side their groups who are in need. The title of the meeting certainly drew It is universally accepted by doctors, people for very mixed reasons, but most of us learnt a great deal that was ,new clergymen and psychiatrists that an to us about this subject. alcoholic can never be helped until he MAY & SONS wants to be helped. Once this step has Jewellers T h e anonymous speaker defined been take.n the A.A.’s " prescription" is 150 ST. STEPHEN’S GREEN alcoholism by giving us a short illustra- very simple. All the overwhe~l~ning tion. If a lighted match fell on to a problems are whittled down to one focal UNDER CLOCK AT NELSON DUBLIN ’Phone o2524 carpet or tablecloth, nine times out of point and that is the damage done by the PILLER~LARGEST SELECTION ten very little harm would be done, but first drink. It is always the first drink if a lighted match fell into a can full that does the irreparable damage and, of petrol there would inevitably be an therefore, if this can be avoided the main explosion. The first illustration repre- problem is solved. The problem of re- D.U.E.S.A. BALL sented the normal drinker who runs a habilitation follows with a 10-point plan slight risk of becoming an alcoholic, but to follow for each " patient." The results Thursday, 14th M[a¥, I959 the second shows how, once an alcoholic, are varied, but on the whole about 85 the first drink causes an explosion in per cent. of these people are helped in Suppliers to 9 2 GRESHAM HOTEL the body which makes it virtually im- possible for the alcoholic to know when the end. College (Tickets on Sale Next Term) he will be able to stop drinking. The speaker emphasised the word Alcoholism, then, is an illness over helped, and not cured, for once an which the victim has very little control, alcoholic always an alcoholic; that first once this reaction is started off in his drink can cause just as much damage body. No amount of self will or outside three weeks after the plan has started influence can help him once this stage as 30 years after. We have the pleasure has been reached. A new light was, He assured us that after 30 years of / therefore, thrown on this very serious drinking he had not had a single drink of supplying problem for us all around and we for 12 years since the night of his first realised that: (a) the word alcoholism A.A. meeting and yet he knew that if , should be applied to a certain type of he were to take a drink now he would T.C.D. " dri,nker," and (b) that alcoholism is an be back where he was 12 years ago. He i illness and must be treated wit h ended his talk by telling us of the understanding and sympathy like other weekly meetings of the A.A. held in the May we also have illnesses. Country Shop on Monday evenings at ,i Alcoholics Anonymous is an affiliation 8 p.m. in the hope that many who may :! the pleasure of supplying of groups of anonymous men and women be interested will feel free to come throughout the world who have been along. you with your hardware requirements 17 LINCOLN PLACE Tel. 65740 / :2 W. H. WatePs (1954) Ltd. 6 UPR. BAGGOT ST. 16 Exchequee St. Dublin DUBLIN J ’Phone 79164 for "Something to eat at Night." Open 5.30-I2 o’c. inc. Sundays Come to Tailoring ghe t Under the supervision of JOHNSTON, MOONEY & O’BRIEN, LTD. our London-trained cutter BREAD openilc gen GOWNS-~00DS, CASSOCKS, BLAZERS ~°I]ee for Danish Snacks ~ rl,]~ and Pastries BRYSO-N LTD. DI: 3 CHURCH LANE RATHMINES ROAD, DUBLIN COLLEGE GREEN

Boxing Hockey--lst XI TRINIT LUCKY TO DRAW RETENTION F OF HARRY Great Burden on Defence I The Week’s Diary [, PRESTON CUr 7 Dublin University, 1; Pembroke Wanderers, 1. Trinity continued its remarkable ru~ D.U. TABLE TENNIS CLUB I~ ]~’RESH from Mauritius Cup triumphs, one might have expected to see Saturday, March 14th--D.U.v. Queen’s Univ., of success in the Universities’ and rE Belfast. Hospitals’ Championships held at 1 r Trinity in rampant form; instead, only a fine rearguard action by D,U. FENCING CLUB Firth Hall, Sheffield, on Friday last, forti the full.backs and goalkeeper prevented a severe defeat. Steepe played Monday, March 16th--Foil League, Trinity "A" v. Royal College of Surgeons ’" B," 8.0 p.m. retained the team trophy in the Harry com[ the powerful game which we have come to expect from him, and was Fencing Salle: Trinity "B " v. Royal College of Preston cup. understandably disappointed at the poor response by some of his men. Surgeons "’ A," 9.t5. Ladies’ Team : v. Achilles, The preliminary bouts saw the exit of ( 8.0 p.m. ; v. Setanta, 9.15 p.m. two Trinity men, D. Millar orga: Trinity took the lead after 10 minutes’ D.U. HOCKEY CLUB Shirley, deputising for Judge, made a St. Patrick’s Day, March 17th--Mills Cup Final welter) and C. Mumford (middle), Son play when Findlater scored a good goal, --Dublin University v. Y.M.C.A., Londonbridge both dropped close points decisions to very promising d6but, his tackling, D.U.fi clearing and covering all being extremely but Pembroke fought back and equalised road. Nwachuku (Loughborough) and sound. With goalkeeper Stewart in very after sustained pressure. In the second Lorent (Durham), respectively. Colle~ good form, the defence came through a half, both sets of forwards had their Rugby--2nd XV D. Wheeler, D. Tulalamba, G. grant] hard afternoon with much credit. chances, but the respective defences re- T. McCarthy, R. Molesworth, C. expen, mained undefeated. and R. Taylor all successfully Varian, electing to play for Trinity 1st affiliat XI in preference to Leinster Juniors, Deserved Win their hurdles to enter the semi-finals, proved his worth with a good all-round Congratulations to the six members Bective 2nd XV, 8; Trinity 2nd XV, 14 R. Molesworth after a courageous crease disi)lay, but centre-half Blackmore failed of the 2nd XI who were selected for Trinity won the toss and decided to sistance was stopped by R. flectio go dominate in mid-field as he should, the Leinster junior team to play Ulster play against the wind. Throwing the ball Loughborough’s knock-out sp increa and right-half Grigg was found lacking juniors. The honoured players were: nonchalantly across the backs, they veteran of 111 fights. In the shorta in the first essential of wing-half pl~y-- Wood, Johnson, Varian, English, Moffett weight division, C. O’Flynn dropped pressed, but Bective began to win more D.U.C marking his wing. and Wheeler. Varian and Wheeler were of the ball from the line-out and the s p 1 i t decision to F. Of the forwards, only McCarthy and unable to accept their invitations. tight. Trinity scored first through an (Glasgow). T. McCarthy (light) capita Keely can look back on this game with u.nconverted try from Henry. The lead the third Trinity boxer to fail in posed any satisfaction. The former ploughed Ladies Hockey should have been increased, but a simple semi-finals, being a shade unlucky Und a lone furrow down the middle, while penalty goal was missed. Trinity were decisioned by L. Jones (U.C.B.). ment Keely tried hard with limited oppor- penalised too often for juvenile offences, In the finals, D. Wheeler burde] .tunities. To say the least of it, the in- ONE UP... but regained the lead with perhaps the captain, proved too much for (Loughborough) and won the D.U.C side forwards Findlater and Byrn were best move of thee match. Drewery did now not impressive; true, Findlater scored ONE DOIFN... a scissors with Harrison and the latter crown with ease (this is Dave’s shoul~ Trinity’s only goal, but one swallow does returned the ball for Drewery to score U.A.A. title), in clu not make a summer. Byrn never seemed D.U., 1; Loreto 2nd, 0 wide out. D. Tulalamba, weakened by On Wednesday, when Trinity took the figure- to catch up with the game, and Lavan, It was plain for all to see that Trinity reducing sessions in the Turkish duced on the right-wing, suffered accordingly. field at 5.80, squalls of rain were driven gave a great exhibition of the noble had the advantage in the backs, but they Wh~ It did, however, expose a critical weak- into their faces and the surface was were completely outhooked in the tight. to outpoint E. Rynne (U.C.D.)--his heSS in Lavan’s game, for, once deprived sticky. Neither team was daunted and ]~ective lost a centre with a pulled fight of a very rough passage to tl~ First of a good service, he showed hhnself play swung re$_klessly from end to end muscle, but against the run of play took title--a great berformance, about as thought the fury of the elements was G. Lemon hit too hard for A. Owem and s, comp.letely unable to make his own the lead with a try that was converted membe openmgs. driving the players to frantic efforts. from wide out. (Loughborough) i~ the light-middle fin~ Shortly after half-time Edna Broderick and won a close contest, meant This was the spurt Trinity had needed ing C, scored for Trinity and after this the and Jones led his forwards into attack At this stage, with Trinity leading CONSULT US ABOUT YOUR tempo slackened as darkness fell. after attack. Trinity won more of the Loughborough by 18-17, R. Taylor the bo ball from the loose and Mulraine con- (Trinity) stepped into the ring to fact also m PLANS FOR U.C.D., 6; D.U., 2 tinuously supplied his backs with the J. Goodyear (Loughborough), and l~ grant U.C.D. advertised Saturday’s match as ball. The College side had to score and put the issue beyond doubt by howev, POST-GRADUATE TRAVEL! their Colours’ match. To celebrate the once again it was Henry who picked up an easy points victory, the sp occasion they beat Trinity for the first a loose ball and flung himself over for So Trinity triumphed for the Trinity. ¯ "k STUD? TOURS OF EUROPE time in over five years. Edna Broderick a try. Then Dorman, who had played successive year--a wonderful No~ shot for Trinity after 15 minutes and it an outstanding game, sent the opposition the prowess of coach Frank Kerr the E OUR SPECIALITY appeared that the team’s more polished the wrong way and scored a solo try. the enthusiasm of captain Dave Wheeler. assist~ play would be successful. However, the There can be no doubt that Trinity’s The Club has had a remarkable run o! for th, World-wide Bookings arranged by Air U.C.D. forward line soon came dashing power lay in the backs, but the forwards, successes under Frank’s a ~rol and Sea, and all Tickets supplied to through to level the scores. Trinity although beaten in the tight, ran may the association continue. £2~500 your Home Town! again took the lead when Hazel Henry rampant in the loose and twice covered Results :-- Club 1 scored. It was then the Trinity defence Flyweight--T. Gilligan (Glasgow), walk-ove be ad( Our Rates are the Official Rates the length .of the field with their inter- Bantam--D. Tulalamba (Trinity) beat E. Rynm crumbled. The chief weakness was at passing~ only for the tries to be dis- (U.C.D.). necess wing-half where substitutes Penny allowed. Feather--D, Wheeler (Trinity) beat G. Law~ ship. Ruddock and Olga Johnston were far too (Loughborough). OUR SERVICE IS FREE AND NO slow to mark their wings or to inter- Light--K. McLarnan (Glasgow) beat L. gone BOOKING FEE IS CHARGED! COME change with the backs. The latter, Fencing (U.C,D.), stopped 2nd round. IN AND SEE US! Light-Welter--C. Ross (Durham) beat marking five forwards, had also a bumpy Nwachuku (Loughborough). The surface to contend with, and the com- SUCCESSFUL ARISTOCRATS Welter--J. R. Nichols (Loughborough) beat Timoney (U.C.D.), k.o. round 2. tributi bination proved tbo much. Half-time The Dublin Foil League started last Light-Middle--G. Lemon (Trinity) beat May, " came with U.C.D. leading 5-2, Monday in the Salle in Morehampton Rd. Owens (Loughborough). O’SCANLAIN The second half revealed the weakness This year, owing to the increase in Middle--J. Campbell (Liverpool) beat J. of the Trinity forwards as clearly as the membership, Trinity has entered two (Loughborough), k.o. round 1. first had shown up those of the defence. Light-Heavy--C. M. Hill (Cambridge) beat Travel, Agency Ltd. teams. Ln the 1st round, the " A " team Honeyman (Glasgow), k.o. round 1. Playing downhill on a bumpy field, they fenced the "B " team and won by a Heavy--R. H. Taylor (Trinity) beat J. Authorised and Bonded Agency tried to keep the ball moving without victory of nine fights to none. Then the year ( Loughborough). for all Steamship and Airlines over-hitting. For this they had neither "A" team fenced the holders, College TEAM EVENT the speed nor the flexibility of their of Surgeons "A " team, and won by nine 2E DUBLIN opponents, so that U.C.D., penned in 1. Trinity, Dublin ...... 23 poinfi ~ 46 GRAFTON ST., victories to none. The " B " then fenced 2. Loughborough College ...... 20 ,, their ow~ half, were able to prevent a College of Surgeons "B " teazn, defeat- 3. Glasgow ...... 14 . ’Phone: 76531 score. In a break away, U.C.D. added ing them by five victories to four. 4. U.C.D ...... 12 ,, L_2 yet another goal. Congratulations to Malcolm Boyd for 5. Liverpool ...... 10 ,, being chosen to represent the South of I.reland (26 Counties) v. The North of Acknowledgement Ireland. This venue takes place on The Editor wishes to acknowledge the reports Saturday in the Salle. Malcolm Boyd sent in during the past term by the following :- MASON’S Rugby, 2nd and 3rd XV--T. C. D. Mulraine, F. and Brian Hamilton have both been Baigel. chosen for the trials in the Foil section RALEIGH Soccer--D. White, F. Baigel. of the Irish team which are being held Hockey (Men’s)--A. C. Stewart. CAMERAS Hockey (Ladies)--Miss E. M. Irvine. .next Sunday in Dublin. THE ALL STEEL BICYCLE Swimming--T. Murnane. Pearce Fencing Club had the Novices’ Fencing--B. Hamilton. Championships last Saturday in Dublin. ENLARGERS Rowing--G. L Blanehard. AND Lacrosse--Miss R. Phillips. Christopher Woods (D.U.F.C.) con- Badminton--p. T. Welch. vincingly won the men’s event and shows EXPOSURE Boxing--R. Gibbons, C. Mumford. great promise as a foilist. Motoring--R. Backman. Team "A "--(1) B. Hamilton, (2) M. Sturmey-Archer METERS Squash Racquets--J. Gillam. Table Tennis--R. V. Wood, Boyd, (3) M. Makower. Golf--P. R. M. Hinchcliffe. Team "B "--(1) C. Wood, (2) C. Rye, equipment And All Photographic Climbing--G. D. Cochrane. (3) H. Harte. Equipment WERE AWARDED A ANYTHING ... Ig Zeiss lkon Specialists from a handkerchief to a duffle coat 6OLD MEDAL WASHING is BEST and CHEAPER AT THE THOMAS H. MASON the COURT LAUNDRY collects BRUSSELS AND SONS LTD. regularly in college 5 & 6 DAME ST., DUBLIN EXHIBITION

Published by th~ Trinity N~ws Comfy and ~r~ntcd by the Bru~-’Pre~ l~tfk i!!,