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Bolesti Platana Na Području Grada Mostara

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Bolesti Platana Na Području Grada Mostara DOI: 10.5644/PI2018.176.013 BOLESTI PLATANA NA PODRUČJU GRADA MOSTARA Tarik Treštić Šumarski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu [email protected] Bojan Spasojević Uprava Grada Mostara [email protected] Apstrakt Platani, kao vrste drveća, se koriste za oplemenjivanje urbanih prostora u Bosni i Hercegovini. Najpoznatije vrste su istočni (Platanus orientalis L.) i američki platan (Platanus occidentalis L.). U urbanim prostorima najzastu- pljeniji je hibrid istočnog i američkog platana, javorolisni platan – Platanus x acerifolia (Aiton) Willd. Značajnija sadnja platana u Bosni i Hercegovini po- činje za vrijeme Austro-Ugarske monarhije, kada su u većim gradovima podi- gnute prve aleje ovog drveća. Jedna od takvih aleja podignuta je i u Mostaru 1887. godine. Danas se u ovom gradu, u alejama, drvoredima i dvorištima, nalazi više od 1100 stabala platana. U radu je analizirano zdravstveno stanje platana u alejama i drvoredima Mostara. Ukupno je analizirano 259 stabala. Za karakterizaciju općeg zdrav- stvenog stanja korištena je VTA (Visual Tree Assessment) metoda. Na ma- njem broju uzoraka, koji su prikupljeni s bolesnih stabala, provedene su la- boratorijske analize s ciljem preciznijeg dijagnosticiranja uzročnika bolesti. Prema rezultatima provedenih istraživanja, utvrđeno je nekoliko patoge- na koji su prisutni već duže vrijeme na platanima u Mostaru i imaju ten- denciju širenja. Posebno je značajna sumnja na prisustvo karantinske gljive Ceratocystis platani (J.M. Walter) Engelbr. & T.C. Harr. koja uzrokuje oboje- ni rak platana, karantinsku bolest za područja Evrope u kojim je nema. Gljiva je prisutna na 11 stabala. Preporučuje se poduzimanje potrebnih koraka na identifikaciji karantinske patogene gljive Ceratocystis platani i utvrđivanju zvaničnog statusa ove gljive u Bosni i Hercegovini. Splanchnonema platani M.E. Barr (masarija platana) i Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. (trulež dr- veta palatana) su prisutne na većem broju analiziranih stabala (78 stabala). Zbog toga je potrebno izraditi sanacioni program kojim bi se planirale mjere unaprijeđenja zdravstvenog stanja platana u Mostaru. Simpozij Poljoprivreda i šumarstvo na kršu mediteransko-submediteranskog istočnojadranskog područja - stanje i perspektive 191 Posebna izdanja ANUBiH CLXXVI, OPMN 27, str. 191-200 Ključne riječi: Platan, Platanus sp., Ceratocystis platani, obojeni rak platana, Splanchnon- ema platani, masarija platana Uvod Platanus L. – platani je vrstama malobrojan rod u kojem se nalaze vi- soka, uglavnom listopadna drveća sjeverne hemisfere koja narastu u visinu 30-50 m. Naseljavaju staništa duž vodotoka i prostore koji su dobro snab- djeveni vodom. Unatoč tome, dobro podnose povremene suše. Najvažnije vrste ovog roda su istočni (P. orientalis L.) i američki platan (P. occidentalis L.). Prirodne populacije platana, posebno američkog platana, se koriste i za dobijanje drveta i, u novije vrijeme, u proizvodnji biomase. Ipak, platani se uglavnom koriste kao ukrasno drveće u urbanim prostorima i za formiranje drvoreda duž saobraćajnica. U tom pogledu najzastupljeniji je hibrid istočnog i američkog platana, javorolisni platan – Platanus x acerifolia (Aiton) Willd. Općenito je tolerantniji na: zagađenost zraka, zbijanje korijena, niske zim- ske temperature, vjetrolome/vjetroizvale i manje je osjetljiv na antraknozu od američkog platana. U upotrebi je nekoliko kultivara javorolisnog platana. Kultivar 'Bloodgood' je otporan na antraknozu, a osjetljiv je na pepelnicu platana. Preporučuje se kao brzorastuće drvo u urbanim prostorima (parko- vi, golf tereni, kampusi). Dobro se prilagođava različitim tlima, povećanoj zagađenosti zraka i štetnim uticajima visokih i niskih temperatura. Kutivari 'Liberty' i 'Columbia' su otporniji na antraknozu i pepelnicu od prethodnog kultivara. Međutim, treba imati u vidu da imaju pramidalni habitus. Platani su osjetljivi na nekoliko bolesti. Antraknoza koju uzrokuje gljiva Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn. je prateća bolest platana. Ve- ćinom ostane nezapažena jer uzrokuje odumiranje pojedinačnih grančica u krošnjama stabala. U pojedinim godinama (hladno i vlažno proljeće) izazove značajnije odumiranje grančica i lišća kada može nastati proljetna defolija- cija. Osim fiziološke iscrpljenosti nema većeg značaja za život i razviće pla- tana. Prema ovoj bolesti osjetljiv je američki platan dok je istočni otporan. Pepelnica platana Erysiphe platani (Howe) U. Braun & S. Takam. se rijetko pojavljuje mada kad se pojavi obično uzorkuje obolijevanja jakog intenzite- ta (Ligoxigakis et al., 2015). U novije vrijeme zdravstveno stanje platana u Evropi značajno ugrožavaju dvije patogene gljive, Ceratocystis platani (J.M. Walter) Engelbr. & T.C. Harr. ˗ uzrokuje obojeni rak platana i Splanchnonema platani M.E. Barr ˗ uzrokuje masariju platana. Trulež drveta platana najčešće uzrokuje gljiva Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. Obojeni rak platana zvanično je prvi put pronađen 1935. godine u Fila- delfiji (Sjedinjene Američke Države) na javorolisnom platanu. U to vrijeme, 192 Simpozij Poljoprivreda i šumarstvo na kršu mediteransko-submediteranskog istočnojadranskog područja - stanje i perspektive Tarik Treštić, Bojan Spasojević: Bolesti platana na području grada Mostara u SAD-u, javorolisni platan je sađen u većim gradovima kao zamjena za američki platan koji se pokazao osjetljivim prema antraknozi platana. Pret- postavlja se da C. platani potiče iz prirodnih šumskih zajednica gdje je nakon dužeg vremena uspostavio uravnoteženi odnos s američkim platanom, bez značajnijih posljedica po njegovo zdravstveno stanje. Unošenjem javoroli- snog platana patogen je pronašao novog, osjetljivog domaćina na kojem se u kratkom periodu, 1920–1950. godine, umnožio i uzrokovao njegova ma- sovna uginuća (87% uginulih stabala i oko 4% novozaraženih). Drvo odu- mrlih platana korišteno je za proizvodnju materijala za pakovanje naoružanja i druge ratne opreme tokom Drugog svjetskog rata te je, vjerovatno, na taj način patogen unesen u područja velikih morskih luka u Francuskoj, Italiji i Španiji (Panconesi, 1999). U početku, bolest se sporo širila da bi potom, u periodu 1972–1991. godine, u Toskani (Italija) naprimjer, usmrtila oko 90 stabala javorolisnog platana. U isto vrijeme bolest je bila prisutna na širem području Italije, a zabilježeni su izvještaji o njenom razornom djelovanju i u Francuskoj i Španiji. Istočni i javorolisni platan su izrazito osjetljivi na obojeni rak platana. Je- dinke zaražene ovim patogenom odumiru prije ili kasnije. Američki platan je znatno otporniji na ovu bolest. Gljiva ne može prodrijeti kroz neoštećene, prirodne barijere kojim se platani brane od štetnih uticaja okoline. Međutim, i najmanja povreda je dovoljna za prodor patogena i početak infekcije. Po- vrede grana nastale orezivanjem, povrede debla od najrazličitijih uzročnika, i povrede površinskih žila korjenovog sistema su najčešća mjesta prodora patogene gljive. Širenje patogena pomažu i vektori koji posjećuju zaražena stabla (Soulioti et al., 2015). Micelij gljive, nakon ostvarene infekcije, prodire u provodna tkiva bjeljike šireći se poprečno i uzdužno pri čemu je drugi pravac naglašeniji. Na taj način nastaju nekroze drveta i kore koje se šire brzinom 2–2,5 m godišnje. Zaražena jedinka prečnika 30–40 cm odumire za 2–3 godine. U zaraženom biljnom tkivu patogen se vrlo brzo razmnožava, bespolno za 2–3 dana, a spolno za 6–8 dana. U nekrotiranom tkivu potom se javljaju druge gljive, poput Pesta- lotiopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Dendrochium sp., Sphaeropsis sp., Asterosporium sp., koje otežavaju identifikacijuC. platani (Panconesi, 1999). Suzbijanje patogena fungicidima ne daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Metod injektovanja koji zaustavlja infekciju podrazumijeva ponavljanje tretmana svake tri godine. Za sada se ni biološkim mjerama patogen ne može suzbijati. Selekcijom se ne dobijaju kultivari koji su otporni na bolest, a istovremeno pogodni za uzgajanje u stanišnim uvjetima Evrope. Izuzetak u tom pogledu je hibrid nastao u Francuskoj koji je i komercijalno dostupan (Vigouroux and Simpozij Poljoprivreda i šumarstvo na kršu mediteransko-submediteranskog istočnojadranskog područja - stanje i perspektive 193 Posebna izdanja ANUBiH CLXXVI, OPMN 27, str. 191-200 Olivier 2004). Zbog svega navedenog, preventivne mjere zaštite platana su jedino rješenje. Stabla platana treba periodično pregledati i ona koja su zaražena odmah uklanjati. Krojenov sistem zaraženih stabala treba izvaditi. Pri tome treba po- sjeći i susjedna zdrava ili uvjetno zdrava stabla i njihov korijen također izva- diti. Sav biljni materijal nastao sječom, uključujući i piljevinu, treba brižljivo sakupiti i spaliti. Nakon uklanjanja biljnog materijala, okolni prostor treba dezinfikovati. Korišteni alat treba detaljno dezinfikovati. U zoni u kojoj je bolest prisutna, orezivanje grana svesti na nužnu mjeru i provoditi je u hlad- nijem dijelu godine (Pilotti et al., 2016). Nastale povrede treba dezinfikova- ti. Ponovna sadnja platana nije preporučljiva zbog toga što se patogen dugo vremena održava na ostacima korjenovog sistema. Alternativa je kompletna izmjena tla u široj zoni u kojoj će biti posađena nova jedinka i sadnja otpor- nog hibrida. Za provođenje navedenih mjera treba obezbjediti potrebna ma- terijalna sredstva i preduzeti organizacione mjere koje će obezbijediti dobru međusobnu saradnju svih zainteresiranih strana. Prema podacima Evropske i mediteranske organizacije za zaštitu zdravlja bilja (EPPO, 2018), C. platani je prisutan u: Albaniji, Armeniji, Francuskoj, Grčkoj, Italiji, Švajcarskoj i Turskoj.
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