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The Oceans (Ocea-01)

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The Oceans (Ocea-01) THE OCEANS (OCEA-01) Fall 2007 Introduction to THE OCEANS Welcome to THE OCEANS! Instructor: Dr. Raphael Kudela Biological oceanographer algal ecology and physiology, harmful algal blooms, satellite oceanography, physical-biological coupling Teaching Assistants: Jenny Lane ([email protected]) Sherry Palacios ([email protected]) Ryan Paerl ([email protected]) Website: http://ic.ucsc.edu/~kudela/ocea1/ 2 Ocea 1--The Oceans CClalassss FFoorrmmaatt Lectures MWF 9:30-10:40 Discussion Sections, 1 h 10 min. 2 Exams Grade based on: Exams 20/25% Problem Sets* 25 Field Trip 15 In-class quizzes 10 Participation/Attendance 5 *Best 6 of 7 section assignments/problem sets. (Must pass this portion to pass this class.) Ocea 1--The Oceans DDiissccuussssiioonn SSeeccttiioonnss Mandatory In Earth and Marine Science Building D266. To switch sections: in the first week of the quarter go to both the section you are enrolled in as well as the one you want to switch to and talk to the TAs. In some cases switching can be arranged, but is not guaranteed. If you are NOT enrolled yet and want a permission code, go to the section you want to be in. The TAs will let you know if there is room. Ocea 1--The Oceans DDiissccuussssiioonn SSeeccttiioonnss Each assignment (7 in section) Most consist of a portion that you do in section, and a portion that you finish at home will be handed out in section, and due the following week at the beginning of section Late Policy: 10% of grade on assignment will be deducted for every day it is late DDiissccuussssiioonn SSeeccttiioonnss Each problem set (7 in section + 1 field trip) will contain quantitative problems requiring critical thinking and calculations- but no advanced math. must be downloaded in advance is due the following week at the beginning of section Bring a calculator, pen/pencil and paper each week. Late Policy: 10% of grade on assignment will be deducted for every day it is late DDiissccuussssiioonn SSeeccttiioonnss No make-ups, but your grade will be based on top 6 of 7 scores. If you miss a section assignment for any reason, you will drop that score. Missing a second section requires a documented medical explanation. Working with others is encouraged, but plagiarism will not be tolerated. Bring a copy of the problem set to section (find it on class web page under Course Materials)-- we’ll print out copies for next week. Ocea 1--The Oceans CClalassss RReessoouurrcceess Textbook: Exploring the World Ocean (Chamberlin and Dickey) Websites: http://ic.ucsc.edu/~kudela/ocea1/ http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073016543/ Ocea 1--The Oceans CClalassss RReessoouurrcceess CPS “Clicker” We WILL be using this, and you SHOULD have one. Not being used for attendance without warning. To register, the class code is: F33995H549 GGeettttiinngg HHeelplp TAs will present example problems to help with quantitative questions. Instructors and TAs have regular office hours. Set up appointments with instructor or TA if needed. Do NOT simply rely on copying the answers from your friend! You can’t take the tests together… Ocea 1--The Oceans OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy Marine Biology is the study of marine organisms with respect to their biology. Oceanography is the study of the marine environment, or ecosystems. Geological Oceanography Physical Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Biological Oceanography Fisheries Oceanography WWhhyy SSttuuddyy tthhee OOcceeaannss?? WWhhyy SSttuuddyy tthhee OOcceeaannss?? We live on a “blue marble” WWhhyy SSttuuddyy tthhee OOcceeaannss?? ••71% of Earth's surface area is water (140 million square miles; 361 million km2) ••Average depth of 3795 m (2.5 miles) (~ 11,000 feet, 2 miles) –Average height of land is 840 m. Deepest spot is 11,000 m – (36,163 ft, ~ 6.8 miles) ••Ocean Volume: 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (km3) of water (0.4 billion cubic miles) ••Average temperature 3.9°C (39°F) – most of the ocean is very COLD! Ocea 1--The Oceans OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy Oceanography is the study of the marine environment, or ecosystems. “ An interdisciplinary science focusing on understanding how the ocean works (“fundamental processes”). But what IS Oceanography? What does an oceanographer do? OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy:: AAnn EExxaammpplele September 2006, Monterey Bay OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy:: AAnn EExxaammpplele There’s a HUGE red tide! • Is it dangerous? -what organism (BIOLOGY) OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy:: AAnn EExxaammpplele There’s a HUGE red tide! • Is it dangerous? • Plants need light and nutrients--how is it growing? (CHEMISTRY) OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy:: AAnn EExxaammpplele There’s a HUGE red tide! • Is it dangerous? • How is it growing? • Why is it only in some parts of the Bay? (PHYSICS) OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy:: AAnn EExxaammpplele There’s a HUGE red tide! • Is it dangerous? • How is it growing? • Why is it only in some parts of the Bay? • What effect does the canyon have? (GEOLOGY) OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy:: AAnn EExxaammpplele BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS GEOLOGY Processes/Platforms: Time and Space Scales OOcceeaannooggrraapphhyy:: AAnn EExxaammpplele http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjTbPtv88sI Why do we have oceans? Where did the ocean basins come from? Are they changing? What’s on the bottom? And what is Seawater, anyway? What creates the waves and tides? Who lives in what parts of the ocean, and why? © 1999-2005 ianskipworth.com Today and the future: what effects are humans having on the oceans and our climate? Observed Sea Level Change: 1850 to 2000 SSoommee HHiissttoorryy Herodotus’ View of the World (~450 BC) • Distinct continents (3), but still has the “ocean river” • About 325 BC, Pytheas proved that the earth was round, and extended beyond the oceans as known…. Pytheas Applies Geometry…. • By measuring the difference in the angle of the sun, Pytheas could exactly calculate the Earth’s circumference • It was also obvious that the Earth was round! Latitude • First defined by Pytheas, 325 BC • Fairly easy to determine based on your angle from the North Pole (determined by taking a sighting on the North Star or something similar) Longitude • Very difficult to determine! There is no astronomical way to calculate longitude (although many, many people have tried to find one) Ptolemy’s Atlas (~150 A.D.) • Ptolemy developed a “conic” projection (latitude and longitude are accounted for), so the earth is round. • North is on top, East is on Right, but the circumference is only 29,000 km! Non-Western Travels Columbus, Cabot, Magellan Captain Cook’s Voyages HMS Beagle (1831-1836) 1872-1876: The Challenger Expedition At each station: - depth, bottom water temperature, and meteorological information was recorded - Bottom sample was collected, as well as a sample of bottom water - direction and rate of surface currents was determined At many stations: - vertical profiles of chemistry, temperature, and currents were determined - bottom flora, fauna were collected - nets were used to sample intermediate depths The Journey to the Depths NavigationNavigation Where are we? Maps and charts will be covered in Discussion section! Navigation Develop x-y coordinate system (spherical) Latitude (“Y”) = Angle along axis that cuts through the center of the earth; further north from the equator = higher latitude (latus = wide) REFERENCE: •Axis of Rotation (natural phenomenon) RESULT: Set of parallel lines running around Earth “Parallels” of latitude Greeks: Pytheas Developed simple way to determine latitude Polaris * θ Longitude (“X”) = Angle along axis that cuts Earth in half in north-south direction (“X” plane from center to equator) REFERENCE: •Arbitrary spot = Greenwich England (Prime Meridian) RESULT: Set of Converging lines running from pole to pole. These lines are closer together at the poles than at the equator. “Meridians” of longitude LONGUS = long Longitude So how do you figure out longitude? Time! 1 rotation of Earth is 24 hrs, which is 360 deg. (15 deg / hr) A “nautical mile” = one minute of latitude (i.e. 1 degree of latitude = 60 nautical miles) This distance is defined by size of Earth! NOT same as “statute” mile – 1 nautical mile = 1.2 statute miles. So we can tell where we are on a map… what’s missing? DEPTH! .
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