ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 – Impact Assessment Data Page 2 of 99 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP APL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 - Impact Assessment Document Title: Rev.: 03 / at02 Data

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT DATA 5 8.1 Climate and Ambient Air 5 8.1.1 Air Dispersion Modelling Setup and Assessment of Short Term and Long Term Impacts on Local Air Quality 5 8.1.2 Project Construction Phase: Dust Dispersion Modelling Study 12 8.1.3 Project Operation Phase: CS02 – CS03 Air Dispersion Modelling Studies 26 8.2 Acoustic Environment 45 8.2.1 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase 45 8.2.2 Noise Sources and Propagation 45 8.2.3 Impacts from Onshore Pipeline Construction 48 8.2.4 Impacts from Compressor Station Construction 52 8.2.5 Impacts from Blasting 53 8.2.6 Impacts from Trenchless Crossings 53 8.3 Freshwater Resources 54 8.4 Geology, Geomorphology and Soil 59 8.5 Terrestrial Ecology – EBRD Assessment Criteria 62 8.5.1 Habitat Assessment Criteria 62 8.5.2 Species Assessment Criteria 72 8.6 Freshwater Ecology - River Crossing Decision Matrices 82 8.6.1 Watercourse Sensitivity Establishment 82 8.6.2 River Crossing Technique Decision Tree 83 8.7 Landscape and Visual Assessment 85 8.8 Socioeconomic Assessment 98 8.8.1 Onshore Community Health and Safety and Security 98

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LIST OF TABLES Table 8.1-1 Dust Emission Loads for the Dust Producing Activities Anticipated during the Project Construction Phase ...... 13 Table 8.1-2 Coefficient K, for the Calculation of Dust Emissions from Material Handling for Different Grain Sizes ...... 14 Table 8.1-3 PM10 Emission Rates Due to Material Handling ...... 14 Table 8.1-4 Coefficients k, a and b for the Calculation of Dust Emissions Due to Vehicles’ Transit Re-suspension for Different Grain Sizes ...... 15 Table 8.1-5 PM10 Emission Rates Due to Vehicle’ Transit Re-suspension ...... 15 Table 8.1-6 Dust Emissions Rate ...... 19 Table 8.1-7 Maximum Ground Concentrations in the Simulation Domain and Comparison with Applicable Standards ...... 19 Table 8.1-8 Dust Emissions -Short-term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality ...... 24 Table 8.1-9 Dust Emissions -Long-term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality ...... 25 Table 8.1-10 Dust Emissions - Evaluation of Impact Significance for Air Quality ...... 26 Table 8.1-11 CS02 and CS03 Emission Sources ...... 30 Table 8.1-12 CS02 and CS03 Emission Rates and Composition ...... 31 Table 8.1-13 NOX and CO Maximum Ground Level Concentrations in the Simulation Domain and Comparison with Applicable Air Quality Standards ...... 32 Table 8.1-14 CS02- Short Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality ...... 41 Table 8.1-15 CS03- Short-Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality ...... 42 Table 8.1-16 CS02-Long Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality ...... 43 Table 8.1-17 CS03 - Long-Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality ...... 43 Table 8.1-18 CS02 and CS03 Emissions - Evaluation of Impact Significance for Air Quality ... 44 Table 8.2-1 Equipment and Related Limits of Sound Power Level (Directive 2000/14/CE) .... 46 Table 8.2-2 Equipment Consid vibrating pile driver ered during the Construction Phase ...... 47 Table 8.2-3 Noise Pressure Level during Construction Phase - Equipment Contribution ...... 48 Table 8.2-4 Equipment Considered during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase ...... 48 Table 8.2-5 Noise Pressure Levels during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase - Activity’s Contribution ...... 50 Table 8.2-6 Noise Pressure Levels at Selected Receptors during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase - Activity’s Contribution ...... 50 Table 8.2-7 Cumulative Noise Pressure Levels at Receptors during Onshore Pipeline Construction ...... 51 Table 8.2-8 Equipment Considered during CS Construction Phase ...... 52 Table 8.2-9 Noise Pressure Levels during CS Construction Phase - Activity’s Contribution ... 53 Table 8.2-10 Equipment Considered during Trenchless Crossing (HDD) ...... 54 Table 8.2-11 Noise Pressure Levels during Trenchless Crossing (HDD) ...... 54 Table 8.3-1 Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources - Surface Water ...... 55 Table 8.3-2 Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources - Groundwater ...... 56 Table 8.4-1 Detailed Sensitivities – Geology, Geomorphology and Soil Quality ...... 59 Table 8.5-1 Evaluation of Habitat Loss and Degradation within the Project Area ...... 64 Table 8.5-2 Evaluation of Habitat Fragmentation Impact to Key Locations along the Project Area ...... 68 Table 8.5-3 Evaluation of Species Loss Impact to Key Locations along the Project Area ...... 73 Table 8.5-4 Evaluation of Disturbance and Displacement Impact to Key Locations along the Project Area ...... 78 Table 8.6-1 Indicative Metrics for Habitats and Fish ...... 83

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 8.1-1 CALPUFF Modelling System INPUTS...... 6 Figure 8.1-2 Model Vertical Resolution ...... 8 Figure 8.1-3 Wind Rose at CS02 Location Extracted from the CALMET Run (Year 2010) ...... 10 Figure 8.1-4 Wind Rose at CS03 Location Extracted from the CALMET Run (Year 2010) ...... 11 Figure 8.1-5 Simulation Domain - CS02 Dust Dispersion Modelling Study ...... 17 Figure 8.1-6 Simulation Domain - CS03 Dust Dispersion Modelling Study ...... 18 Figure 8.1-7 CS02 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Maximum Daily Concentration ...... 20 Figure 8.1-8 CS03 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Maximum Daily Concentration ...... 21 Figure 8.1-9 CS02 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Annual Average Concentration ...... 22 Figure 8.1-10 CS03 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Annual Average Concentration ...... 23 Figure 8.1-11 Simulation Domain –CS02 Air Dispersion Modelling Study ...... 28 Figure 8.1-12 Simulation Domain –CS03 Air Dispersion Modelling Study ...... 29 Figure 8.1-13 CS02 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Hourly Concentration...... 34 Figure 8.1-14 CS02 Dispersion study - NOX Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration ...... 35 Figure 8.1-15 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Hourly Average Concentration ...... 36 Figure 8.1-16 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration ...... 37 Figure 8.1-17 CS02 Dispersion Study - NOX Annual Average Concentration ...... 38 Figure 8.1-18 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Annual Average Concentration ...... 39 Figure 8.3-1 Location of Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources (Surface Water) ...... 57 Figure 8.3-2 Location of Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources (Groundwater) ...... 58 Figure 8.4-1 Location of Detailed Sensitivities of Geology, Geomorphology and Soil Quality .. 61 Figure 8.6-1 River Sensitivity Classification Matrix ...... 84 Figure 8.6-2 River Crossing Decision Tree Matrix ...... 85 Figure 8.7-1 Ridge Modification 1 ...... 86 Figure 8.7-2 Ridge Modification 2 ...... 87 Figure 8.7-3 Ridge Modification 3 ...... 88 Figure 8.7-4 Ridge Modification 4 ...... 89 Figure 8.7-5 Ridge Modification 5 ...... 90 Figure 8.7-6 Photomontages Pipeline Ridge Modification ...... 91 Figure 8.7-7 Viewshed Analysis CS02 ...... 94 Figure 8.7-8 Viewshed Analysis CS03 ...... 95 Figure 8.7-9 Photomontages Pipeline CS02 ...... 96 Figure 8.7-10 Photomontages Pipeline CS03 ...... 97 Figure 8.8-1 Construction Camp Map ...... 99

LIST OF BOXES Box 8.1-1 Features of the Pre-Processor CALMET, CALPUFF and Post-Processor CALPOST ...... 7

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8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT DATA 8.1 Climate and Ambient Air 8.1.1 Air Dispersion Modelling Setup and Assessment of Short Term and Long Term Impacts on Local Air Quality

Air dispersion modelling studies have been carried out in order to quantify the ground level pollutants’ concentration induced by dust emissions produced by the CS02 and CS03 construction activities during the Project construction phase, and by the CS02 and CS03 operation during the Project operation phase. These studies are labelled as CS02 dust, CS02 operation, CS03 dust and CS03 operation throughout this Annex.

Ambient air quality in the CS02 and CS03 areas was measured using passive diffusion tubes, during the June 2011 field survey. The results found no detectable levels of NOX or CO. No relevant sources of dust or particulate matter were identified in these areas either. Background ambient air concentrations of pollutants of concern have therefore been considered negligible in both CS02 and CS03 areas.

This Annex describes first, the modelling tool and model domain and then presents the model set up and the assessment of impacts on local air quality according to the methodology presented in Annex V, for each of the studies (i.e. construction and operation phases). 8.1.1.1 Dispersion Modelling Tool

The above mentioned modelling studies have been carried out with the CALPUFF modelling system (version 5.8); the latter is adopted and recommended by US-EPA since 06/29/2007 (http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_prefrec.htm#calpuff).

The chosen modelling system represents the state-of-the–art in Lagrangian puff modelling for assessing impacts of the long-range transport of certain air pollutants.

The CALPUFF modelling system consists of three main components, including a pre-processor and post-processor.

• The meteorological pre-processor CALMET produces the three-dimensional fields for the main meteorological variables, temperature, wind speed and direction, over the simulation domain.

• The processor CALPUFF is a non-steady-state Lagrangian Gaussian puff model containing modules for complex terrain effects, overwater transport, coastal interaction effects, building downwash, wet and dry removal, and simple chemical transformation.(1)

[1] A User’s Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model (Version 5), Scire, Strimaitis, Yamartino 2000

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• The post-processor CALPOST statistically analyses CALPUFF output data and produces datasets suitable for further analysis. Post-processed CALPUFF outputs consist of matrices of concentration values. Receptors in the simulation domain can be discrete or gridded. The values calculated at each receptor could be referred to one or more sources.

The results can be processed by any GIS software, creating iso-concentration maps as presented in Section 8 Assessment of Impacts and Mitigation Measures.

The CALPUFF modelling system requires the following input data:

• meteorological variables, surface data and height profile, to build the three-dimensional wind field, with the meteorological pre-processor CALMET;

• source characteristics and emission data, to simulate the pollutants atmospheric dispersion, with CALPUFF.

Figure 8.1-1 presents a flow chart of the CALPUFF modelling system inputs, while Box 8.1-1 gives a summary of the CALMET, CALPUFF and CALPOST characteristics.

Figure 8.1-1 CALPUFF Modelling System INPUTS

Orography

Land Use

Meteorological hourly surface and upper air data

CALMET Meteorology

Atmospheric Emissions

CALPUFF

Source: ERM (2012)

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Box 8.1-1 Features of the Pre-Processor CALMET, CALPUFF and Post-Processor CALPOST

CALMET is a diagnostic meteorological pre-processor able to reproduce three-dimensional fields of temperature, wind speed and direction along with two-dimensional fields of other parameters representative of atmospheric turbulence. CALMET is able to simulate wind fields in complex orography domains characterised by different types of land use. The final wind field is obtained through consecutive steps, starting from an initial wind field often derived from geostrophic wind. The wind field is linked to the orography, since the model interpolates the monitoring station values and applies specific algorithms to simulate the interaction between ground and flow lines. The module contains a micro-meteorological sub-module determining thermal and mechanical structures (turbulence) of lower atmospheric layers. CALPUFF is a hybrid dispersion model (commonly defined ‘puff model’). It is a multi-layer and non-steady-state model. It simulates transport, dispersion, transformation and deposition of pollutants, in meteorological conditions varying in space and time. CALPUFF uses the meteorological fields produced by CALMET, but for simple simulations an external steady wind field, with constant values of wind speed and direction over the simulation domain, can be used as input. The module contains different algorithms to simulate different processes, such as: • buildings downwash and stack-tip downwash; • wind vertical shear; • dry and wet deposition; • atmospheric chemical transformations; • complex orography and seaboard.1 CALPUFF allows the selection of the source geometry (point, linear or areal), improving in this way the accuracy of the emission input. Point sources simulate emissions coming from a small area while areal sources describe a diffuse emission coming from a wider area; emissions from linear sources are distributed along a main direction (i.e. roads). CALPOST processes CALPUFF outputs producing an outputs’ format suitable for further analysis. CALPOST output files can be fed into graphic software to create concentration or deposition maps

8.1.1.2 Model Domain

The CALMET meteorological domain represents the area in which the CALMET pre-processor computes all the meteorology variables (i.e. temperature, wind directions, wind speed, and atmospheric stability) needed to perform the pollutants air dispersion.

The sampling or simulation domain represents the matrix of gridded receptors at which locations the model CALPUFF calculates the pollutant concentrations.

The central point of each cell in the sampling domain represents a gridded receptor. The elevation of each receptor depends on the local orography and is given by the Digital Elevation Model of the area.

Therefore, CALMET-CALPUFF system requires an accurate characterisation of the meteorological domain. In particular the model needs site specific information about orography; and land use.

For both modelling studies, Land Cover data were downloaded from the Corine Land Cover Database (http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse/clc-downloand), whereas the regional orography was reproduced with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection

(1) In marine coastal areas, CALPUFF considers breeze phenomena in order to model efficiently the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL) as in case of coastal sources, the TIBL causes a quick fall of pollutants to the ground.

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Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) provided by The Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) of Japan, together with the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

The CALMET-CALPUFF models operate in a terrain following vertical coordinate system, in which vertical coordinates are given by the Cartesian vertical coordinate minus the terrain height. The same vertical resolution has been adopted in all modelling studies – CS02 and CS03 dust; CS02 and CS03 operation - and consist of 12 terrain following vertical layers, from the ground level up to 4000 m elevation (located at 20 m, 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 350 m, 500 m, 750 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 2000 m, 3000 m, 4000 m from ground level).

The vertical layers resolution, presented in Figure 8.1-2 is higher near the surface, (Planetary Boundary Layer), where the transport and the dispersion of air pollutants take place, in order to investigate more accurately these dynamics and their interactions with the local orography. Figure 8.1-2 Model Vertical Resolution

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500 Ground Elevation [m]

1000

500

0

Source: ERM (2012) The dispersion modelling temporal domain or simulation period is the time period simulated by the model; in the present study the entire year 2010 (8760 hours) was chosen as temporal domain for both air dispersion modelling studies.

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8.1.1.3 Meteorological Data

The meteorological pre-processor CALMET requires hourly surface data and upper air data as input (Wind speed and direction, Temperature, Atmospheric pressure, Relative humidity, Cloud cover and ceiling height).

Input Meteorological data are usually taken from surface weather stations, if these stations are sufficiently close to the study area to be considered representative of its meteorological conditions.

Due to the lack of representative weather stations monitoring meteorological variables over the above presented meteorological domain, CALMET input data for this study have been taken from MM5 meteorological model.

MM5 is a widely-used three-dimensional numerical meteorological model which contains non- hydrostatic dynamics, a variety of physics options for parameterising cumulus clouds, microphysics, the planetary boundary layer and atmospheric radiation.

MM5 is developed by Pennsylvania State University and the U.S. National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and raw MM5 output can be converted into a format recognized by CALMET. All the MM5 meteorological data acquired as input for this study have been provided by Lakes EnvironmentalTM, a world-wide provider of environmental data (terrain and meteorology), recognized internationally for its technologically advanced air dispersion modelling software.

CALMET also requires upper air data of pressure, temperature, wind speed and wind direction, at least every 12 hours; these data are necessary to characterise the wind regime and the atmosphere diffusive parameters (stability class, mixing height, thermal inversion, etc.), and to produce a three-dimensional simulation. The upper air data, as the surface data, were taken from MM5 meso-scale meteorological model.

Two CALMET runs were performed over the study temporal domain, (the year 2010), for the performed modelling studies, one for CS02 and one for CS03.

Figure 8.1-3 shows the wind rose extracted from the CALMET model run performed for CS02 modelling studies (CS02 dust and operation), at the CS02 location, and Figure 8.1-4 shows the wind rose extracted from the CALMET model run performed for CS03 modelling studies (CS03 dust and operation), at the CS03 location.

The wind rose for CS02 (Figure 8.1-3), shows that winds have predominant directions from the NE and E-NE. In terms of wind speeds, moderate winds are prevailing in the area (between 0.5 and 5.4 m/s). Stronger winds, up to 9.96 m/s, are more common from the NE, WNW and SW directions, while the wind calms (< 0.5 m/s) occur almost 27% of the time.

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The wind rose for CS03 (Figure 8.1-4), shows that winds have predominant directions from the NNW and NW; secondary directions from SE/EES. In terms of wind speeds, moderate winds are prevailing in the area (between 0.5 and 5.4 m/s). Stronger winds, up to 12.74 m/s, are more common from the SSW direction; wind calms (< 0.5 m/s) are expected to occur almost 10 % of the time. Figure 8.1-3 Wind Rose at CS02 Location Extracted from the CALMET Run (Year 2010)

NOTE: according to WMO (World Meteorological Organization) standards, the wind direction plotted in the wind rose is the wind provenance direction. Source: ERM (2012)

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Figure 8.1-4 Wind Rose at CS03 Location Extracted from the CALMET Run (Year 2010)

According to WMO (World Meteorological Organization) standards, the wind direction plotted in the wind rose is the wind provenance direction. Source: ERM (2012)

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8.1.2 Project Construction Phase: Dust Dispersion Modelling Study 8.1.2.1 Dust Emissions

Among the dust producing activities, the CSs construction is potentially the most critical because of its duration (20 months for CS02 and 26 months for CS03) and its fixed geographical location. It has to be noted that other dust producing activities during the Project construction phase (i.e. activities at the working strip along pipeline route) will last less than one year; and will not have a permanent geographical location as they will be moving along the route. Additionally, it is expected that dust producing activities in the working strip of the pipeline will mostly affect remote areas that in general terms present less sensitive receptors than the CSs surroundings. It is currently expected that soil will be transported to the CS03 location, to allow the surface to be elevated by approximately 1.5 m.

The working strip will be located generally at more than 200 m from settlements, even though at some locations the strip activities will be closer to inhabited areas. The construction works will be carried out in strict compliance with construction procedures and schedule, and good construction site management practices will be adopted: such as covering loose material, enforcing vehicle speed limits, and watering dusty surfaces in dry weather in sensitive areas (base camps, sensitive unpaved road, sheeting of trucks, etc.).

Dust emission loads have been calculated for the main dust producing activities anticipated during the Project construction phase. The dust produced by material handling were calculated based on the AP-42 methodology developed by US-EPA (AP-42 Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 13, 13.2.4 Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles), and the dust emissions due to vehicles’ transit re-suspension were calculated based EPA AP-42 Methodology for “Unpaved Roads”. Although, some paved surfaces will be built and they will be ready before starting all building works, the calculation of dust emissions due to vehicles’ transit re-suspension assumed that the vehicle’s transit will occur only on unpaved roads for conservative reasons.

The methodologies followed in the calculations are described in the following part of this Annex whereas the calculated dust emission loads are presented in Table 8.1-1 for each dust producing activity. As reported in Table 8.1-1, dust emission loads for linear constructions (working strip or access road construction) have been estimated considering that activities are taking place simultaneously over a length of 2 km, at any given time; thus the duration, the area and the dust emissions load for linear constructions refer to the construction of a 2 km long stretch of the linear infrastructure (pipeline and access roads). The same meteorological conditions, number of vehicles transiting and covered distances were assumed for the different activities detailed below.

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Table 8.1-1 Dust Emission Loads for the Dust Producing Activities Anticipated during the Project Construction Phase

Activity Duration Area Number of Dust emission load Dust emission load [days] [m2] vehicles/day Handled material Dust re-suspension [kg] [kg] CS 416 345000 33 130.2 4551 Working Strip [2 km] 2 76000 33 28 22 Access road [2 km] 2 18000 33 6.8 22 Source: ERM calculations based on US-EPA Methodology (2012) Note: Calculations in this table are based on an assumed construction period of 16 months for each compressor station; the modelled number of vehicles per day takes includes the trucks estimated to be used to allow planned elevation of 1.5 m for CS03. Handling of the earth from the truck to the final place is not considered.. It should be noted that these changes would not alter significantly the impact assessment of dust generation. Assuming a progressive deposition, Extending the working period would have a positive effect (dust would be “diluted” over a larger period) compensating the handling of the earth to the final place.

The previous table shows that the dust emission load associated to the construction of a single CS is the highest when compared to the other dust producing activities. The detailed dust dispersion study has been developed only for the CSs construction activities. Given the lower emission load and the temporary and mobile nature of activities at the working strip and at access roads, a detailed dispersion modelling study of these activities has not been judged necessary.

The planned works at the CSs site will produce dust due to material handling, excavations, top soil benching, aggregate transport, and backfilling operations. Additionally, dust emissions will also be generated by wind and vehicles’ transit re-suspension.

The construction of CSs will last 20 months for CS02 and 26 months for CS03, including preparation works. The construction area at each CS is approximately 345,000 m2.

The quantity of dust produced by material handling has been calculated using the AP-42 emission factors, which take into account the wind contribution. The dust emission factor (F) expressed as kilogrammes of dust produced per ton of handled material, has been calculated as follows:

3.1  U    .2 2 F 0016.0 k   ⋅= 4.1  M     2 

Where k is a non-dimensional parameter related to the dust grain size (Table 8.1-2), U is the wind speed (m/s), and M is the humidity of the handled material (%).

The above presented formula can be applied only for wind speed values ranging from 0.6 to 6.7 m/s, and for handled material humidity values ranging from 0.25% to 4.80%. Moreover the

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Table 8.1-2 Coefficient K, for the Calculation of Dust Emissions from Material Handling for Different Grain Sizes

Grain size K PM30 0.74 PM15 0.48 PM10 0.35 PM5 0.20 PM2.5 0.053 Source: AP-42 Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 13 The estimated handled material is approximately 103,500 m3 per CS. Assuming 52 weeks per calendar year and 6 workdays per week, and given the total construction duration of 16 months per site, the construction activities at a single CS site require 416 workdays. Hence, 248.8 m3 per day will be handled during the construction of a CS. The following parameters have been considered in the calculations:

• A typical specific gravity of soil of 1.7 t/m3;

• An average wind speed of 2 m/s at CS02 and 3 m/s at CS03 (based on the CALMET input);

• A handled material humidity of 1.5%. Considering the above parameters, PM10 emission rates are presented in Table 8.1-3, expressed in kg/day, for CS02 and CS03.

Table 8.1-3 PM10 Emission Rates Due to Material Handling

Activity PM10 Emission Rate [kg/day] CS02 0.31 CS03 0.53

Source: ERM calculations (2012)

Dust emissions due to vehicles’ transit re-suspension were calculated AP-42 methodology. The dust emission factor due to vehicles’ transit re-suspension (E) expressed as pounds of dust produced per mile of transit of a single vehicle, has been calculated as follows: ba   WS  E k ⋅=        312 

Where S is the silt load and W the weight of a single vehicle expressed in tons. The coefficients k, a, and b are related to the grain size of the dust being re-suspended as indicated in Table 8.1-4.

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Table 8.1-4 Coefficients k, a and b for the Calculation of Dust Emissions Due to Vehicles’ Transit Re-suspension for Different Grain Sizes

Grain size K a b PM2.5 0.15 0.9 0.45 PM10 1.5 0.9 0.45 PM30 4.9 0.7 0.45 Source: AP-42 Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 13 Different types of vehicles and a variable number of these will be used during the construction activities.

It has been conservatively assumed that 33 vehicles will be used in one CS site at any given time, and that the average vehicle weight will be 16 tons (average of loaded and unloaded conditions). Average covered distance will be approximately 0.5 km/day on unpaved roads (this is the assumed distance by trucks within the CS construction site). As stated above, some paved surfaces will be built and they will be ready before starting all building works, but the calculation of dust emissions due to vehicles’ transit re-suspension assumed that the vehicle’s transit will occur only on unpaved roads for conservative reasons. Assuming a silt load of 8.5 %, as suggested by the EPA AP-42 (Chapter 13.2.2 Unpaved Roads) methodology for “Construction site”, the following PM10 dust emissions rates due to vehicles’ transit re-suspension, expressed in kg/day (Table 8.1-5), were obtained for the CS02 and CS03 sites.

Table 8.1-5 PM10 Emission Rates Due to Vehicle’ Transit Re-suspension

Location PM10 Emission Rate [kg/day] CS02 10.94 CS03 10.94

Source: ERM calculations (2012)

The total daily emissions of dust (as PM10), considering both the material handling and the vehicle re-suspension emission are estimated in 11.25 kg/day for CS02 and 11.47 kg/day for CS03. 8.1.2.2 Dust Dispersion

The values estimated above for PM10 daily emissions have been considered as input for the dispersion modelling study. The modelling of these emissions enables a semi-quantitative assessment of impacts on local air quality.

The air dispersion study has been performed with the CALMET– CALPUFF modelling system (version 5.8, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/dispersion_prefrec.htm#calpuff) adopted and recommended by US-EPA.

The CALMET meteorological simulation domain used is a 40 km x 40 km square, centred on the analysed emission sources, CS02 and CS03, respectively, and with a 500 m resolution. This means that the meteorological data has been generated for this 40 km x 40 km square.

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The sampling (or simulation) domains used in the CS02 and CS03 dust dispersion modelling studies are 10 km x 10 km subsets of the meteorological domain, with a 250 m resolution. The cells in this grid are the locations where the model estimates ground level concentrations of dust.

The dimensions of the meteorological and sampling domains have been set considering the features of the emissive sources and the dust plume spreading capability. Figure 8.1-5 and Figure 8.1-6 show the meteorological and simulation domains used for the CS02 and CS03 dust dispersion modelling studies, showing the CSs construction site locations.

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Figure 8.1-5 Simulation Domain - CS02 Dust Dispersion Modelling Study

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Figure 8.1-6 Simulation Domain - CS03 Dust Dispersion Modelling Study

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The temporal domain chosen is the entire year 2010 (8760 hours). The PM10 production rates have been calculated considering six working days per week (11.25 kg/day for the CS02 site and 11.47 kg/day for the CS03), and have been assumed constant during the 365 days of the year.

The dust emission sources have been treated as polygon areas (each area of 575 m x 600 m) and the dust emission rates have been expressed in kilogrammes per day. Table 8.1-6 presents dust emission rates, both for the CS02 and CS03 sites. Table 8.1-6 Dust Emissions Rate

Source PM10 [Kg/day] CS02 11.25 CS03 11.47

PM10 modelled ground level concentrations are presented in Table 8.1-7 along with international (IFC and EU) and national air quality standards. IFC and European Air Quality Standards have been considered due to the international nature of the TAP Project and because they are more stringent than Albanian air quality standards.

The model results are PM10 ground level concentration values, averaged annually, daily, or hourly, depending on the PM10 limit values that the results will be compared with. Predicted ground level concentrations produced by the CS02 and CS03 construction are presented in Table 8.1-7.

Table 8.1-7 Maximum Ground Concentrations in the Simulation Domain and Comparison with Applicable Standards

Parameter CS02 CS03 Albanian Decision 2008/50/EC IFC [µg/m³] [µg/m³] No. 803/2003 Limit [µg/m³] [µg/m³] PM10 90.4° Percentile of the daily average 9.84 18.18 50(1) concentration (2) PM10 Maximum daily average concentration 23.36 36.11 150 50 PM10 Annual average concentration 3.59 9.03 60 40 (1)Limit on the maximum daily average concentration not to be exceeded more than 35 times during the calendar year (2) It corresponds to the daily limit value for the protection of human health not to be exceeded more than 35 times a calendar year Source: ERM (2012)

Predicted short and long term PM10 concentrations at CS02 and CS03 locations and surrounding area comply with National, European and International air quality standards. The following figures show the geographical distribution of maximum daily PM10 concentrations and PM10 annual average concentrations, for CS02 (Figure 8.1-7, Figure 8.1-9) and CS03 (Figure 8.1-8, Figure 8.1-10). The maximum PM10 short term and long term concentrations are within 0.25 km and 0.7 km from CS02 and CS03 construction sites, respectively.

In the figures below, the red square shows the position of the Compressor Station.

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Figure 8.1-7 CS02 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Maximum Daily Concentration

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Figure 8.1-8 CS03 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Maximum Daily Concentration

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Figure 8.1-9 CS02 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Annual Average Concentration

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Figure 8.1-10 CS03 Dust Dispersion Study - PM10 Annual Average Concentration

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8.1.2.3 Impact Assessment

Modelled PM10 ground level concentration values have been used to assess short term and long term impacts on local air quality from dust emitted by the CSs construction activities. A summary of the magnitude of the different impacts is presented in Table 8.1-8 and Table 8.1-9 for short term and long term impacts, respectively.

Different limit values exist at National, European, and International levels. It is highlighted that the magnitude assigned to the different impacts on local air quality varies depending on the limit value that is being considered in each case. Impact magnitudes are therefore different when the predicted concentrations are benchmarked against National, European, or International the regulatory threshold concentration values.

The impacts magnitudes presented below have been defined for all the normative statistical indexes, and for all the different regulatory threshold concentration values. Table 8.1-8 Dust Emissions -Short-term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality

Source of Not Significant Significant – Significant – Medium Significant – Large Impact Small Impact Impact Impact Predicted short-term Predicted short-term Predicted short-term 1. Predicted short-term incremental GLCs* incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > are ≤ 25% of the 25% but ≤ 50% of the 50% but ≤ 75% of the 75% of the assessment assessment criterion assessment criterion assessment criterion criterion OR 2. When added to existing baseline concentrations, the total concentration exceeds the assessment criterion CS02- PM10 NOT SIGNIFICANT 90.4° Percentile (2008/50/EC) of the daily average concentration CS02- PM10 NOT SIGNIFICANT SMALL Maximum daily (Albanian Decision (IFC) average No. 803/2003) concentration CS03- PM10 SMALL 90.4° Percentile (2008/50/EC) of the daily average concentration CS03- PM10 NOT SIGNIFICANT MEDIUM Maximum daily (Albanian Decision (IFC) average No. 803/2003) concentration *Ground Level Concentrations

Source: ERM based on legal standards (2012)

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As shown in the previous table, the magnitudes of short-term impacts on CS02 local air quality from dust generated during construction are considered Not Significant when using National and European air quality standards, and Small when using IFC standards. The magnitude of this impact is considered Small for conservative reasons.

The magnitudes of short-term impacts on CS03 local air quality from dust generated during construction are considered Not Significant when the predicted concentrations are compared against National air quality standards. In this case, the impact would be Small by European air quality standards and Medium by IFC standards. The magnitude of this impact is considered Medium for conservative reasons. Table 8.1-9 Dust Emissions -Long-term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality

Source of Not Significant Significant – Small Significant – Medium Significant – Large Impact Impact Impact Impact Predicted long-term 1. Predicted long-term 1. Predicted long-term 1. Predicted long-term incremental GLCs* incremental GLCs* > 1% incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > are ≤ 1% of the but ≤ 25% of the 25% but ≤ 50% of the 50%of the assessment assessment criterion assessment criterion assessment criterion Criterion

OR OR OR

2. When added to 2. When added to 2. When added to existing baseline existing baseline existing baseline concentration, the total concentration, the total concentration, the total concentration is < 50% of concentration is > 50% concentration exceeds the assessment criterion but < 100 % of the the assessment assessment criterion criterion CS02- PM10 SMALL IMPACT Annual average (Albanian Decision No. concentration 803/2003 - 2008/50/EC)

CS03- PM10 SMALL IMPACT Annual average (Albanian Decision No. concentration 803/2003 - 2008/50/EC) Source: ERM based on legal standards (2012)

Table 8.1-9 shows that the magnitude of long term impacts due to dust emissions from CS02 and CS03 site construction activities is considered Small.

Once the magnitudes of the impacts are assigned, the significance of the impacts on local air quality is assessed. The significance of impacts is defined exclusively on the basis of receptor sensitivity and the magnitude of impact, as shown in the Table 8.1-10.

In line with the best practices regarding impact assessment on local air quality, the assessment of the impacts on the air quality has to be performed on the most sensitive receptor (human beings). As a consequence the value of the receptor is always considered as high. Given that the magnitude of short term and long term impacts from CS02 dust emissions during construction has been classified as Small, the significance of these impacts has been assessed as Minor.

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Regarding the dust emissions form construction at CS03, the short term impact magnitude is Medium and the impact is therefore Moderate, while the long term impact magnitude is Small and the impact is Minor. Table 8.1-10 Dust Emissions - Evaluation of Impact Significance for Air Quality

Source of Magnitude impact Not significant Small Medium Large

CS02 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major (Short term) ty Sensitivi CS03 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major (Short term) ty Sensitivi CS02 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major (Long Term) ty Sensitivi CS03 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major (Long Term) ty Sensitivi Source: ERM (2012)

8.1.3 Project Operation Phase: CS02 – CS03 Air Dispersion Modelling Studies 8.1.3.1 Compressor Station Activities

The ground concentrations of macro-pollutants generated by the operation of CS02 and CS03 have been predicted by modelling the dispersion of these pollutants in the atmosphere. The modelling results enabled a qualitative/quantitative assessment of potential impacts on local air quality. The air dispersion study was performed with the CALMET–CALPUFF modelling system presented in Section 8.1.1.

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CS02 and CS03 atmospheric emissions will be produced by turbines fuelled with EASEE compliant gas. The turbines will discharge atmospheric emissions via one dedicated stack per unit (each approx. 30 m high and placed 3 m above existing ground level). Moreover, the recommendations set forth in the European IPPC Bureau Best available technologies Reference Document (BREF) on large combustion plant will be followed. Thus, the emission of particulates and SO2 is negligible and CO and NOX are the only pollutants of concern.

As for the dust dispersion study, the CALMET meteorological simulation domain used is a 40 km x 40 km square, centred on the analysed emission sources, CS02 and CS03, respectively, and with a 500 m resolution. This means that the meteorological data has been generated for this 40 km x 40 km square.

2 The dispersion of CO and NOX has been modelled over a 30 x 30 km simulation domain centred on the CS02 and the CS03 locations, respectively. The dimensions of the simulation domain are considered appropriate for turbine air emissions. Figure 8.1-11 and Figure 8.1-12 show the simulation domains used, highlighting the compressor station locations.

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Figure 8.1-11 Simulation Domain –CS02 Air Dispersion Modelling Study

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Figure 8.1-12 Simulation Domain –CS03 Air Dispersion Modelling Study

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The dispersion modelling temporal domain, as for the dust study, is the entire year 2010 (8,760 hours) for both CS02 and CS03 air dispersion modelling studies.

There are two possible emission scenarios that have been identified for CS02 and CS03, which correspond to the foreseen operational scenarios: compression capacities of 10 bcm/yr and 20 bcm/yr (refer to Section 4 Project Description – Section 4.2.4 for further detail).

CS02 and CS03 will have the same layout for the 20 bcm/yr case, with five gas turbines installed at each compressor station. Each turbine will have a thermal input of 45.45 MW and an installed power of 15 MW. One of the five 15 MW turbines at each compressor station will be a spare or back-up turbine, not operative but ready to be used if one of the four operative turbines does not work properly, gets damaged or needs maintenance work.

The modelling study considered a full load scenario for the 20 bcm/yr case, characterised by 4 x 15 MW turbines running continuously and 1 x 15 MW turbine idle as back-up (without emissions), at each compressor station (i.e. the worst case scenario in terms of the quantity of pollutants potentially emitted into the atmosphere).

Table 8.1-11 and Table 8.1-12 present the emission source characteristics and the emissions rate and composition, respectively, both for CS02 and CS03.

Table 8.1-11 CS02 and CS03 Emission Sources

Source Gas Turbine Type Stack Stack Flue Gas Flue Gas Height Diameter Temp. Velocity [m] [m] [C] [m/s] CS02 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0 CS02 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0 CS02 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0 CS02 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0

CS03 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0 CS03 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0 CS03 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0 CS03 - Gas Turbine 15 MW – ISO Class 30 3 505 15.0

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Table 8.1-12 CS02 and CS03 Emission Rates and Composition

Source Normalised Flow Rate Conc. NOx Conc. CO NOx CO 3 3 (Dry - 15% O2) [Nm³/h] [mg/Nm ] [mg/Nm ] [g/s] [g/s] CS02 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73 CS02 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73 CS02 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73 CS03 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73

CS03 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73 CS03 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73 CS03 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73 CS03 –TG 15 MW 134378 50 100 1.87 3.73

Results from the CS02 and CS03 modelling studies are interpreted considering some main aspects that reflect the overall conservative approach:

• The model has assumed that the activity of the compressor stations will be continuous and at full load conditions during the whole simulation year 2010 (8,760 hours);

• NOX predicted concentration values have been compared with NO2 concentration limits set by

the IFC, European and National legislation. Therefore, all the NOX has been considered as

NO2, but in reality only a part of NOX converts to NO2 depending on different factors (e.g.

solar radiation, temperature, hydrocarbon atmospheric concentration). Hence, NO2 predicted concentrations have been overestimated;

• The model does not account for dry and wet deposition or photochemical reactions of the

pollutants which in reality take place and would reduce the concentrations of NOX and CO in the atmosphere. The model results are overestimating the likely actual contribution of the sources to ground level concentrations of the pollutants of concern.

The results of the CS02 and CS03 air dispersion modelling studies are summarised in Table

8.1-13. The table presents the results as normative statistical indexes for predicted NOX and CO concentrations, and compares these against International, European and Albanian air quality standards. As stated above, IFC and European Air Quality Standards have been considered due to the international nature of the TAP Project and because they are more stringent than Albanian air quality standards.

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Table 8.1-13 NOX and CO Maximum Ground Level Concentrations in the Simulation Domain and Comparison with Applicable Air Quality Standards

Parameter CS02 CS03 Albanian 2008/50/EC IFC [µg/m³] [µg/m³] Decision No. Limit 803/2003 [µg/m³] [µg/m³] (1) (1) (1) NOX Annual Average Concentration 0.49 0.25 60 40 (1-2) NOX Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration 48.16 21.03 95 (1-3) (1) (2) NOX 99,8° Percentile of Hourly Average Concentration 36.00 10.60 200 (1) (1) NOX Maximum hourly concentration 122.8 48.90 250 200 CO Maximum hourly concentration 243.9 97.53 40000 CO Maximum Daily 8 Hours Mean Concentration(4) 64.13 21.64 10000 10000 CO Maximum Daily 24 Hours 21.76 7.22 2000

(1) Limits foreseen for NO2 (2) The maximum daily four hour mean concentration will be selected by examining four hours running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each four hours average so calculated will be assigned to the day on which it ends i.e. the first calculation period for any one day will be the period from 21:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any one day will be the period from 20:00 to 24:00 on that day. (3) Corresponds to the hourly limit value for the protection of human health not to be exceeded more than 18 times a calendar year (4) The maximum daily eight hours mean concentration will be selected by examining eight hours running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each eight hours average so calculated will be assigned to the day on which it ends i.e. the first calculation period for any one day will be the period from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any one day will be the period from 16:00 to 24:00 on that day.

As shown in Table 8.1-13, the predicted pollutant concentrations comply with National, European and International air quality standards.

CO predicted concentrations are several times lower than regulatory threshold concentration values: in particular, three orders of magnitude lower than limit values in the CS03 area, and two orders of magnitude lower than limit values in the CS02 area. Thus CO ground level concentrations produced by the compressors stations activity can reliably be considered not significant.

In relative terms when considering the limit values, predicted NOX hourly concentrations are the highest of the simulated pollutants, although lower than regulatory limits.

The following maps show the geographical distribution of the normative statistical indexes for short-term and long-term NOX predicted concentrations:

• Figure 8.1-13 CS02 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum hourly concentration;

• Figure 8.1-14 CS02 Dispersion study - NOX Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration;

• Figure 8.1-15 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Hourly Average Concentration;

• Figure 8.1-16 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration;

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• Figure 8.1-17 CS02 Dispersion Study - NOX Annual Average Concentration;

• Figure 8.1-18 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Annual Average Concentration.

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Figure 8.1-13 CS02 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Hourly Concentration

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Figure 8.1-14 CS02 Dispersion study - NOX Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration

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Figure 8.1-15 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Hourly Average Concentration

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Figure 8.1-16 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Maximum Daily 4 Hours Mean Concentration

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Figure 8.1-17 CS02 Dispersion Study - NOX Annual Average Concentration

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Figure 8.1-18 CS03 Dispersion Study - NOX Annual Average Concentration

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As shown in the previous figures, the area most influenced by the CS02 activity in the short term, is located mainly N and NE of the CS02. The highest 99.8° percentile of hourly average concentrations are within 3-4 km from the CS02, whereas the highest maxima daily 4 hours mean concentrations are within 9 km from the CS02.

The long term NOX maximum predicted concentrations are located mostly in the area to the NE of CS02, although high concentrations are also found in the opposite direction, SW of CS02. The highest NOX long term concentrations are found at a distance of 10 km to the NE of CS02.

NOX short term concentrations predicted in the CS03 area are mostly restricted to the area within 1-2 km from the CS03. However, there is an area 10 to 13 km to the SE of CS03 that actually presents high NOX short-term concentrations (including the maximum value identified by the model). This effect on NOX short term spatial distribution is more pronounced for 99.8° percentile of hourly average concentrations, and is strictly related to the local orography. The surroundings of the CS03 are very flat, whereas elevation increases about 10 km south east from the site, where the short-term concentrations maxima occur.

NOX concentrations in the long term in CS03 reflect to a lesser degree the above presented orography effect; maximum NOX annual concentrations are found 2 km south east from the CS03 and highest concentrations are confined within 5 km from CS03. 8.1.3.2 Impact Assessment

The assessment of short and long term impacts on air quality during the operation phase has been conducted considering the predicted ground level concentration values (Table 8.1-13). Table 8.1-14, Table 8.1-15, Table 8.1-16 and Table 8.1-17 show the magnitudes assigned to the impacts on local air quality.

As it was the case for the PM10 (dust) emissions assessment during construction, different limit values exist at National, European, and International levels for CO and NOX. The magnitude assigned to the different impacts on local air quality varies depending on the limit value that is being considered in each case. Impact magnitudes are therefore different when the predicted concentrations are benchmarked against National, European, or International air quality standards.

The impacts magnitudes presented below have been defined for all the normative statistical indices, and for all the different regulatory threshold concentration values.

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Table 8.1-14 CS02- Short Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality

Source of Impact Not Significant Significant – Significant – Medium Significant – Large Small Impact Impact Impact Predicted short-term Predicted short-term Predicted short-term 1. Predicted short-term incremental GLCs* incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > are ≤ 25% of the 25% but ≤ 50% of the 50% but ≤ 75% of the 75% of the assessment assessment criterion assessment criterion assessment criterion criterion

OR

2. When added to existing baseline concentrations, the total concentration exceeds the assessment criterion CS02- NOX NOX NOT SIGNIFICANT MEDIUM Maximum Daily 4 (Albanian Decision No. Hours Mean 803/2003) Concentration CS02 – NOX 99,8° NOT SIGNIFICANT Percentile of (2008/50/EC Hourly Average Limit ) Concentration (1) CS02 -NOX NOT SIGNIFICANT SMALL MEDIUM Maximum hourly (Albanian Decision (IFC) concentration(4) No. 803/2003) CS02 - CO NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum Hourly (Albanian Decision Concentration No. 803/2003) CS02 - CO NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum Daily 8 (Albanian Decision Hours Mean No. 803/2003) Concentration(3) CS02 -CO NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum Daily 24 (Albanian Decision Hours No. 803/2003) *Ground Level Concentrations

Source: ERM based on legal standards (2012)

Short term impacts magnitude on local air quality due to NOX emissions from the CS02 are classified as Not Significant, Small and Medium depending on the different normative statistical indexes and on the regulatory threshold limit values considered. The magnitude of this impact has been considered Medium for conservative reasons.

Short term impacts’ magnitude on local air quality due to CO emissions from the CS02 is classified as Not Significant.

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Table 8.1-15 CS03- Short-Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality

Source of Impact Not Significant Significant – Significant – Significant – Large Small Impact Medium Impact Impact Predicted short-term Predicted short-term Predicted short-term 1. Predicted short-term incremental GLCs* incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > are ≤ 25% of the 25% but ≤ 50% of the 50% but ≤ 75% of 75% of the assessment assessment criterion assessment criterion the assessment criterion criterion OR

2. When added to existing baseline concentrations, the total concentration exceeds the assessment criterion CS03- NOX NOX NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum Daily 4 (Albanian Decision Hours Mean No. 803/2003) Concentration CS03 - NOX 99,8° NOT SIGNIFICANT Percentile of (2008/50/EC ) Hourly Average Concentration (1) CS03 -NOX NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum hourly (Albanian Decision concentration(4) No. 803/2003 - IFC) CS03 - CO NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum Hourly (Albanian Decision Concentration No. 803/2003) CS03 - CO NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum Daily 8 (Albanian Decision Hours Mean No. 803/2003 - Concentration(3) 2008/50/EC) CS03 -CO NOT SIGNIFICANT Maximum Daily 24 (Albanian Decision Hours No. 803/2003) *Ground Level Concentrations

Source: ERM based on legal standards (2012)

As presented in Table 8.1-15, short term impacts magnitude on local air quality due to atmospheric pollutants emissions (both NOX and CO) from the CS03 are classified as Not significant.

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Table 8.1-16 CS02-Long Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality

Source of Not Significant Significant – Small Significant – Medium Significant – Large Impact Impact Impact Impact Predicted long- 1. Predicted long-term 1. Predicted long-term 1. Predicted long-term term incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > 25% incremental GLCs* > 50%of incremental 1% but ≤ 25% of the but ≤ 50% of the the assessment Criterion GLCs* are ≤ 1% assessment criterion assessment criterion of the OR assessment OR OR criterion 2. When added to existing 2. When added to 2. When added to existing baseline concentration, the existing baseline baseline concentration, the total concentration exceeds concentration, the total total concentration is > the assessment criterion concentration is < 50% 50% but < 100 % of the of the assessment assessment criterion criterion CS02 –NOX NOT SMALL Annual SIGNIFICANT (2008/50/EC) average (Albanian concentration Decision No. 803/2003) *Ground Level Concentrations

Source: ERM based on legal standards (2012)

Table 8.1-17 CS03 - Long-Term Impact Magnitude on Local Air Quality

Source of Not Significant Significant – Small Significant – Medium Significant – Large Impact Impact Impact Impact Predicted long- 1. Predicted long-term 1. Predicted long-term 1. Predicted long-term term incremental GLCs* > incremental GLCs* > 25% incremental GLCs* > 50%of incremental 1% but ≤ 25% of the but ≤ 50% of the the assessment Criterion GLCs* are ≤ 1% assessment criterion assessment criterion of the OR assessment OR OR criterion 2. When added to existing 2. When added to 2. When added to existing baseline concentration, the existing baseline baseline concentration, the total concentration exceeds concentration, the total total concentration is > the assessment criterion concentration is < 50% 50% but < 100 % of the of the assessment assessment criterion criterion CS02 –NOX NOT Annual SIGNIFICANT average (Albanian concentration Decision No. 803/2003 - (2008/50/EC)) *Ground Level Concentrations

Source: ERM based on legal standards (2012)

Table 8.1-16 shows that the long-term impact magnitude on local air quality arising from the CS02 activity is classified as Not significant, by National air quality standards, and as Small by European standards. The magnitude of this impact is considered Small for conservative reasons.

Table 8.1-17 shows that the magnitude of the long term impact due to CS03 atmospheric emissions are classified as Not significant.

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Long term impacts have not been assessed for CO as no regulatory threshold concentration values are set on CO long term concentrations.

Once the impact magnitude has been determined, the significance of the impacts on local air quality can be evaluated. The significance of impacts is defined exclusively on the basis of receptors sensitivity and magnitude of impacts, as shown in Table 8.1-18, where the significance of impacts on air quality during the operation phase is presented.

The sensitivity of receptors has been considered High. Given the magnitudes presented previously, the short term impact of CS02 NOX emissions during operation is considered Moderate, and the short term impact of CS02 CO emissions Not Significant. Long term impacts from CS02 emissions during operations are considered Minor.

Short term and long term impacts on local air quality caused by the CS03 during operation are considered Not Significant, since their magnitude was not significant. Table 8.1-18 CS02 and CS03 Emissions - Evaluation of Impact Significance for Air Quality

Source of Magnitude impact Not significant Small Medium Large

CS02 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major ty (Short term) (CO) (NOX) Sensitivi CS02 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major ty (Long term) (NOX) Sensitivi CS03 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major ty (Short term) (CO – NOX) Sensitivi CS03 High Not Significant Minor Moderate Major ty (Long term) (NOX)

Sensitivi Source: ERM (2012)

Although CS02 and CS03 will have exactly the same layout and will produce the same atmospheric emissions, their impacts on local air quality will have a different significance due to the different orography at the CSs locations and to the different meteorological conditions. The main factor driving the predictions of pollutants at ground level was found to be the orography. CS02 will be located in a mountainous area (902 m above sea level). In some cases, ground level concentrations in areas at higher elevations than the emission sources (hills surrounding the CS02) are higher than what presented for CS03. This is a result of the plume hitting the side of a nearby hill or mountain, and therefore producing the highest ground level concentrations at these elevated locations.

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8.2 Acoustic Environment 8.2.1 Construction and Pre-commissioning Phase

This Annex assesses the potential impacts on local noise levels in the onshore Project area that may arise as a result of the Project construction activities. Impacts on acoustic environment are likely to occur during each phase of the Project construction, in particular during: onshore pipeline construction; compressor station construction; blasting; trenchless crossing.

The construction noise assessment has estimated the potential noise levels at different distances from the noise source, and has then compared the estimated noise levels with the applicable standards. The assessment has used the following assumptions:

• Construction activities will occur only during the daytime, usually from 6:00-22:001.

• Equipment sound power level will comply with Directive 2000/14/CE.

• Background noise levels along the pipeline route considered are the noise levels measured during the June 2011 survey.

• Noise propagation physics used to estimate the noise levels at the potential receptors. 8.2.2 Noise Sources and Propagation

Noise during the construction phase mainly comes from the equipment involved in earth movement and site preparation, from the heavy vehicles for material handling and from the vehicles used by personnel (the latter occurs primarily at the beginning and end of the work day).

As far as noise emissions are concerned, construction of the onshore pipeline is divided into the following different phases: preliminary site preparation (trench digging, bending, welding); pipe laying and backfilling; reinstatement. Construction of the CSs includes: preliminary site preparation (general excavation, paving, etc.); building construction; fence and gate installation; completion and clean-up.

During the preliminary site preparation, the main equipment used is earth moving machinery (excavators, loaders, etc.) and trucks. In subsequent phases, the main pieces of equipment will be material handling equipment (cranes, side-boom, pipe bending machine, etc.) and stationary machinery (pumps, generators, compressors, etc.).

The overall noise produced during the construction phase comes from several types of equipment and from specific activities; therefore, the noise impact related to this Project phase varies during the day and among the different operations. Noise emissions related to the different activities have been analysed in the following sections in order to evaluate the maximum anticipated impact during the construction phase.

1With the exception of few construction activities, as long distance transport, supply transportation (e.g. catering, fuel, etc.), testing of welds, hydrotesting.

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Table 8.2-1 shows the limits of sound power level for the main equipment used during construction works, according to Directive 2000/14/CE: these limits have been taken into account in order to assess TAP Project in the frame of the international standards set up by the EU. Table 8.2-1 Equipment and Related Limits of Sound Power Level (Directive 2000/14/CE)

Type of equipment Net installed power P Acceptable sound power (kW) level (dB(A)/1 pW) Electric power PEL Stage II (1)(kW) As from 03/01/2006 Mass of appliance m (kg) Cutting width L (cm) Compaction machines (vibrating rollers, vibratory plates, P≤80 105 (2) vibratory rammers) 80 < P ≤ 70 106 (2) P > 70 86 + 11 log10 P (2) Tracked dozers, tracked loaders, tracked excavator- P ≤ 55 103 (2) loaders P > 55 84 + 11 log10 P (2) Wheeled dozers, wheeled loaders, wheeled excavator- P ≤ 55 101 (2)(3) loaders, dumpers, graders, loader-type landfill P > 55 82 + 11 log10 P (2)(3) compactors, combustion engine-driven counterbalanced lift trucks, mobile cranes, compaction machines (non- vibrating rollers), paver-finishers, hydraulic power packs Excavators, builders’ hoists for the transport of goods, P ≤ 15 93 construction winches, motor hoes P > 15 80 + 11 log10 P Hand-held concrete breakers and picks m ≤ 15 105 15 < m < 30 92 + 11 log10 m (2) m ≥ 30 94+ 11 log10 m Tower cranes 96 + log10 P Welding and power generators P el ≤ 2 95 + log10 Pel 2 < P el ≤ 10 96 + log10 Pel P el > 10 95 + log10 Pel Compressors P ≤ 15 97 P > 15 95 + 2 log10 P Lawn mowers, lawn trimmers/lawn edge trimmers L ≤ 50 94 (2) 50 < L ≤ 70 98 70 < L ≤ 120 98 (2) L > 120 103 (2) Notes: (1) PEL for welding generators: conventional welding current multiplied by the conventional load voltage for the lowest value of the duty factor given by the manufacturer. PEL for power generators: prime power according to ISO 8528-1:1993, point 13.3.2 (2) The figures for stage II are merely indicative for the following types of equipment: • walk-behind vibrating rollers; • vibratory plates (> 3kW); • vibratory rammers; • dozers (steel tracked); • loaders (steel tracked > 55kW)); • combustion engine-driven counterbalanced lift trucks; • compacting screed paver-finishers; • hand-held internal combustion engine concrete breakers and picks (15 < m < 30); • lawn mowers, lawn trimmers/lawn edge trimmers. Definitive figures will depend on amendment of the Directive following the report required in Article 20, Paragraph 1. In the absence of any such amendment, the figures for stage I will continue to apply for stage II. (3) For single engine mobile cranes, the figure for stage I will continue to apply until 3 January 2008. After that date, stage II figures shall apply. The permissible sound power level will be rounded up or down to the nearest integer number (less than 0.5, use lower number; greater than or equal to 0.5, use higher number) Source: Directive 2000/14/CE

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As indicated by Directive 2000/14/CE, all noise emitting equipment should be properly maintained to minimise noise impact in the area. The TAP Project will comply with the applicable EU noise standards for such equipment.

Table 8.2-2 shows a list of all the equipment considered during the construction phase; the foreseen sound power level is also reported for each piece of equipment.

Table 8.2-2 Equipment Considered during the Construction Phase

(1) Type of equipment Sound Power LW [dB(A)]

Excavator (Cat320) 106 Loader (Cat) 108 Dozer (Cat D8) 113 Grader 110 Shredder 103 Side-boom 583 109 Crane 40 t 98 Truck vacuum lift 94 vibrating pile driver (different types) 99 - 133 hydraulic press (different types) 85 - 101 Truck 107 Pipe Bending Machine 94 Pay-welder (Cat D6) 109 Padding Machine 106 Sand-blasting Machine 113 Pump 90 Generator 98 Compressor 100 Notes: (1) Standard emission levels have been used for this type of equipment according to Directive 2000/14/EC and the Committee for European Construction Equipment. Vendors’ datasheet for similar equipment have also been considered. Source: ERM (February 2012)

In order to calculate the sound power pressure level from the equipment used during the construction phase, a semi-spherical omni-directional free field propagation model was used, applying the following formula.

LP = LW – 20 log r – 8 where:

L• P is the sound pressure level, at distance r, in dB;

• LW is the source sound power level, in dB; • r is the distance between source and reception point, in metres.

Considering the distance between the work areas and the potential sensitive receptors, it was also assumed that all of the above loudest equipment is operating at the same time in the barycentre of the area.

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The sound pressure levels at different distances were calculated using the sound power levels reported in Table 8.2-2 and assuming noise propagation in a semi-spherical field.

Table 8.2-3 reports the highest sound levels that could occur in a 1000-m radius around the construction yard from the operation of a single piece of equipment.

Table 8.2-3 Noise Pressure Level during Construction Phase - Equipment Contribution

Type of equipment Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m Excavator (Cat320) 64.0 58.0 50.0 44.0 38.0 Loader (Cat) 66.0 60.0 52.0 46.0 40.0 Dozer (Cat D8) 71.0 65.0 57.0 51.0 45.0 Grader 68.0 62.0 54.0 48.0 42.0 Shredder 61.0 55.0 47.0 41.0 35.0 Side-boom 583 67.0 61.0 53.0 47.0 41.0 Crane 40t 56.0 50.0 42.0 36.0 30.0 Truck vacuum lift 52.0 46.0 38.0 32.0 26.0 Truck 65.0 59.0 51.0 45.0 39.0 Pipe bending machine 52.0 46.0 38.0 32.0 26.0 Pay-welder (Cat D6) 67.0 61.0 53.0 47.0 41.0 Padding machine 64.0 58.0 50.0 44.0 38.0 Sand-blasting machine 71.0 65.0 57.0 51.0 45.0 Pump 48.0 42.0 34.0 28.0 22.0 Generator 56.0 50.0 42.0 36.0 30.0 Compressor 58.0 52.0 44.0 38.0 32.0

Source: ERM (February 2012) 8.2.3 Impacts from Onshore Pipeline Construction

During the pipeline construction the most critical aspect is the presence of several vehicles and equipment (trucks, excavators, dozer, etc.) in the area at the same time. Table 8.2-4 shows a list of the equipment considered during the construction phase of the onshore pipeline, divided into type of activity; working hours per day and the foreseen sound power level.

Table 8.2-4 Equipment Considered during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase

Type of equipment Number Working hours per day; Sound power LW (1) Timing (foreseen days) [dB(A)] Preparation Working Strip Excavator 2 16 hours; 50 days Shredder 1 16 hours; 50 days 103 Timber-truck 2 16 hours; 50 days 107 Top Soil Stripping and Grading Excavator (Cat320) 4 16 hours; 50 days 106 Dozer (Cat D8) 3 16 hours; 50 days 113 Pipe Stringing Special trucks vacuum lift 4 16 hours; 60 days 94 Crane 40t 2 16 hours; 60 days 98 Pipe Bending Pipe Bending Machine 1 16 hours; 60 days 94 Side-Boom 583 1 16 hours; 60 days 109

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Type of equipment Number Working hours per day; Sound power LW (1) Timing (foreseen days) [dB(A)] Pipe Welding Pay-welder (cat D6) with 4 4 16 hours; 60 days 109 welding machine Side-boom 583 1 16 hours; 60 days 109 Joint Coating 4-wheel truck with crane 3 16 hours; 60 days 107 sand-blasting machine 3 16 hours; 60 days 113 Trench Digging Loaders (Cat) 3 16 hours; 70 days 108 Excavator (Cat320) 3 16 hours; 70 days 106 Dozer (Cat D8) 2 16 hours; 70 days 113 Pipe Laying Side-Boom 583 5 16 hours; 80 days 109 Pay-welder (cat D6) 1 16 hours; 80 days 109 Hydrotesting Excavator 1 16 hours; 80 days 106 Generator 1 16 hours; 80 days 98 Compressor 1 16 hours; 80 days 100 High-pressure pump 1 16 hours; 80 days 90 Dewatering and Drying Pump 1 16 hours; 80 days 90 Generator/Compressor 1 16 hours; 80 days 100 Backfilling and Reinstatement Padding Machine 2 16 hours; 90 days 106 Loaders (Cat) 3 16 hours; 90 days 108 Excavator (Cat320) 3 16 hours; 90 days 106 Dozer (Cat D8) 1 16 hours; 90 days 113 Replacement of Topsoil Excavator (Cat320) 4 16 hours; 90 days 106 Dozer (Cat D8) 3 16 hours; 90 days 113 Grader 2 16 hours; 90 days 110 Truck 2 16 hours; 90 days 107 Notes: (1) Standard emission levels have been used for this type of equipment according to Directive 2000/14/EC and the Committee for European Construction Equipment. Vendors’ datasheet for similar equipment have also been considered. Source: ERM (February 2012)

During the construction phase, each single activity entails the use of several types of machinery, as described in Table 8.2-4; considering the cumulative noise effect of all the equipment, the following tables report the estimated noise impact due to the different construction phases at fixed distances and at the receptors identified during the field survey performed in June 2011.

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Table 8.2-5 Noise Pressure Levels during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase - Activity’s Contribution

Construction Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m Preparation Working Strip 71.0 65.0 57.0 51.0 45.0 Top Soil Stripping and 76.8 70.8 62.8 56.8 50.8 Grading Pipe Stringing 61.6 55.6 47.6 41.6 35.6 Pipe Bending 74.0 68.0 60.0 54.0 48.0 Pipe Welding 74.0 68.0 60.0 54.0 48.0 Joint Coating 76.8 70.7 62.8 56.8 50.7 Trench Digging 76.5 70.5 62.5 56.5 50.5 Pipe Laying 74.8 68.8 60.8 54.8 48.8 Hydrotesting 65.6 59.6 51.6 45.6 39.6 Dewatering and Drying 58.4 52.4 44.5 38.4 32.4 Backfilling and 74.9 68.9 60.9 54.9 48.9 Reinstatement Replacement of Topsoil 77.4 71.3 63.4 57.4 51.3

Source: ERM (February 2012)

Table 8.2-6 Noise Pressure Levels at Selected Receptors during Onshore Pipeline Construction Phase - Activity’s Contribution

Receptor Number (1) Location Approximate Distance Estimated Maximum from the pipeline [m] Noise Pressure Level [dB(A) ] (2) 1 CS02-Alternative 50 77 2 Trestenik 300 61 3 Corovode 150 67 4 Guri i bardhë 200 65 5 Uznovë 50 77 6 Hoxhaj 50 77 7 Gjokalli 1700 45 8 Sheq-marinas 1100 50 9 Semani 300 61 Notes: (1)Noise receptors along the pipeline defined during the field survey of June 2011 (2)According to EU directive, it is the approximate maximum noise level foreseen for construction phase Source: ERM (February 2012)

During the onshore pipeline construction phase, considering only the Project contribution, the maximum foreseen sound levels are about 77 dB(A) at a distance of 50 m from the pipeline route and decrease to about 51 dB(A) at 1000 m.

The nearest receptors, villages identified during the noise survey performed in June 2011, are located at 50 meters from the route and the main work sites. Based on the results reported in Table 8.2-5, the estimated noise levels at these receptors are 77 dB(A). The majority of residential buildings are located at more than 200 metres from the route, where the sound pressure level is between 45 and 65 dB(A).

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Table 8.2-7 shows the cumulative noise level at receptors due to the onshore pipeline construction phase contribution and the background noise level monitored during the June 2011 field survey.

Table 8.2-7 Cumulative Noise Pressure Levels at Receptors during Onshore Pipeline Construction

Receptor Distance Construction Background Cumulative IFC Noise Limit From Pipeline Phase Noise Level Noise Pressure Applicable for [m] Contribution [dB(A)] (1) Level [dB(A)] Construction [dB(A)] Phase [dB(A)] Day time Day time Day time 1 50 77 30.5 77.0 70 2 300 61 30.8 61.0 70 3 150 67 62.3 68.3 70 4 200 65 55.5 65.5 70 5 50 77 40.9 77.0 70 6 50 77 45.5 77.0 70 7 1700 45 52.5 53.2 70 8 1100 50 57.2 58.0 70 9 300 61 56.1 62.2 70 Notes: (1)Noise Levels monitored during the field survey of June 2011 Source: ERM (February 2012)

The assessment of construction noise impacts is performed by comparing the estimated noise levels produced during construction with the IFC standards for construction phase (day time sound level limit of 70 dB(A) at sensitive receptors). The noise limit for night time has not been taken into account because no construction activities will occur during the night.

Considering IFC standards, the critical receptors during pipeline construction are residential buildings located 50 m from the pipeline, where the maximum noise level reached during the construction phase is 77 dB(A). This condition is due to the proximity of these receptors to the pipeline route and to the simultaneous activity of noisy equipment. At a distance of 150 m the estimated noise levels are in compliance with the IFC noise limit for day time.

The impact from construction activities along the pipeline will be temporary and reversible. The residential receptors located less than 150 m from the pipeline will be temporarily exposed to noise levels above the IFC limits, and therefore the impact on these receptors (such as Uznovë and Hoxhaj) is considered Moderate.

Impacts from noise generation during construction on other receptors further from the pipeline are considered Minor.

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8.2.4 Impacts from Compressor Station Construction

Regarding the construction of CS02 and CS03, the presence of several vehicles and equipment (trucks, excavators, dozer, etc.) at the same time represents the main noise source.

It should be noted that for the site preparation at compressor station CS03, it is planned to increase the site level by 1.5 m. whilst at CS02 ground levelling will take place. The outcome of this will be approximately 33,000 truck movements during a period of 5 months. For the whole construction phase, approximately 6,600 truck movements are expected during a total period of 19 months

Table 8.2-8 shows a list of the equipment considered during CS construction, divided into type of activity; the working hours per day and the foreseen sound power level according to Table 8.2-2 are reported for each piece of equipment.

Table 8.2-8 Equipment Considered during CS Construction Phase

Type of equipment Number Working hours per day Sound Power LW [dB(A)] (1) CS site preparation Excavator 2 10 hours 106 Loader 1 10 hours 108 Truck 6 10 hours 107 CS construction Excavator 2 10 hours 106 Truck 6 10 hours 107 Crane 1 10 hours 98 Pipelayer 1 10 hours 94 Side-boom 1 10 hours 109 Pipe Bending Machine 1 10 hours 94 vibrating pile driver (different types) 99 - 133 hydraulic press (different types) 85 - 101 Notes: (1) Standard emission levels have been used for this type of equipment according to Directive 2000/14/EC and the Committee for European Construction Equipment. Vendors’ datasheet for similar equipment also considered. Source: ERM (February 2012)

During CS construction, each single activity entails the use of several types of machinery, as described in Table 8.2-8. Considering the cumulative noise effect of all the equipment, the following table shows the estimated noise levels during different construction phases at fixed distances.

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Table 8.2-9 Noise Pressure Levels during CS Construction Phase - Activity’s Contribution

Construction Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m CS site preparation 74.5 68.5 60.5 54.5 48.5 CS construction 74.8 68.7 60.8 54.8 48.7

Source: ERM (February 2012)

During CS construction, the sound levels are about 75 dB(A) at a distance of 50 m from the work sites and decrease to about 49 dB(A) at 1000 m from the CS area.

The locations of CS02 and CS03 are rural locations. The closest receptors for noise in the CS locations are hundreds of meters away from the construction areas. Therefore, even if there are no background noise measurements available at the CS locations, it is expected that the construction activity contribution at the closest receptors to CS03 and CS02 will be less than 60 dB(A), and that the day time IFC limits will not be exceeded as a result of the construction activities.

Construction activities at the CS locations are expected to generate only Minor impacts on potential receptors in the area. 8.2.5 Impacts from Blasting

Blasting activities are foreseen during the pipeline construction but with limited frequency. Blasting is expected to occur on an ad hoc basis, for example when hard terrain is encountered. Areas where blasting is expected to occur are between Kamenice and Berat, and in particular in the existing quarry areas from kp 157 to 166.

At this stage, there is not sufficient project information to estimate the impact magnitude from blasting activities, for both air borne and ground borne noise. Such detailed analysis would rely on specific data on blasting locations and receptors distribution, which is expected to be available during next stages of the project design/definition.

Nevertheless, provided blasting activities will be (1) temporary, (2) brief in nature, (3) reversible and (4) will only occur during daylight hours, impacts would be manageable through a formal notification plan (i.e. informing all potentially affected relevant receptors along the route). Therefore overall impact is considered to be Minor. 8.2.6 Impacts from Trenchless Crossings

The pipeline route crosses many rivers requiring specialised construction approaches. All rivers crossings are planned with the open-cut technique unless trenchless techniques (potentially HDD) are required due to environmental or other constraints.

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HDD is a trenchless crossing method which begins with boring a small diameter, horizontal hole (pilot hole) under the river with a continuous string of steel drill rod. When the bore head and rod emerge on the opposite side of the crossing, a special cutter, called a back reamer, is attached and pulled back through the pilot hole. The reamer bores out the pilot hole so that the pipe can be pulled through. The pipe is usually pulled through from the side of the crossing opposite the drill rig and a drilling mud is forced down the hole to stabilize it and remove soil cuttings.

Table 8.2-10 shows a list of the main equipment involved in the HDD activities that will generate noise impacts and the foreseen sound pressure level at 1 metre according to the noise datasheet for similar equipment.

Table 8.2-10 Equipment Considered during Trenchless Crossing (HDD)

Type of equipment Sound Power Level (1) Lw [dB(A)]

Power unit 94 Mud pump 85 Generators 107 Drill rig 105 Notes: (1) Standard emission levels have been used for this type of equipment according to vendors’ datasheet for similar equipment. Source: ERM (February 2012)

Considering the cumulative noise effect of all the equipment, Table 8.2-11 reports the estimated noise impact due to the HDD phase at fixed distances.

Table 8.2-11 Noise Pressure Levels during Trenchless Crossing (HDD)

Construction Phase Total noise pressure level [dB(A)] at 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1000 m HDD 68.3 62.3 54.4 48.3 42.3

Source: ERM (February 2012)

During HDD operation, the sound levels are about 68 dB(A) at a distance of 50 m from the work sites and decrease to about 42 dB(A) at 1000 m from the HDD work site.

Given the expected noise levels from HDD activities, and considering that there will not be any receptor within 50 m of HDD activities, it is expected that the noise impact will remain Minor.

8.3 Freshwater Resources

Table 8.3-1 and Table 8.3-2 present the detailed sensitivities used for Surface Water and Groundwater respectively. Figure 8.3-1 and Figure 8.3-2 include the location of these detailed sensitivities of freshwater resources.

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Table 8.3-1 Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources - Surface Water

Location Sensitivity Criteria East Section Kp 2.0 Trestenik High Surface water quality is defined as high and as a key resource (Kp 2.7), based Stream on its role in maintaining ecosystems. Kp 8.3 Devolli High Surface water quality is defined as high and as a key resource (Kp 8.5), based River on its role in maintaining services and ecosystems. Kp 12.9 Stropani High Surface water quality is defined as high, based on its role in maintaining Stream services and ecosystems. Kp 16.6 Ventroku Low Irrigation channel is reported to be dry in the last years. Irrigation Channel Kp 45.5 Dvorani High Surface water plays an important role for maintaining services. (irrigation Stream channels) Kp 47.0 Kamenice High Surface water plays an important role for maintaining services. (irrigation Stream channels) Kp 50.4 Stershoit High Surface water plays an important role for maintaining services. (irrigation Stream channels) Kp 51.4 Dunaveci Medium Surface water quality is defined as medium. Erosion of the river banks is River described as a key finding (Kp 51.6). Surface water plays an important role for maintaining services and ecosystems. Central East Section Kp 57.3 Osumi High Surface water quality is defined as high and as a key resource (Kp 57.3). Based River on its role in maintaining ecosystems. Kp 68.0 Osumi High Surface water quality is defined as high, based on its role in maintaining River ecosystems. Kp 85.1 Medium Surface water quality is defined as medium. Erosion of the river banks is Staravecke River described as a key finding (Kp 85.1). Surface water plays an important role for maintaining ecosystems Central West Section Kp 103.4 Osumi High Surface water quality is defined as high and as a key resource (Kp 103.4), River based on its role in maintaining ecosystems. Kp 106.1 Osumi Medium Surface water is defined as a key resource (Kp 106.1), based on its role in River maintaining ecosystems. Kp 107.0 Osumi Medium Surface water plays an important role for maintaining ecosystems. River Kp 110.2 Osumi Medium Surface water plays an important role for maintaining ecosystems. River Kp 123.2 Medium Surface water quality is defined as medium, based on its role in maintaining Vokopola Torrent ecosystems. Kp 130.6 Osumi Medium Surface water plays an important role for maintaining ecosystems. River Kp 132.4 Vertopi Medium Surface water quality is defined as medium, based on its role in maintaining Torrent ecosystems. Kp 134.3 – 135.6 Medium Surface water quality is defined as medium, based on its role in maintaining Osumi River ecosystems. Kp 139.6 Vodica Medium Surface water plays an important role for maintaining ecosystems. Torrent Kp 156.4 Osumi Medium Surface water quality is defined as medium, based on its role in maintaining River ecosystems. West Section Kp 180.1 Semani Low Surface water has little or no role for maintaining ecosystems or for providing River cultural services. Kp 192.4 Semani Low Surface water quality is defined as low, has little or no role for maintaining River ecosystems and for providing cultural services. Kp 206.5 Semani Low Surface water quality is defined as low, has little or no role for maintaining

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Location Sensitivity Criteria Field Drainage ecosystems and for providing cultural services Channel

Source: ERM (September 2012)

Table 8.3-2 Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources - Groundwater

Location Sensitivity Criteria East Section Kp 0 – 22 Low Low productivity aquifer. Fine Quaternary Alluvium. Little or no role for providing services to local communities Kp 2.7 (specific) High Defined as a key resource. Groundwater plays an important role for providing services to local communities. Kp 8.5 (specific) Medium Role for providing services to local communities. Kp 22 – 52 High Porous aquifer. Highly productive aquifer. Coarse Quaternary Alluvium. Plain of Korca. Kp 22.3, 37.5, and 51.1 are defined as key resources, based on their role for providing services to local communities. Central East Section Kp 52 – 58 Low Locally productive aquifer. Intrusive rocks. Little or no role for providing services to local communities Kp 58 – 70 Medium Karstified highly productive aquifer. Limestones, dolomites. Role for providing services to local communities Kp 70 - 72 Low Locally productivity aquifer. Intrusive rocks. Little or no role for providing services to local communities Kp 72 - 89 Low Practically non aquiferous rocks (Flysch, Karst Flysch Rocks). Little or no role for providing services to local communities Central West Section Kp 89 – 141 Low Practically non aquiferous rocks (Flysch, Karst Flysch Rocks). Little or no role for providing services to local communities Kp 141 – 164 Medium Low productivity aquifer. Fine Quaternary Alluvium. Section between Uznova and Ura Vajgurore villages. Kp 134.8 and 157.0 are defined as resource, based on their potential role for providing services to local communities. West Section Kp 164 – 209.1 High Low productivity aquifer. Fine Quaternary Alluvium. Rrogozhina unit. Groundwater plays an important role for providing services to local communities.

Source: ERM (September 2012)

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Figure 8.3-1 Location of Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources (Surface Water)

Source: ERM (August 2012)

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Figure 8.3-2 Location of Detailed Sensitivities of Freshwater Resources (Groundwater)

Source: ERM (August 2012)

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8.4 Geology, Geomorphology and Soil

Table 8.4-1 presents the detailed sensitivities used for Geology, Geomorphology and Soil Quality along the pipeline route. Figure 8.4-1 includes the location of these detailed sensitivities of geology, geomorphology and soil quality. Table 8.4-1 Detailed Sensitivities – Geology, Geomorphology and Soil Quality

Location Sensitivity Criteria East Section Kp 0 – 20 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 1.3 (specific) High Erosion is defined as a key finding. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 8.5 (specific) High Erosion is defined as a key finding. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 20 – 41 High Soil quality is defined as high. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 22.3 (specific) High Erosion is defined as a key finding. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 41 – 51.5 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 51.0 (specific) Medium High percentage of organic matter is defined as a key finding. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Central East Section Kp 51.5 - 56 Low Soil quality is defined as low. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 56 – 57 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 57 – 77 High Soil quality is defined as high. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 63 – 67 High Latent and active slope erosion areas are described. (specific) Kp 74 – 75 High Latent and active slope erosion areas are described. (specific) Kp 72 – 76 High Potential doline formations are defined as a key finding. (specific) Kp 77.7 (specific) High Landslide is defined as a key finding (Kp 77.7). Latent and active slope erosion, and active, latent and relict landslides are described. Kp 86.0 (specific) Medium Latent slope erosion area is described. Central East and Central West Sections Kp 76 - 111 Low Soil quality is defined as low, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Central West Section Kp 106.1 (specific) High Erosion is defined as a key finding. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 111 – 118 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 118 – 127 Low Soil quality is defined as low, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 127 – 135 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 133.9 (specific) High Residents of the Vërtop commune have reported that the land is unstable and has collapsed in an area where a water pipeline was constructed.

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Location Sensitivity Criteria Kp 135 – 139 High Soil quality is defined as high, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 139 – 143 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 143 – 150 Low Soil quality is defined as low, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 150 – 172 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 150.7 (specific) Medium Affection of olive roots to pipeline is defined as a key finding. c ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Central West and West Sections Kp 172 – 189 High Soil quality is defined as high, based on its role for maintaining ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. West Section Kp 184.5 – 186.5 Low Presence of hydrocarbon contamination is defined as a key finding. Soil plays (specific) an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 189 – 193 Medium Soil quality is defined as medium. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 193 – 195.5 High Soil quality is defined as high. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Kp 195.5 – 208.5 Low Soil quality is defined as low. Soil plays an important role for maintaining the ecosystems function (flora and fauna) and the agricultural productivity. Source: ERM (September 2012)

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Figure 8.4-1 Location of Detailed Sensitivities of Geology, Geomorphology and Soil Quality

Source: ERM (August 2012)

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8.5 Terrestrial Ecology – EBRD Assessment Criteria

To establish whether sections of the Project area are important for ecological receptors a mechanism was developed for both species and habitats using EBRD PR6 Assessment Criteria to look at the various impacts associated with the project like habitat loss or disturbance and the various project activities like preparation of the working strip and vehicle movement. Using these criteria tables as given in Table 8.5-1 to Table 8.5-4 were created where it was possible to break the Project up into sections, so that the eventual impact assessment could concentrate only on key areas. Where species or habitats were not thought to be present or where project elements will not cause significant impacts, these areas have not been included in the impact assessment. As such, areas like the Northern Section have been largely omitted from the impact assessment and from the tables for impacts such as disturbance and displacement. It should also be noted that the sections developed in these tables while split in relation to the chainages along the pipeline do also include associated infrastructure such as roads, yards, grid connections. The only exception where chainage is not used is for the Northern Section where only the Durres Road and main pipe yard are present. 8.5.1 Habitat Assessment Criteria

To establish whether a habitat area is of key importance and to be able to undertake the impact assessment properly the EBRD criteria set out below have been used to establish whether a habitat area is of High, Medium or Low importance. These criteria also take into account the habitats context in the wider environment, and the proportion of the habitat that will be affected.

1. Protection Status: The extent to which the habitat is protected whether as Protected Areas (PA), Conservation Priority Areas or Proposed Protected Areas (CPA), and Rest of World (RoW).

2. Naturalness: The extent of which a habitat’s ecological functions are unmodified by human activities.

3. Fragility: The sensitivity of the habitat and its ability to recover (either naturally or with assistance) from disturbance.

4. Representativeness: The extent to which the habitat is considered to be an excellent example of important natural or semi-natural vegetation types (and associated fauna) it contains.

5. Structure and function: The extent to which the habitat provides an important structure or serves an important function such as comprising an ecological corridor, importance for faunal migrations or importance for faunal lifecycles.

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6. Species Association – Reliance: The extent to which the habitat contains and is relied upon by species that are endemic or restricted range, nationally or locally rare, keystone species, suffering serious reduction nationally or locally, at the edge of their ranges, present in notably large populations, unique assemblages associated with key evolutionary processes, or uncommon or threatened in a wider context.

7. Diversity: The diversity of habitats and their individual species richness and diversity (including genetic diversity).

Using the habitat evaluation criteria set out above as expanded within Annex 5 Baseline Methodology along with details on the Project activities (direct or indirect, temporary or permanent) and the intensity of the impact, an overall impact magnitude has been generated for the Project prior to mitigation. This has been presented in summary format in Table 8.5-1 and Table 8.5-2 below.

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Table 8.5-1 Evaluation of Habitat Loss and Degradation within the Project Area

Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Quality (Sensitivity) Impact Criteria Assessment Kp 0 – Kp 5 Mediterranean pine East 1(L); Low Preparation of Working Direct/ Permanent High Medium Minor forests with endemic 2 (L); Strip Indirect Mesogean pines (EU 3 (L); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Negligible 9540); Mountain hay 4 (L); Equipment Indirect meadows (EU 6520) 5 (L); Construction of access Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Negligible 6 (L); roads Indirect 7 (L) Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Negligible (inc scrapers launches/ receivers and BV stations) Setup and installation of Direct Permanent Medium Medium Minor Compressor Stations. Kp 5 – Kp 16 Riparian (EU 92A0); East 1 (L); Low Preparation of Working Direct/ Permanent High Medium Minor Mountain hay meadows 2 (L); Strip Indirect (EU 6520) 3 (L); 4 (L); 5 (M); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Negligible 6 (M); Equipment Indirect 7 (M) Construction of access Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Negligible roads Indirect Setup of temporary Direct/ Temporary Medium Small Negligible facilities (i.e. worker Indirect camps, storage yards)

Cangonji Riparian (EU 92A0); East 1(M); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Small Minor (Kp 16 – Kp 21) Transitional woodland- 2(M); Strip Indirect shrub (EU 5110); 3(M); Construction of access Indirect Temporary Medium Small Minor Mountain hay meadows 4(M); roads Direct Permanent Low Small Minor (EU 6520); Rocky slope 5(M); Setup of Pipeline Facilities (EU 8220) 6(M); 7(M)

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Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Quality (Sensitivity) Impact Criteria Assessment Morava - Mali I Transitional woodland- East 1(M); High Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Small Moderate Thate shrub (EU 5110); 2(H); Strip Indirect (Kp 21 – Kp 26) Grassland (EU 8220); 3(H); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Moderate Mountain hay meadows 4(M); Equipment Indirect (EU 6520); Riparian 5(H); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Moderate (92A0) 6(M); Indirect 7(M) Kp 27 – Kp 51 Mountain hay meadows East 1 (L); Low Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Medium Minor (EU 6520) 2 (L); Strip Indirect 3 (L); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Negligible 4 (L); Equipment Indirect 5 (L); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Medium Minor 6 (L); Indirect 7 (L) Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Negligible Setup of temporary Direct/ Temporary Medium Small Negligible facilities Indirect Kp 51 – Kp 59 Mountain hay meadows Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Small Minor (EU 6520); Transitional East 2 (M); Strip Indirect woodland-shrub (EU 3 (M); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Minor 5110); Natural eutrophic 4 (M); Equipment Indirect lakes (EU 3510); 5 (M); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor Riparian (EU 92A0); 6 (M); Indirect Oak-hornbeam forests 7 (M) (EU 9170)

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Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Quality (Sensitivity) Impact Criteria Assessment Vithkuq – Beech forest (EU 9110), Central 1(H); High Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Large Major Ostrovice, Grassland (EU 5130, East 2(H); Strip Indirect including Forest 8210, 8220 & 62D0), 3(H); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Medium Moderate - of Markeza, Natural eutrophic lakes 4(H); Equipment Indirect Major Forest of Lirza (EU 3150), Standing 5(H); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent High Large Major and Forest of water (EU 3110); 6(H); Indirect Helmes and Mountain hay meadows 7(H) Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate- Reservoir Nature (EU 6520); Oak- facilities (i.e. worker Indirect Major Monuments hornbeam forests (EU camps, storage yards) (Kp 59 – Kp 85) 9170); Mediterranean Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Moderate forest with black pine (EU 9530); Mountain formations (EU 5210) Potom (Kp 85 - Oak-hornbeam forests Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate - Kp 91) (EU 9170); Lowland hay East 2 (M); Strip Indirect Major meadows (EU 6510) 3 (L); Movement of Vehicles and Direct / Temporary Low Small Moderate Mediterranean forest 4 (L); Equipment Indirect with black pine (EU 5 (M); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate - 9530); Riparian (EU 6 M); Indirect Major 92A0); 7 (M) Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Small Moderate facilities (i.e. worker Indirect camps, storage yards) Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Moderate Corovode (Kp 91 Mountain formations (EU Central 1(L); High Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Large Major – Kp 106) 5210); Beech forest (EU East & 2(H); Strip Indirect 9110); Oak-hornbeam Central 3(H); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Medium Moderate forests (EU 9170); West 4(M); Equipment Indirect Grassland (EU 8220); 5(H); Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Large Major Mountain hay meadows 6(H); Indirect (EU 6520); Lowland hay 7(M) Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate- meadows (EU 6510); facilities (i.e. worker Indirect Major Old growth riparian camps, storage yards) forests Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Moderate Osumi River Lowland hay meadows Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate Valley (Kp 106 – (EU 6510); Oak- West 2 (M); Strip Indirect

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Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Quality (Sensitivity) Impact Criteria Assessment Kp 173) hornbeam forests (EU 3 (M); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Minor 9170); Mountain 4 (M); Equipment Indirect formations (EU 5210); 5 (M); Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate Sessile oak forests (EU 6 (M); Indirect 910); Grassland (EU 7 (M) Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate 8210); Mediterranean facilities (i.e. worker Indirect pine forest (EU 9540); camps, storage yards) Natural eutrophic lake Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Minor (EU 3510) Kp 173 – Kp 206 Lowland hay meadows West 1 (L); Low Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Medium Minor (EU 6510); Natural 2 (L); Strip Indirect eutrophic lake (EU 3 (L); 3510); 4 (L); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Negligible 5 (L); Equipment Indirect 6 (L); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent Medium Small Negligible 7 (L) Indirect Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Minor facilities (i.e. worker Indirect camps, storage yards) Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Medium Minor Grykederdhja Coastal habitats (EU West 1(M); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate Semanit-Pishe 1310, 1420, 2110, 2270) 2(M); Strip Indirect Poro (Kp 206 – 3(L); Movement of Vehicles and Indirect Temporary Low Small Minor Kp 209) 4(M); Equipment 5(H); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Low Small Minor 6(M); Indirect 7(M) Northern Areas Riparian (EU 92A0) North 1 (L); Low Construction / Upgrading Direct / Permanent Low Small Minor (Durres Road 2 (L); of roads Indirect and main pipe 3 (L); Setup of temporary pipe Direct / Temporary Low Medium Minor yard - storage 4 (L); storage yard Indirect yard 5 (L); 6 (L); 7 (L) Source: ERM (2012)

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Table 8.5-2 Evaluation of Habitat Fragmentation Impact to Key Locations along the Project Area

Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Quality (Sensitivity) Assessment Criteria Kp 0 – Kp 5 Mediterranean pine East 1(L); Low Preparation of Working Direct/ Permanent High Medium Minor forests with endemic 2 (L); Strip Indirect Mesogean pines (EU 3 (L); Construction of access Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Negligible 9540); Mountain hay 4 (L); roads Indirect meadows (EU 6520) 5 (L); Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Negligible 6 (L); (inc scrapers launches/ 7 (L) receivers and BV stations) Setup and installation of Direct Permanent Medium Medium Minor Compressor Stations Kp 5 – Kp 16 Riparian (EU 92A0); East 1 (L); Low Preparation of Working Direct/ Permanent High Medium Minor Mountain hay meadows 2 (L); Strip Indirect (EU 6520) 3 (L); 4 (L); 5 (M); Construction of access Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Negligible 6 (M); roads Indirect 7 (M) Setup of temporary Direct/ Temporary Medium Small Negligible facilities (i.e. worker Indirect camps, storage yards)

Cangonji Riparian (EU 92A0); East 1(M); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Small Minor (Kp 16 – Kp Transitional woodland- 2(M); Strip Indirect 21) shrub (EU 5110); 3(M); Construction of access Indirect Temporary Medium Small Minor Mountain hay meadows 4(M); roads (EU 6520); Rocky slope 5(M); Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Minor (EU 8220) 6(M); 7(M) Morava - Transitional woodland- East 1(M); 2(H); High Preparation of working Direct / Permanent High Small Moderate Mali I Thate shrub (EU 5110), 3(H); 4(H); strip Indirect (Kp 21 – Kp Grassland (EU 6210 & 5(H); 6(M); Movement of Vehicles and Direct/ Temporary Low Small Moderate 26) 8220), Mountain hay 7(M) Equipment Indirect meadows (EU 6520), Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Moderate Riparian (92A0) Indirect

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Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Quality (Sensitivity) Assessment Criteria Kp 27 – Kp Mountain hay meadows East 1 (L); Low Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Medium Minor 51 (EU 6520) 2 (L); Strip Indirect 3 (L); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Medium Minor 4 (L); Indirect 5 (L); Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Negligible 6 (L); Setup of temporary Direct/ Temporary Medium Small Negligible 7 (L) facilities Indirect Kp 51 – Kp Mountain hay meadows Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Small Minor 59 (EU 6520); Transitional East 2 (M); Strip Indirect woodland-shrub (EU 3 (M); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor 5110); Natural eutrophic 4 (M); Indirect lakes (EU 3510); 5 (M); Riparian (EU 92A0); 6 (M); Oak-hornbeam forests 7 (M) (EU 9170) Vithkuq – Beech forest (EU 9110), Central 1(M); High Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Large Major Ostrovice Grassland (EU 5130, East 2(H); Strip Indirect (Kp 59 – Kp 8210, 8220 & 62D0), 3(H); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent High Large Major 85) Natural eutrophic lakes 4(H); Indirect (EU 3150), Standing 5(H); Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate- water (EU 3110); 6(H); facilities (i.e. worker Indirect Major Mountain hay meadows 7(H) camps, storage yards) (EU 6520); Oak- Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Moderate hornbeam forests (EU 9170); Mediterranean forest with black pine (EU 9530); Mountain formations (EU 5210) Potom (Kp Oak-hornbeam forests Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of working Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate - 85 – Kp 91) (EU 9170); Lowland hay East 2 (M); strip Indirect Major meadows (EU 3 (L); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate - 6510)Mediterranean 4 (L); Indirect Major forest with black pine 5 (M); Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Small Moderate (EU 9530); Riparian (EU 6 M); facilities (i.e. worker Indirect 92A0); 7 (M) camps, storage yards)

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Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Quality (Sensitivity) Assessment Criteria Setup of pipeline facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Moderate Corovode Mountain formations (EU Central 1(L); High Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Large Major (Kp 91 – Kp 5210); Beech forest (EU East & 2(H); Strip Indirect 106) 9110); Oak-hornbeam Central 3(H); Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Large Major forests (EU 9170); West 4(M); Indirect Grassland (EU 8220); 5(H); Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate- Mountain hay meadows 6(H); facilities (i.e. worker Indirect Major (EU 6520); Lowland hay 7(M) camps, storage yards) meadows (EU 6510); Old Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Moderate growth riparian forests Osumi River Lowland hay meadows Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate Valley (Kp (EU 6510); Oak- West 2 (M); Strip Indirect 106 – Kp hornbeam forests (EU 3 (M); Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate 173) 9170); Mountain 4 (M); Indirect formations (EU 5210); 5 (M); Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate Sessile oak forests (EU 6 (M); facilities (i.e. worker Indirect 910); Grassland (EU 7 (M) camps, storage yards) 8210); Mediterranean Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Minor pine forest (EU 9540); Natural eutrophic lake (EU 3510) Kp 173 – Kp Lowland hay meadows West 1 (L); Low Preparation of Working Direct / Permanent High Medium Minor 206 (EU 6510); Natural 2 (L); Strip Indirect eutrophic lake (EU 3 (L); 3510); 4 (L); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent Medium Small Negligible 5 (L); Indirect 6 (L); Setup of temporary Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Minor 7 (L) facilities (i.e. worker Indirect camps, storage yards) Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Medium Minor

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Location Habitat Type* Pipe Relevant Habitat Quality Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Habitat Assessment Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Quality (Sensitivity) Assessment Criteria Grykederdhja Coastal habitats (EU West 1(M); Medium Preparation of Working Direct / Temporary Medium Small Minor Semanit- 1310, 1420, 2110, 2270) 2(M); Strip Indirect Pishe Poro 3(L); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Low Small Minor (Kp 206 – Kp 4(M); Indirect 209) 5(H); 6(M); 7(M) Source: ERM (2012)

Note: The North Section for the Road at Durres as well as the main pipe yard have been omitted from this table as it is unlikely that works at these sites will cause any real fragmentation locally.

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8.5.2 Species Assessment Criteria

Species importance is evaluated according to EBRD criteria as set out below including:

1. Protection status: The extent to which the species is protected whether through national, regional or international legislations, and their threat categorization in the national, regional or international level.

2. Conservation status: The extent to which the species is found whether common or rare (based on its population size, current declining/growth tendency and distribution), endemic, under active management or scientific study.

3. Genetic diversity: The extent of genetic diversity based on connectivity between populations, population sizes and level of species fecundity.

4. Ecosystem functioning: The role played by the species in the function of the ecosystem it is a part of.

The evaluation criteria for Low, Medium or High, as set by EBRD PR 6: Biodiversity Conservation, are shown in Annex 5 Baseline Methodology have been used to create Table 8.5-3 and Table 8.5-4 below.

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Table 8.5-3 Evaluation of Species Loss Impact to Key Locations along the Project Area

Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Type Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Species Importance Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Importance Assessment Impact Criteria (Sensitivity) Assessment Kp 0 – Kp 5 Flora: H. perforatum, J. East 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct/ Permanent High Small Minor regia. 2 (H); Indirect 3 (L); Construction of access Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor Fauna: U. arctos, C. lupus 4 (L) roads Indirect (at Albania – Greece Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct/ Permanent Low Small Minor border) (inc scrapers launches/ Indirect receivers and BV stations) Setup and installation of Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor Compressor Stations Indirect Kp 5 – Kp 16 Flora: H. perforatum, J. East 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct/ Permanent High Small Minor regia., S. fragilis, S. nigra 2 (H); Indirect 3 (L); Fauna: L. lutra, P. 4 (M); pygmeus, E. garzetta Construction of access Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor roads Indirect Setup of temporary facilities Direct/ Temporary Small Small Minor (i.e. worker camps, storage Indirect yards)

Cangonji (Kp Flora: H. perforatum, J. East 1(H); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor 16 – Kp 21) regia, J. oxycedrus, J. 2(H); Indirect communis, O. vulgare, S. 3(M); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Minor fragilis, S. nigra 4(M) equipment and personnel Indirect

Fauna: N. tessellata, P. taurica, P. pygmeus, E. Setup of temporary facilities Direct/ Temporary Small Small Minor garzetta, L. lutra, M. Indirect capaccinii

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Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Type Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Species Importance Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Importance Assessment Impact Criteria (Sensitivity) Assessment Morava - Mali Flora: H. perforatum, J. East 1(H); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate I Thate (Kp 21 regia, J. oxycedrus, J. 2(H); Indirect – Kp 26) communis, O. vulgare 3(M); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Minor 4(M) equipment and personnel Indirect Fauna: N. tessellata, P. taurica, P. pygmeus, E. garzetta, L. lutra, M. capaccinii, U. arctos, C. lupus Kp 27 – Kp 51 Flora: H. perforatum, J. East 1 (H); Low Preparation of Working Strip Direct / Permanent High Small Negligible regia 2 (H); Indirect 3 (L); Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Negligible Fauna: N. tessellata, P. 4 (L) Indirect taurica, L. lutra Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Negligible equipment and personnel Indirect Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Negligible Setup of temporary facilities Direct/ Temporary Medium Small Negligible Indirect Kp 51 – Kp 59 Flora: H. perforatum, J. Central 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct / Permanent High Small Minor regia, J. oxycedrus, J. East 2 (H); Indirect communis, O. vulgare, S. 3 (M); fragilis. 4 (M) Construction of roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor Indirect Fauna: V. berus, L. lutra, Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Minor U. arctos, C. lupus, S. equipment and personnel Indirect scrofa, R. r. balcanica Vithkuq – Flora: L. albanicum, F. Central 1(H); High Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent High Large Major Ostrovice (Kp serpentinii, A. lamarckii, East 2(H); Indirect 59 – Kp 85) A. capillus-veneris, A. 3(H); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate - bella-donna, C. 4(H) equipment and personnel Indirect Major autumnale, G. lutea, H. Road construction Direct / Permanent / High Medium Moderate - perforatum, J. regia, J. Indirect Temporary Major

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Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Type Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Species Importance Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Importance Assessment Impact Criteria (Sensitivity) Assessment oxycedrus, J. communis, Setup of Pipeline facilities Direct / Permanent Small Small Moderate O. vulgare, P. Indirect scolopendrium, S. nigra, S. montana, S. raeseri, V. album.

Fauna: C. cerdo, R. Alpina, T.alpestris, V. Setup of Temporary Direct/ Temporary Small Small Moderate berus, N. tessellata, P. Facilities Indirect taurica, F. naumanni, N. percnopterus, P. pygmeus, A. nyroca, G. fulvus, B. bubo, A. chrysetos, U. arctos, C. lupus, F. silvestris, C. capreolus, M. meles, L. lutra Potom (Kp 85 Flora: J.communis, C. Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate - – Kp 91 orientalis, C. avellana, Q. East 2 (M); Indirect Major cerris, Q. trojana, E. 3 (M); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Medium Small Moderate amygdaloides, , B. 4 (M) equipment and personnel Indirect perennis. O. vulgare, P. Road construction Direct / Permanent / High Medium Moderate - scolopendrium, S. nigra, Indirect Temporary Major S. montana, S. raeseri, V. album. Setup of Pipeline facilities Direct / Permanent Small Small Moderate Indirect Fauna: V. berus, N. Setup of Temporary Direct/ Temporary Small Small Moderate tessellata, P. taurica, T. Facilities Indirect hermanni, N. percnopterus, A. nyroca, B. buteo, A. chrysetos, U. arctos, C. lupus, F. silvestris, M. Meles. Corovode (Kp Flora: Q. ilex, A. capillus- Central 1(H); High Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent High Large Major 91 – 106) veneris, A. bella-donna, East & 2(H); Indirect

Page 76 of 99 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP APL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 Document Title: ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 - Impact Assessment Data Rev.: 03 / at02

Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Type Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Species Importance Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Importance Assessment Impact Criteria (Sensitivity) Assessment H. perforatum, J. regia, J. Central 3(H); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate - oxycedrus, J. communis, West 4(H) equipment and personnel Indirect Major O. vulgare, P. Road construction Direct / Permanent / High Medium Moderate - scolopendrium, S. nigra, Indirect Temporary Major S. montana, E. distachya, Setup of Pipeline facilities Direct / Permanent Small Small Moderate V. tinus. Indirect

Fauna: N. tassellate, P. taurica, R. balcanica, E.situla, E. quatuorlineata, F. naumanni, N. Setup of temporary facilities Direct / Temporary Small Small Moderate percnopterus, G. fulvus, Indirect B. bubo, A.chrysetos, U. arctos, C.lupus, F. silvestris, C. capreolus, R. r. balcanica, M. meles, L. lutra, M. putorius Osumi River Flora: A. capillus-veneris, Central 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct / Permanent High Small Minor Valley (Kp 106 C. autumnale, H. West 2 (H); Indirect – Kp 173) perforatum, D. albus, E. 3 (M); Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor distachya, J. regia, J. 4 (M); Indirect oxycedrus, O. vulgare, Q. Setup of temporary facilities Direct / Temporary Medium Small Minor ilex, S. officinalis, S. nigra, Indirect S. montana, V. tinus. Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Minor

Fauna: N. tessellata, P. taurica, R. graeca, R. balcanica, F. naumanni, N. percnopterus, G. fulvus, B. bubo, A. graeca, U. arctos, C. lupus, L. lutra, R. euryale, M. putorius Kp 173 – Kp Flora: H. perforatum, E. West 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct / Permanent High Small Minor 206 distachya, J. regia, J. 2 (H); Indirect

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Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Type Impact Impact Impact Pre- Section Species Importance Duration Intensity Magnitude Mitigation Importance Assessment Impact Criteria (Sensitivity) Assessment oxycedrus, O. vulgare, Q. 3 (L); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor ilex, S. nigra, S. montana, 4 (L); Indirect V. tinus. Setup of temporary facilities Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Minor Indirect Fauna: N. tessellata, P. Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Medium Minor taurica, R. graeca, R. balcanica, F. naumanni, N. percnopterus, L. lutra Grykederdhja Flora: A. arenaria, E. West 1(H); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent High Medium Moderate Semanit- farctus, J. oxycedrus 2(H); Indirect Pishe Poro macrocarpa, P. 3(M); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Minor (Kp 206 – maritimum, S. maritima. 4(M) equipment and personnel Indirect 209) Road construction Direct / Permanent / Low Medium Moderate Fauna: R. graeca, M. Indirect Temporary caspica, R. balcanica, N. tassellata, P. taurica, P. crispus, C. crex, A. clanga, A. pomarina, M. putorius, M. meles, C. aureus, L. lutra Source: ERM (2012)

Note: The North Section for the Road at Durres as well as the main pipe yard have been omitted from this table as no key species were identified during surveys and therefore impacts to fauna in these areas would not be significant.

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Table 8.5-4 Evaluation of Disturbance and Displacement Impact to Key Locations along the Project Area

Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Species Importance Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Importance Assessment Assessment Criteria (Sensitivity) Kp 0 – Kp 5 Flora: H. perforatum, J. regia. East 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor 2 (H); Indirect Fauna: U. arctos, C. lupus (at 3 (L); Construction of access roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor Albania – Greece border) 4 (L) Indirect Setup of Pipeline Facilities (inc Direct/ Permanent Low Small Minor scrapers launches/ receivers Indirect and BV stations) Setup and installation of Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor Compressor Stations Indirect Kp 5 – Kp 16 Flora: H. perforatum, J. regia., East 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor S. fragilis, S. nigra 2 (H); Indirect 3 (L); Fauna: L. lutra, P. pygmeus, 4 (M); E. garzetta Construction of access roads Direct/ Permanent Medium Small Minor Indirect Setup of temporary facilities Direct/ Temporary Medium Small Minor (i.e. worker camps, storage Indirect yards)

Cangonji (Kp Flora: H. perforatum, J. regia, East 1(H); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor 16 – Kp 21) J. oxycedrus, J. communis, O. 2(H); Indirect vulgare, S. fragilis, S. nigra 3(M); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Minor 4(M) equipment and personnel Indirect Fauna: N. tessellata, P. Setup of temporary facilities Direct/ Temporary Medium Small Minor taurica, P. pygmeus, E. Indirect garzetta, L. lutra, M. capaccinii

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Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Species Importance Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Importance Assessment Assessment Criteria (Sensitivity) Morava - Flora: H. perforatum, J. regia, East 1(H); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate Mali I Thate J. oxycedrus, J. communis, O. 2(H); Indirect (Kp 21 – Kp vulgare 3(M); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Medium Moderate 26) 4(M) equipment and personnel Indirect Fauna: N. tessellata, P. taurica, Pipistrellus. pygmaeus, E. garzetta, L. lutra, M. capaccinii, U. arctos, C. lupus Vithkuq – Flora: L. albanicum, F. Central 1(H); High Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Large Major Ostrovice serpentinii, A. lamarckii, A. East 2(H); Indirect (Kp 59 – Kp capillus-veneris, A. bella- 3(H); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Medium Moderate - 85) donna, C. autumnale, G. lutea, 4(H) equipment and personnel Indirect Major H. perforatum, J. regia, J. oxycedrus, J. communis, O. Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Large Major vulgare, P. scolopendrium, S. Indirect / Temporary nigra, S. montana, S. raeseri, V. album. Setup of Pipeline facilities Direct / Permanent Low Small Moderate Fauna: C. cerdo, R. Alpina, Indirect T.alpestris, V. berus, N. Setup of Temporary Facilities Direct/ Temporary Medium Medium Moderate - tessellata, P. taurica, F. Indirect Major naumanni, N. percnopterus, P. pygmeus, A. nyroca, G. fulvus, B. bubo, A. chrysetos, U. arctos, C. lupus, F. silvestris, C. capreolus, R. r. balcanica, M. meles, L. lutra Potom (Kp Flora: J.communis, C. Central 1 (L); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate - 85 – Kp 91) orientalis, C. avellana, Q. East 2 (M); Indirect Major cerris, Q. trojana, E. 3 (M); amygdaloides, , B. perennis. 4 (M) Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Moderate O. vulgare, P. scolopendrium, equipment and personnel Indirect S. nigra, S. montana, S. Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate - raeseri, V. album. Indirect / Temporary Major

Page 80 of 99 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP APL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 Document Title: ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 - Impact Assessment Data Rev.: 03 / at02

Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Species Importance Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Importance Assessment Assessment Criteria (Sensitivity) Fauna: V. berus, N. tessellata, Setup of Pipeline facilities Direct / Permanent Low Small Moderate P. taurica, T. hermanni, N. Indirect percnopterus, A. nyroca, B. Setup of temporary facilities Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate - buteo, A. chrysetos, U. arctos, Indirect Major C. lupus, F. silvestris, M. Meles. Corovode Flora: Q. ilex, A. capillus- Central 1(H); High Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Large Major (Kp 91 – veneris, A. bella-donna, H. East & 2(H); Indirect 106) perforatum, J. regia, J. Central 3(H); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Medium Moderate - oxycedrus, J. communis, O. West 4(H) equipment and personnel Indirect Major vulgare, P. scolopendrium, S. Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Large Major nigra, S. montana, E. Indirect / Temporary distachya, V. tinus. Setup of Pipeline facilities Direct / Permanent Small Small Moderate Indirect Fauna: N. tassellate, P. taurica, R. balcanica, E.situla, E. quatuorlineata, F. naumanni, N. percnopterus, G. Setup of temporary facilities Direct / Temporary Medium Medium Moderate - fulvus, B. bubo, A.chrysetos, Indirect Major U. arctos, C.lupus, F. silvestris, C. capreolus, R. r. balcanica, M. meles, L. lutra, M. putorius Osumi River Flora: A. capillus-veneris, C. Central 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate Valley (Kp autumnale, H. perforatum, D. West 2 (H); Indirect 106 – Kp albus, E. distachya, J. regia, J. 3 (M); Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor 173) oxycedrus, O. vulgare, Q. ilex, 4 (M); Indirect S. officinalis, S. nigra, S. Setup of temporary facilities Direct / Temporary Medium Small Minor montana, V. tinus. Indirect

Page 81 of 99 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP APL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 Document Title: ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 - Impact Assessment Data Rev.: 03 / at02

Location Key Species Present Pipe Relevant Species Associated Activity Impact Impact Impact Impact Pre-Mitigation Section Species Importance Type Duration Intensity Magnitude Impact Importance Assessment Assessment Criteria (Sensitivity) Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Minor Fauna: N. tessellata, P. taurica, R. graeca, R. balcanica, F. naumanni, N. percnopterus, G. fulvus, B. bubo, A. graeca, U. arctos, C. lupus, L. lutra, R. euryale, M. putorius Kp 173 – Kp Flora: H. perforatum, E. West 1 (H); Medium Preparation of Working Strip Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor 206 distachya, J. regia, J. 2 (H); Indirect oxycedrus, O. vulgare, Q. ilex, 3 (L); S. nigra, S. montana, V. tinus. 4 (L); Construction of roads Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor Indirect Fauna: N. tessellata, P. Setup of temporary facilities Direct / Temporary Medium Small Minor taurica, R. graeca, R. Indirect balcanica, F. naumanni, N. Setup of Pipeline Facilities Direct Permanent Low Small Minor percnopterus, L. lutra Grykederdhja Flora: A. arenaria, E. farctus, West 1(H); Medium Preparation of working strip Direct / Permanent Medium Medium Moderate Semanit- J. oxycedrus macrocarpa, P. 2(H); Indirect Pishe Poro maritimum, S. maritima. 3(M); Vehicle movements, Direct / Temporary Low Small Minor (Kp 206 – 4(M) equipment and personnel Indirect 209) Fauna: R. graeca, M. caspica, Road construction Direct / Permanent Medium Small Minor R. balcanica, N. tassellata, P. Indirect / Temporary taurica, P. crispus, C. crex, A. clanga, A. pomarina, M. putorius, M. meles, C. aureus, L. lutra Source: ERM (2012)

Note: Sections of the pipeline between Kp 26 – Kp 59 have not been included in this table due to the low presence of fauna that will be likely to be disturbed or displaced by the proposed works. In addition, the North Section for the Road at Durres as well as the main pipe yard have been omitted from this table as no key species were identified during surveys and therefore impacts from disturbance or displacement to fauna will not be significant.

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8.6 Freshwater Ecology - River Crossing Decision Matrices

Establishment of a site specific protocol from which appropriate deployment of river crossing techniques can be made is of key importance in reducing the level of impacts for the TAP Project on the aquatic environment and focusing effort in key areas. Currently the impact assessment has focused on watercourses identified as being of key importance (all RV-1 and RV-2 class rivers, please refer to Section 8, Section 8.1.1) for which appropriate techniques have already been identified including dry open-cut, wet open-cut or trenchless. However for those watercourses within the RV-3 and RV-4 categories which have been initially classified as being of Moderate or Minor importance it is essential that to reduce impacts ‘as low as practicably possible’ that the correct sensitivity of each river crossing is further classified on a site by site basis so that dry open-cut techniques are used on those watercourses of higher sensitivity while those of lower sensitivity utilise the wet open-cut technique.

As such two matrices have been created to show the process through which this identification process will be undertaken. These indicative matrices will be further refined in conjunction with local experts, the MoEFWA and the engineering team so that an easy to use, robust and informative process is created for use in the field prior to works being undertaken. 8.6.1 Watercourse Sensitivity Establishment

The first of these matrices (Figure 8.6-1) for assessing watercourse quality has been developed largely using the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish (1999) by Barbour et al. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(1) as well as the River Habitat Survey in Britain and Ireland Guidance (2003) by the UK Environment Agency. Both these publications have used a wide variety of studies to provide an overall rapid approach to survey and assessment of watercourses.

As stated above the final metrics to be used for rapid assessment of watercourses will be refined through consultation. However, the two proposed metrics (from Point 2. of the Figure 8.6-1) for assessing watercourse importance are river habitat quality and fish diversity and abundance (Barbour et al. 1999). Habitat can be assessed mostly by visual inspection of characteristics while fish survey (which will require electrofishing) will cover one of the key groups identified in the aquatic environment and rapid identification in the field, to a species level will be possible.

Some of the likely metrics which will be scored for habitat and fish are listed in Table 8.6-1 below (which will be adapted following consultation). Using these and standards to be developed from the flow chart (Figure 8.6-2), overall scores for each river will be provided which will in turn be used to provide an overall sensitivity rating of either Low, Medium High or Medium Low status from which the second flow chart can be used and the relevant crossing technique selected.

(1) Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Water; Washington, D.C.

Page 83 of 99 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP APL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 Document Title: ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 - Impact Assessment Data Rev.: 03 / at02

Table 8.6-1 Indicative Metrics for Habitats and Fish

Habitat Fish 1. Epifaunal Substrata / available cover Presence of regionally endemic fish species 2. Substrate quality Presence of Natura listed species 3. Velocity / Depth Combination Presence of Bern listed species 4. Pool variability Presence of Nationally protected species 5. Area is located within or in the boundary of an Overall species abundance international/ national designated area (i.e. National Parks, ACI, ASCI, IBA, etc.). 6. Watercourse is secondary or primary tributary of key Good fish habitat watercourse (Osumi, Devolli, Semani) 7. The area contains EU habitats and EU Priority Habitats Identified habitat for spawning or breeding 8. Water quality Important local fishery 9. Flow 10 Channel Modification 11 Sediment 12 Frequency of riffles 13 Floral species diversity

Source: ERM from review of Barbour et al. (1999) and Environment Agency 2003

8.6.2 River Crossing Technique Decision Tree

The second matrix presented is for use following establishment of river sensitivity and river characteristics as outlined above. Using this information, the appropriate technique can be selected reducing impacts to a level which should be as low as practicably possible. This second decision tree matrix has been developed following ‘Best Practice’ example from the oil and gas industry for the pipe crossing of important watercourses abundant in fish species of conservation and economic importance (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline, 2010, Canada). It should be noted that while the matrices include all potential techniques that can be employed, it is thought that those crossings where trenchless techniques will be used have already been identified. The matrices in this document have therefore been developed as a tool for upgrading of crossings of the Minor and Moderate Importance levels where dry open-cut as opposed to wet open-cut should be applied.

Page 84 of 99 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP APL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 Document Title: ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 - Impact Assessment Data Rev.: 03 / at02

Figure 8.6-1 River Sensitivity Classification Matrix

Source: ERM (2012)

Page 85 of 99 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP APL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1010 Document Title: ESIA Albania Annex 8.1 - Impact Assessment Data Rev.: 03 / at02

Figure 8.6-2 River Crossing Decision Tree Matrix

Source: ERM (2012) 8.7 Landscape and Visual Assessment

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8.8 Socioeconomic Assessment 8.8.1 Onshore Community Health and Safety and Security

Isolated Camps: Potom Area (Skrapar) (final location to be defined) - Also shown Qafa and optional camp Mali Azines

Camp population : 80-100 Timing of operation: 6-12 months

Environmental & social context : Mountainous region with small isolated settlements and poor infrastructure. The population of the small settle- ments close to the camp locations ranges from 30 to 587.

Closest city/commune: Çorovode and Vithkuq (under 17 km) Closest settlement: Potom, Staravek, Helmesi (under 1km) and Backë (under 2 km)

Health concerns: Villages will offer little in the way of recreational activities for workers. Minor possibility of prostitution or sexual relations between workers and women in these communities resulting in minor possibility of increased transmission of STD’s. Limited opportunity for transmission of communicable diseases. Rare but high impact pandemics such as influenza could spread rapidly if not effectively isolated .

Non-Isolated Camp: 6 Fusha Mbrostar (Fier) Semi Isolated Camp: 1 Eçmenik (Devoll)

Camp population : 150-200 Timing of operation: 1 year Camp population: 100-200 people Timing of operation: 2 years

Environmental & social context: Mixed agricultural, urban and industrial area. The popula- Environmental & social context: Located close to the Greek boarder. Mainly agricultural tion of settlements in the district ranges from 570 to 3,351 and they are all well connected by land with high productivity in cultivation of fruit trees. The population of settlements in the road. district ranges from 517 to 9,946.

Closest city/commune: Fier (under 6 km) Closest settlement: Vajkan (under 1.5 km) Closest city/commune: Bilisht (under 5 km) Closest settlement: Eçmenik (under 1.5 km)

Health concerns: Greater possibility for workforce interaction with local communities with Health concerns: Minor possibility of prostitution resulting in minor increase in prevalence associated higher potential for prostitution / sexual interactions and associated health risks. of STD’s. Rare but high impact pandemics such as influenza could spread rapidly to a larg- Possibility that a rare but high impact pandemic diseases such as influenza could affect larg- er population if not effectively isolated. Minor risk of facilitating human trafficking due to er numbers of people with potential for rapid onward transmission to the town and other close proximity to the Greek boarder. settlements if not effectively isolated.

CLIENT: 03 14/12/2012 Issued for Information NE VC SAA TRANS ADRIATIC PIPELINE ISSUE, SCOPE OF REVISION REV DATE PREP. CHEC APR.

TITLE: PROJECT:

Construcon Camp Map Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)

SCALE PROJECT DRAWING NO: SHEET OF Albania ESIA Report

No scale 0131979 Figure 8.8-1 99/99

Size:A3 Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG – Albania (Branch Office) Torre Drin, Rruga Abdi Toptani Tirana, Albania Tel.: + 355 44 306 937 Fax: + 355 42 265 685 [email protected] www.tap-ag.com

Date 01/2013

Copyright Reserved: This document may not be copied, shown to or placed at the disposal of third parties without prior consent of TAP AG. The latest version of the document is registered in the TAP Project's Database.