DOCSLIB.ORG

Biological Oceanography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biological Oceanography MEETINGS & WORKSHOPS BOOKS & VIDEOS COMPARISON OF BIOLOGICALOCEANOGRAPHY: TERRES ,C AN EARLY I--hSTOR¥, 1870 TO 1960 MARINE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS By Eric L. Mills A WORKSHOP on this subject 1989,378 pp., $42.50, Cloth, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. was held in 1989 with partial National Reviewed by David J. Carlson Science Foundation support. The re- In the mid-nineteenth century, biologists dence), the initial biological oceanographers port (copies available from J. Steele) studying the oceans were mostly interested were male (Sheina Marshall of the Scottish discusses the various problems, lo- in discovering deep-sea organisms. Today Marine Biological Association laboratory gistic and conceptual, in making such biological oceanographers pay most atten- and Penelope Jenkin and Marie Lebour of the comparisons, but its main conclu- tion to processes in the surface ocean. In his Plymouth Laboratoryare notable exceptions). sion is that we should have work- latest volume of oceanographic history, Mills introduces us first to Victor Hensen, a shops or summer schools that focus published by Cornell University Press in its German biochemist, anatomist and physi- on specific topics where interactions History of Science Series, Eric Mills de- ologist who turned his attention to marine between the different sectors would scribes the period from 1870 to 1960 during subjects when nascent Germany formed a be most fruitful. A recent meeting of which focus shifted from deep-sea natural commission for the study of its seas. Hensen the Steering Committee (J. Cohen, P. history to upper ocean plankton dynamics recognized that small planktonic organisms Dayton, T. Kratz, S. Levin, R. and when, as a result, biological oceanogra- were important components of marine sys- Ricklefs and J. Steele) proposed that phy evolved and separated from marine bi- tems but more importantly felt that their three topics be selected from the re- ology. Although the history is titled Bio- abundance could be determined systemati- port--patch dynamics, long-term logical Oceanography, the book" s primary cally and accurately. He eventually developed data sets and analysis of community topic is the progressive understanding of and calibrated plankton nets to be lifted structure. Each of these would be the plankton dynamics in relation to chemical vertically through the water column. Hensen focus of a workshop/school lasting and physical oceanographic factors, a topic was followed by Karl Brandt who, with four weeks, with about twenty-five relevant, perhaps instructive, to many present- colleagues of the so-called Kiel School (alter to thirty participants. The intent would day oceanographers. Dr. Mills also touches Kiel University), first determined that nitro- be to compare data sets and methods on historical patterns of promotion and re- gen and other nutrients could limit phyto- of analysis across the terrestrial, muneration of oceanograpbers, of ship avail- plankton growth and recognized geographi- freshwater and marine sectors. The ability, and of private, federal and institutional cal patterns evident in plankton abundance output would be research methods, support for oceanography, issues that pro- data collected by Hensen. (One of Brandt's ideas and applications. The present voke and perplex us still. colleagues, Hans Lohmann, also showed that tentative plan is to hold the first of The inception and evolution of biological Hensen's nets failed to collect nanoplankton these workshops on patch dynamics oceanography--distinct from marine biol- and developed centrifugation and filtration in summer 1991 with S. Levin, T. ogy by its attention to process rather than techniques to improve collections.) The work Powell and J. Steele as the organiz- organism and destined eventually to separate of the Kiel School was extended in Norway ers. We wish to learn the level of from general ecology because of its attention by H.H. Gran. Gran described spring blooms interest, especially at the graduate to fisheries, its early need to invent and apply in Norwegian coastal waters (the Kiel group student and post-doctoral level. mathematical models, and its operation had not recognized ornotemphasized blooms Please contact any of the organizers largely at institutes dedicated to oceanogra- in their data), documented vertical with your ideas and opinions: S. phy-occurred mostly in northern Europe. inhomogeneity (which had been obscured by Levin, Center for Environmental There, increased populations, diminished Hensen's vertical tows), understood (with Research, 345 Corson Hall, Cornell agricultural resources, and improved fishing the help of A. Nathansohn, a German University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, technology had most affected fisheries, and physicist) the importance of vertical mixing (607) 255-4617; T. Powell, Division trained observers and experimenters were in supplying nutrients and controlling phyto- of Environmental Science, Univer- available from non-marine disciplines in the plankton growth and described and then sity of California, Davis, CA 95616, European university system. Because most measured (using light and dark bottles ) the (916) 752-3026: J. Steele, Woods instructors and students in that system were compensation depth--that depth where en- Hole Oceanographic Institution, men (and severely well dressed if photo- ergy gained by photosynthesis balances the Woods Hole, MA 02543, (508) 548- graphs of sea-going attire are accurate evi- energy spent in respiration. These and other 1400. El efforts led eventually to the work of G. Atkins and H.W. Harvey at the Plymouth David J. Carlson. College of Oceanography. Oregon State University, Oceanography Administration (England) Laboratory who improved meth- Building 104, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503. [ CONTINUI(D ON I+OWI(R PAc;t~ 62 ] O('EANOGRAPHY'N(IVEMBER'It~gll 6 I BOOKS & VIDEOS A FRAGILE POWER: SCIENTISTS AND THE STATE By Chandra Mukerji 1989, 253 pp.. $24.95, Princeton University Press Reviewed by Andrew G. Dickson should. In her recent book, Chandra Mukerji, Her discussion focuses detailed attention What does the state expect for its research professor of Sociology at the University of on two seemingly different programs: re- dollars'? What intellectual and political com- California, San Diego, studies oceanogra- search funded by the U. S. Department of promises does a scientist make by seeking phers as paradigms of soft-money scientists Energy ostensibly to examine the suitability government grants or contracts? Do such at large (those who seek government funds to of the oceans as a site for the disposal of questions haunt you as you write your final further their research, not solely those whose nuclear waste and expeditions funded by the reports, your new proposals? Perhaps they salary depends on such funds) and concludes National Science Foundation to study sub- that most scientists delude themselves as to marine hydrothermal vents. She uses these as Andrew G. Dick,,,on. Marine Physical Laboratory, the extent of their individual scientific au- case studies to examine the relationship be- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA tonomy-that scientists have sold their tween scientist and state and dismisses as 92093-0902. "voice" for a mess of pottage. oversimplified the utilitarian concept that BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY" AN EARLY HISTORY, 1870 TO 1960 [ CONTINUED I'ROM PAGt" 61 ] ods for measuring nutrients, submarine light and analytical and sampling technologies, technicians and that oceanography in general and phytoplankton pigments, recognized the the national financial support and interna- has been very successful when it has been importance of thermally-induced stratifica- tional sampling programs, and the blooming able to attract talent from other disciplines. tion, and identified the role of grazers in and senescence of the Kiel and Plymouth One wonders, as we cut technician salaries to controlling phytoplankton blooms. Eventu- groups. The author's prose is clear and pre- reduce grant budgets and anticipate numer- ally, Gordon Riley at Yale and the Woods cise and figures and data are supplied in a ous retirements among senior oceanogra- Hole Oceanographic Institution used Ply- useful manner. A map would have been phers over the next five to ten years, whether mouth Laboratory intbrmation on nutrients, helpful to understand northern European our present system of attracting under- light mad grazi ng to develop (with H. Stommel coastlines and non-oceanographers might graduates from traditional science disciplines and D. Bumpus) mathematical models of wish lbr a glossary. Nevertheless, learning into employment or graduate training in physical and chemical controls on phyto- this hi story, being introduced to predecessors oceanography will provide sufficient diver- plankton and zooplankton growth over whose names may be familiar only from sity of talent and whether enough skilled Georges Bank. Mills contends that at that bindings of taxonomic guides or as parenthetic science undergraduates will be available from point (approximately 1960) most major appellations to scientific names, discovering any discipline. paradigms, sampling schemes and analytical the sources of our understanding, is an enjoy- In 1989, when this history of European techniques in use in biological oceanography able voyage. and American research on plankton blooms today were in place. One wonders whether It is also a voyage that provokes. We find in the North Atlantic was published, European development of fluorometric assays for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun
    OCEANOGRAPHY – Vol.II - Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, France. Keywords: Algae, allochthonous nutrient, aphotic zone, autochthonous nutrient, Auxotrophs, bacteria, bacterioplankton, benthos, carbon dioxide, carnivory, chelator, chemoautotrophs, ciliates, coastal eutrophication, coccolithophores, convection, crustaceans, cyanobacteria, detritus, diatoms, dinoflagellates, disphotic zone, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), ecosystem, eukaryotes, euphotic zone, eutrophic, excretion, exoenzymes, exudation, fecal pellet, femtoplankton, fish, fish lavae, flagellates, food web, foraminifers, fungi, harmful algal blooms (HABs), herbivorous food web, herbivory, heterotrophs, holoplankton, ichthyoplankton, irradiance, labile, large planktonic microphages, lysis, macroplankton, marine snow, megaplankton, meroplankton, mesoplankton, metazoan, metazooplankton, microbial food web, microbial loop, microheterotrophs, microplankton, mixotrophs, mollusks, multivorous food web, mutualism, mycoplankton, nanoplankton, nekton, net community production (NCP), neuston, new production, nutrient limitation, nutrient (macro-, micro-, inorganic, organic), oligotrophic, omnivory, osmotrophs, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic matter (POM), pelagic, phagocytosis, phagotrophs, photoautotorphs, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, phytoplankton bloom, picoplankton, plankton,
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Microbiology at Scripps
    81832_Ocean 8/28/03 7:18 PM Page 67 Special Issue—Scripps Centennial Marine Microbiology at Scripps A. Aristides Yayanos Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, • San Diego, California USA Marine microbiology is the study of the smallest isolated marine bioluminescent bacteria, isolated and organisms found in the oceans—bacteria and archaea, characterized sulfate-reducing bacteria, and showed many eukaryotes (among the protozoa, fungi, and denitrifying bacteria could both produce and consume plants), and viruses. Most microorganisms can be seen nitrous oxide, now known to be an important green- only with a microscope. Microbes pervade the oceans, house gas. Beijerinck also founded the field of virology its sediments, and some hydrothermal fluids and through his work on plant viruses (van Iterson et al., exhibit solitary life styles as well as complex relation- 1983). Mills (1989) describes the significance of the ships with animals, other microorganisms, and each work of Beijerink and Winogradsky to plankton other. The skeletal remains of microorganisms form the research and marine chemistry. largest component of sedimentary fossils whose study Around 1903, bacteriology in California was reveals Earth’s history. The enormous morphological, emerging in the areas of medicine and public health physiological, and taxonomic diversity of marine and accordingly was developing into an academic dis- microorganisms remains far from adequately cipline in medical schools (McClung and Meyer, 1974). described and studied. Because the sea receives terres- Whereas the branch of microbiology dealing with bac- trial microorganisms from rivers, sewage outfalls, and teria and viruses was just beginning, the branch con- other sources, marine microbiology also includes the cerning protozoa and algae was a relatively more estab- study of alien microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Oceanography in Canada (With Special Reference to Federal Government Science)
    PROC. N.S. INST. SCI. (2006) Volume 43, Part 2, pp. 129-158 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY IN CANADA (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SCIENCE) W. G. HARRISON Ecosystem Research Division, Science Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Maritimes Region Bedford Institute of Oceanography PO Box 1006 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2 This is a personal account of the history, accomplishments and future of biological oceanography in Canada with emphasis on Canadian government research. Canadian biological oceanographers have a rich history pre-dating the formal beginning of marine scientific research in the country with the establishment of the St Andrews and Nanaimo field stations in the early 1900s. Over the years, they have distinguished themselves by being leaders in the early developments of the discipline, including methodologies, concepts and understanding of both the pelagic and benthic ecosystems. In more recent years, Canadian biological oceanographers have led in the conceptualization, planning and implementation of major interdisciplinary/international research initiatives on climate change and ecosystem dynamics. Additionally, they are making important contributions to ecosystem and climate monitoring, research aimed at understanding the influence of ecosystems on harvestable living resource variability and on climate change, and development and application of ecosystem and climate models. Canadian biological oceanographers have made and continue to make significant contributions to the understanding of the biology of the oceans and its interactions with the physical, chemical and geological world. The challenge of solving the complex scientific and societal problems of the future will require better planning, coordination and stronger commitment to the ocean sciences by universities and government than is currently in place.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Oceanography (3 Credits) Class Number: 26773 Section: 1003 MWF Period 2 8:30Am-9:20Am Larsen Hall 0310
    SYLLABUS: BSC4930 Special Topics in Biology: Biological Oceanography (3 credits) Class number: 26773 Section: 1003 MWF Period 2 8:30am-9:20am Larsen Hall 0310 INSTRUCTOR: Bryndan P. Durham (she/her) Office Hours: by appointment Office: Cancer and Genetics Research Complex Rm 404 Phone: (352) 294-6312 (office) Email: [email protected] COURSE DESCRIPTION: Biological oceanography is the study of marine organisms, their quantitative distributions in time and space, and their interactions with each other and their ocean environment. In this course, we cover the basics of biological, physical, and chemical dynamics in the oceans with a particular emphasis on life in different ocean environments. Specific topics include primary production by phytoplankton, secondary production by zooplankton, bacterial production and remineralization, distributions of pelagic and benthic organisms, and the energy and nutrient cycles driven by these organisms. In the final portion of the course, we explore the impacts of human perturbations and global climate change on ocean ecosystems and their inhabitants. Pre-requisites: BSC 2010, BSC2011, and BSC 2010L/2011L COURSE GOALS & STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Through reading, watching, and/or listening to assigned materials, attending in-class lectures, completing written and oral assignments, and participating in group discussions, you will gain experience toward the following broad university curricular goals: 1. The ability to think logically, analytically, and independently; 2. The ability to communicate clearly and effectively, both orally and in writing; and 3. The ability to learn on one’s own and as part of a group. More specific to topics in Biological Oceanography, you will achieve the following learning outcomes: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Data Assimilative Marine Ecosystem Model of the Central Equatorial Pacific
    Journalof MarineResearch, 59, 859– 894,2001 Adataassimilative marineecosystem modelof the central equatorialPaci c: Numerical twinexperiments byMarjorieA. M.Friedrichs 1 ABSTRACT Ave-component,data assimilative marine ecosystem model is developed for the high-nutrient low-chlorophyllregion of thecentral equatorial Paci c (0N,140W). Identical twin experiments, in whichmodel-generated synthetic ‘ data’are assimilated into the model, are employed to determine thefeasibility of improving simulation skill by assimilating in situ cruisedata (plankton, nutrients andprimary production) and remotely-sensed ocean color data. Simple data assimilative schemes suchas data insertion or nudging may be insuf cient for lower trophic level marine ecosystem models,since they require long time-series of daily to weekly plankton and nutrient data as wellas adequateknowledge of the governing ecosystem parameters. In contrast, the variational adjoint technique,which minimizes model-data mis ts byoptimizingtunable ecosystem parameters, holds muchpromise for assimilating biological data into marine ecosystem models. Using sampling strategiestypical of those employed during the U.S. JointGlobal Flux Study (JGOFS) equatorial Pacic processstudy and the remotely-sensed ocean color data available from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-viewSensor (SeaWiFS), parameters that characterize processes such as growth, grazing, mortality,and recycling can be estimated. Simulation skill is improved even if synthetic data associatedwith 40% random noise are assimilated; however, the presence of biases of 10 – 20% provesto be more detrimental to the assimilation results. Although increasing the length of the assimilatedtime series improves simulation skill if randomerrors are present in the data, simulation skillmay deterior ateas more biased data are assimilat ed.As biologic aldatasets, includin g in situ, satelliteand acoustic sources, continue to grow, data assimilat ivebiologic al-physical modelswill play an increasin glycrucial role in large interdis ciplinaryoceanogr aphicobserva- tionalprograms .
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanography, the Study of All Aspects of the Oceans, Is a Very Complex Discipline, and Many Terms Have Been Applied to Describe Its Components
    Statement on Educational Backgrounds of Marine Science Faculty Oceanography, the study of all aspects of the oceans, is a very complex discipline, and many terms have been applied to describe its components. Marine Science is considered a synonym for Oceanography, and so our college is called the USF College of Marine Science, or CMS. The fundamental concepts of Oceanography have been divided into four groups that, taken together, apply to or cover all of the major processes within the oceans. Not surprisingly, the four groups are aligned with four major academic sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. Physical oceanography emphasizes the circulation of ocean water at all depths and all time-and- space scales. It is concerned with the distribution of the Sun’s heat, the effects of prevailing and occasional winds, the impact of tides, and frictional and other interactions at the ocean’s boundaries. Ocean-atmosphere interaction and dynamics also play a major role in the study of ocean physics, and theoretical principles of fluid dynamics are readily transformed to the study of the ocean, the most massive accumulation of fluid on the Earth’s surface. Chemical Oceanography, sometimes called Marine Chemistry, considers all of the dissolved and particulate components in the ocean that might become involved in chemical reactions, both biologically influenced and biologically independent, on virtually all time scales from nanoseconds to millions of years. Some of these components are: inorganic ions like magnesium or chloride that exist in high concentrations, minor or trace substances like nitrate or iron that are quite reactive on short time scales, various particles like biological organic debris or minerals, dissolved atmospheric gases like oxygen or carbon dioxide, and stable and radioactive isotopes like carbon-13 or tritium that provide time clocks for or details of chemical processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Zooplankton Mortality Effects on the Plankton Community of the Northern
    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-417 Preprint. Discussion started: 9 December 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Zooplankton mortality effects on the plankton community of the Northern Humboldt Current System: Sensitivity of a regional biogeochemical model Mariana Hill Cruz1, Iris Kriest1, Yonss Saranga José1, Rainer Kiko2, Helena Hauss1,3, and Andreas Oschlies1,3 1GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany 2Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-mer, France 3Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany Correspondence: Mariana Hill Cruz ([email protected]) Abstract. Small pelagic fish off the coast of Peru in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) support around 10% of the global fish catches. Their stocks fluctuate interannually due to environmental variability which can be exacerbated by fishing pressure. Because these fish are planktivorous, any change in fish abundance may directly affect the plankton and the biogeochemical 5 system. To investigate the potential effects of variability in small pelagic fish populations on lower trophic levels, we used a coupled physical-biogeochemical model to build scenarios for the ETSP and compare these against an already published reference simulation. The scenarios mimic changes in fish predation by either increasing or decreasing mortality of the model’s large and small zooplankton compartments. 10 The results revealed that large zooplankton was the main driver of the response of the community. Its concentration increased under low mortality conditions and its prey, small zooplankton and large phytoplankton, decreased. The response was opposite, but weaker, in the high mortality scenarios. This asymmetric behaviour can be explained by the different ecological roles of large, omnivorous zooplankton, and small zooplankton, which in the model is strictly herbivorous.
    [Show full text]
  • 6.0 Biological Oceanography 7.0 Chemical Oceanography 8.0 Oceans and Climate Change 9.0 Conclusion
    OCEANOGRAPHY – AN OUTLINE BY PROF.A.BALASUBRAMANIAN Oceanography – an outline Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Scientific Curiosity 3.0 Oceanography -An inter-disciplinary subject 4.0 Geological Oceanography 5.0 Physical Oceanography 6.0 Biological Oceanography 7.0 Chemical Oceanography 8.0 Oceans and Climate change 9.0 Conclusion OBJECTIVES After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand, basics of oceanography and the wide spectrum of studies carried out in the subject of oceanography. In addition, the concepts, methods, and developments of oceanography and its branches will also be understood. The role of oceanographers and the trends of research activities in the subject of oceanography will be known to progress further in this subject. 1.0 Introduction Oceanography is a science concerned with the physico-chemical characteristics of oceanic water, its depth, temperature, salinity, movements like tides, waves and currents, flora and fauna found at various zones of seas and oceans. As it deals with the distribution and processes of these water bodies, it comes under earth sciences in general. The subject deals with the physical, chemical and biological conditions of oceans. It is an inter-disciplinary subject and an emerging area for marine engineering. It is the science of seas and oceans. Ever since people started sailing the oceans, attempts have been made to map them. Ptolemy’s oldest map is an example. Ocean exploration began around 5000 B.C. with the first ocean diving and the first sailing vessels. Many advances that were made in the subject of oceanography, were all through the great ocean expeditions and explorations.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulating the Ocean's Chlorophyll Dynamic Range from Coastal Upwelling to Oligotrophy
    Progress in Oceanography 168 (2018) 232–247 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Oceanography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean Simulating the ocean’s chlorophyll dynamic range from coastal upwelling to T oligotrophy ⁎ N. Van Oostendea, , R. Dussinb, C.A. Stockc, A.D. Bartond, E. Curchitserb, J.P. Dunnec, B.B. Warda a Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, NJ, USA b Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA c Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA d Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The measured concentration of chlorophyll a in the surface ocean spans four orders of magnitude, from Chlorophyll ∼0.01 mg m−3 in the oligotrophic gyres to > 10 mg m−3 in coastal zones. Productive regions encompass only a Coastal upwelling small fraction of the global ocean area yet they contribute disproportionately to marine resources and biogeo- Diatom chemical processes, such as fish catch and coastal hypoxia. These regions and/or the full observed rangeof Coastal hypoxia chlorophyll concentration, however, are often poorly represented in global earth system models (ESMs) used to Phytoplankton community size-structure project climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, recent high resolution (∼10 km) global California Current earth system simulations suggest that this shortfall is not solely due to coarse resolution (∼100 km) of most global ESMs. By integrating a global biogeochemical model that includes two phytoplankton size classes (typical of many ESMs) into a regional simulation of the California Current System (CCS) we test the hypothesis that a combination of higher spatial resolution and enhanced resolution of phytoplankton size classes and grazer linkages may enable global ESMs to better capture the full range of observed chlorophyll.
    [Show full text]
  • The Official Magazine of The
    OceTHE OFFICIALa MAGAZINEnog OF THE OCEANOGRAPHYra SOCIETYphy CITATION Ruzicka, J.J., J.H. Steele, S.K. Gaichas, T. Ballerini, D.J. Gifford, R.D. Brodeur, and E.E. Hofmann. 2013. Analysis of energy flow in US GLOBEC ecosystems using end-to-end models. Oceanography 26(4):82–97, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.77. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.77 COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 26, Number 4, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2013 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY SPECIAL ISSUE ON US GLOBEC: UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE IMPACTS ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Analysis of Energy Flow in US GLOBEC Ecosystems Using End-to-End Models BY JAMES J. RUZICKA, JOHN H. STEELE, SARAH K. GAICHAS, TOSCA BALLERINI, DIAN J. GIFFORD, RICHARD D. BRODEUR, AND EILEEN E. HOFMANN Krill and anchovies photos credit: NOAA-NWFSC, FE Division. Jellyfish photo credit: R. Brodeur. Albatross photo credit: J. Ruzicka. 82 Oceanography | Vol. 26, No. 4 ABSTRACT. End-to-end models were constructed to examine and compare the relationships within four US GLOBEC trophic structure and energy flow in coastal shelf ecosystems of four US Global Ocean ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanography CAS NS 221 (3 Credits)
    SEA Semester®: Ocean Exploration Oceanography CAS NS 221 (3 credits) Course Catalog Description (max. 40 words): Explore how interconnected ocean characteristics (bathymetry, seawater chemistry, biological diversity) and processes (plate tectonics, surface and deep-water circulation, biological production) shape global patterns across multiple scales. Discuss destination-specific environmental issues and hot topics in marine research. Instructor(s): Sea Education Association Oceanography Faculty Location: SEA campus in Woods Hole, MA. Prerequisites: Admission to SEA Semester. Course Philosophy and Approach: Oceanography is a six-week course designed to provide students with an understanding of the fundamentals of chemical, physical, biological and geological oceanography. Because field research is vital to the study of oceanography, students will also learn to develop research questions and proposals in preparation for their sea component. As a class, we will determine the scientific agenda of our subsequent research cruise aboard one of SEA’s sailing school vessels. Oceanography thus serves as a precursor to Oceanographic Field Methods and the electives Practical Oceanographic Research and Directed Oceanographic Research, all of which occur during the sea component. This three-credit course consists of 47 contact hours of official instruction, through lectures, labs, research group meetings, visits to local oceanographic institutions and one field trip. The course calendar below provides preliminary details. Learning Outcomes: 1. Gain knowledge of the fundamentals of chemical, physical, biological and geological oceanography, as well as their cross-disciplinary interactions. 2. Understand, from a scientific perspective, anthropogenic pressures on ocean ecosystems. 3. Utilize the scientific method to develop hypotheses and propose experimental methods to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena; formulate and develop an oceanographic project proposal for research to be undertaken during the subsequent sea component.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Oceanography
    GRADUATE CURRICULUM IN BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY The course work requirements for Biological Oceanography graduate students are outlined below. An individual student's program is the result of consultation with the individual's faculty adviser and advisory committee to assure that course work meets School and option requirements and also reflects the student's background and areas of interest within Biological Oceanography. Waivers for School requirements should be referred to the Graduate Program Coordinator; waivers for Biological Oceanography requirements should be referred to the student's advisory committee. CORE BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY COURSES Biological Oceanography students are expected to complete the following courses in their first two years. In addition, all first-year graduate students must complete a research project (minimum of 2 credits as Ocean 600). Acceptable alternatives to Ocean 600 include Ocean 534, summer courses offered by Biological Oceanography faculty at the Friday Harbor Laboratories, Ocean 575, and some laboratory courses offered by other departments and schools on campus (with prior approval from the adviser). OCEAN 530 MARINE BACTERIA, ARCHAEA AND VIRUSES (3) Role of marine microorganisms in transformations of dissolved and particulate organic matter. Functional and phylogenetic diversity of Bacteria, Archaea and viruses in the marine environment, the fate of organic carbon in the microbial loop, and the interrelationship of the carbon cycle with other biogeochemical cycles. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. (Morris) Offered: W, odd years OCEAN 531 MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY (3) Phytoplankton in the marine environment: evolution, ecology, primary productivity, and physiology, with an emphasis on their role in the global carbon cycle; spatial and temporal distributions of phytoplankton and how these patterns may change as ocean conditions change; methods for determining distributions and role in different ocean ecosystems.
    [Show full text]