International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-3, Spl. Issue-1 Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE OF A DOWNSTREAM BARRAGE DUE TO A NEW BALANCING RESERVOIR UPSTREAM

1KASIVISWANADH GORTHI, 2VISWESWARARAO MUKKAMALA

1Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University ; 2Mallareddy Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract- Prakasam Barrage is a tail end barrage on situated at in . Entire delta irrigation is catered by this structure. The flows of about 100 TMC from the catchment between Nagarjunasagar(NSP) a upstream reservoir and Prakasam barrage and regulated releases of 52.2 TMC are to be used for this project. A balancing reservoir at Pulichintala is constructed to utilise the intermediate yield effectively and to stabilise the irrigation under Krishna delta. This paper studies the improvement of Krishna delta system due to Pulichintala. The Integrated operation of NSP and Prakasam Barrage is done without Pulichintala considering the net inflows in to NSP after ultimate development and the demands planned under NSP and Prakasam Barrage using Mike basin and excel . The Pulichintala project is then introduced and the integrated operation of the three components are done. In both cases Standard Linear operation policy adopted. However in the 2ndscenario no releases are made to Prakasam Barrage from NSP if water is available at Pulichintala. The releases from Pulichintala in the 2ndscenario and releases from NSP in the first scenario to Prakasam Barrage are worked out considering the contributions from the respective intermediate catchments namely Pulichintala to Prakasam Barrage and NSP to Prakasam Barrage respectively. The results are compared for success and June requirements. It is found that the success rate of both NSP and Prakasam barrage have improved due to Pulichintala and the demand planned could be met at 75% reliability even in the ultimate scenario. It is observed in the ultimate scenario the demand of NSP can not be met in 14 years out of 47 years without Pulichintala and this comes to 13 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala . It is observed in the ultimate scenario the demand of Krishna delta can not be met in 13 years out of 47 years without Pulichintala and this comes to 12 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala The june requirements of Prakasam barrage could be met in 41 years out of 47 years as against 33 years without Pulichintala.

Key words- Krishna delta, Nagarjunasagar, Pulichintala, reservoir performance, reliability and success rate, Balancing reservoir.

I. INTRODUCTION The salient features of the two reservoirs Nagarjunasagar and Pulichintala are shown in Table The River Krishna rises in the Mahadev range of the 1. near Mahabaleshwar at an altitude of Table1 : Salient features of NSP and Pulichintala 1337m above sea level and flows through , and Andhra Pradesh gathering water on its way from innumerable rivers, streams or tributaries and drops into the Bay of Bengal. River Bhima and Tungabhara are major tributaries of river Krishna. Main Krishna, Bhima and Tungabhadra constitute the stems of the river Krishna. Jurala,Srisailam, Nagarjunasagar, Krishna delta are the major projects on main Krishna. A barrage known as Prakasam Barrage was constructed across river Krishna at Vijayawada at the tail end of the river. This project irrigates delta area of Krishna to ann extent of 12 lakh acres .Main crop grown is paddy. The requirement for this project was assessed as 181.2 TMC and the same was allocated by KWDT1 for this project. . Later on due to modernisation the project demand was reduced to152.2 TMC. The balance allocation of 29 TMC was proposed to be used for the projects Bhima upstream to an extent of 20 TMC and for meeting the evaporation losses in the Pulichintala reservoir newly proposed below NSP a major reservoir upstreamof prakasam Barrage to act as a balancing reservoir and to stabilise the Krishna delta irrigation.

Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream

1 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-3, Spl. Issue-1 Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in The demands planned under the projects NSP and Basin s output robustly helped to make necessary Krishna delta are shown in Table 2 decisions in case of trade off solutions between Table 2 Demands under NSP and Prakasam competing objectives in an efficient way.(Mike Basin studies on Australian river system , 2004, Fayyaz et.al) The studies were conducted on ORD river basin catchment in western Australia using Mike basin. The ORD catchment from Lake angels to the confluence of lower ORD and Dunham rivers has been simulated using the mike Basin water balancing model. The model incorporates daily time series of the catchment runoff -rainfall and evaporation from Jan 1906 to 2004. A detailed environmental provision for the lower ORD river water for stage 1 and 2 irrigation areas and for hydro power have been incorporated in the model. The model has

Note: All figures are in TMC, NSP- Nagarjuna sagar recommended an operative strategy for the current Project, HWS= Hyderabad water supply. conditions and range of future scenarios. The study Considering the net flows in to NSP after full indicated that annual streamflow D/s of Kunnuva upstream development the same are routed to meet diversion reduced due to increased industrial and the demands of NSP and Prakasam Barrage subject to drinking water requirement in the U/s. Stream flows reservoir constraints. The demands are Prakasam have further reduced due to irrigation development barrage over and above the utilisable flows from the U/S. (Studies conducted by Govt. of western intermediate flows in between NSP and Prakasam Australia for ORD river system using Mike Basin for Barrage are to be met from NSP. Then Pulichintala is the period 1906-2004, 2004 ) introduced and the integrated operation is conducted. Han Binh is a lareger reservoir in Vietnam. This plays The results are compared. The methodology adopted a importanr role in flood control of red river delta and is explained in detail in the methodology section. hydropower generation. This paper proposed to optimise the control strategies for this reservoir II. LITERATURE REVIEW operation by a combination of simulation and optimisation models. The control strategies are setup Mike Basin model was used considering the using Mike 11 and simulation model gides the hydrological and hydraulic simulation models. The releases from the reservoir depending on the current technology can be used for both long term goals as storage levels the hydro meteorological conditions well as short term goals. The fore casting and and time of the year. A heuristic global optimisation optimisation system is established with a decision models have been used with shuffled complex support system for real time operation. The model is evaluation algorithm was used for optimisation. The demonstrated on Han-Binh river in Vietnam results demonstrate that an optimised regulation can considering hydropower and flood control be found to this reservoir compared to present simulations with balanced optimisation solution regulations. This reduces the down stream flood ensured a substantial increase in hydro power peaks and maintains a high level of increasing production of 210 MKWH on an average per year. hydropower generation. The results also show that Real time optimisation in normal solutions provided SCE algorithm can be used efficiently in complex solutions that trades off between immediate and systems for optimisation.(Journal of hydrology, future volume of hydro power generation.(The April,2007, Long Lengo, Henrik madsen et.al) international journal on hydropower and ,2007, The Mike- Basin software was used for optimisation Vol.14 P.80-83 Henrick Maddison et.al) of reservoir operation. A frame work is developed in The study was made for application of efficient which a simulation model is coupled with approaches for optimal operation of multi purpose optimisation technique to optimise the decision reservoir operation systems . specifically the study variables defined for reservoir operation. The Mike was made for the objectives of demonstrating MOEA 11 system is adopted for simulating the flow in the based novel approach non dominated sorting genetic river system and Autocad software for optimisation . algorithm(NSGA-11)for multiple reservoir systems . The trade-off between various objectives also denoted Application of NSGA for effective optimisation of the set of non- dominated or paroto optimal solutions. inter connected reservoir operation demonstrate Mike The frame work was tested for Hoa- Binh reservoir in Basin a tool for integrated water resources Red river basin considering hydropower production management planning for multi reservoir systems and and down stream flood control. The results indicated application of Mike Basin to simulate inter connected that the optimal curves developed significantly reservoir operation system. It was proved that Mike improved the performance of the reservoir in terms of hydropower production without reducing the safety

Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream

2 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-3, Spl. Issue-1 Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in against flooding. Real time optimisation performed system.(Mike Basin studies on upper Salman river considering the reservoir inflows and reservoir levels basi, 10/2003) have indicated that the performance of the reservoir Adopting the mike basin procedures described above improved considerably and the flexibility of the the simulation model for the system of Krishna basin reservoir operation has also enhanced.(PHD thesis under consideration is developed and studied with 2006, Institute of environmental resources , Technical and without Pulichintala and the results are university of Denmark, Long Lengo compared. The Mike Basin river model was used to prepare a recommended operative policies for the current III. METHODOLOGY conditions in respect of ORD river system and used for a range of future scenarios. The scenarios range The net inflows into Almatti reservoir on the Krishna from combination of existing irrigation with moderate river are first estimated by considering the surplus hydropower demands to increase the levels of both flows from K1 sub basin , Part of K2 sub basin and irrigation and hydro power. The potential effects of K3 sub basin. Similarly the net contributions from the raising the ORD spillway to increase the storage is intervening catchments from Almatti- Narayanapur, also studied. The model indicated that because of the Narayapur-jurala, Jurala- srisailam , Srisailam – NSP, huge size of the reservoir evaporation losses NSP-Pulichintala and Pulichintala- Prakasam Barrage accounted for 26 % of overall annual losses. The are arrived at by adding the surplus flows of the module also indicated that a reliability level of 95 % respective sub basins. is ensured for planned irrigation with meeting 25 % For almatti-narayapur K2 part and K4 sub basin, For of the demands in very dry years while maximising Npur-Jurala K7 part and K6 sub-basins, For Jurala- the hydro power.(Department of water resources Srisailam K7 part and K8, k9 sub basins, for &hydrology western Australia series report , May Srisailam- NSP K7 part , for NSP- Pulichintala K10 2010) and part of K7, and for Pulichintala-Prakasam Barrage K7 part and K11, K12 are considered. These In this paper Mike Basin modelling system developed net flows are routed adopting Mike basin software by DHI was used for simulating the river flow system with excel interface for the two scenarios namely and reservoir operations. The structure control with and without Pulichintala. While considering the module allows to implement complex strategies scenario 2 the intervening flows from NSP- Prakasam where by reservoirs can be operated by defining a Barrage are considered as total of NSP- Pulichintala number of control strategies with various conditions. and Pulichintala- Prakasam Barrage. The use of several control strategies makes it possible Standard operating policy is followed in both the to operate multi reservoir system which have large scenarios. i.e no drawals below MDDL and spills number of objectives. MIKE-11 is combined with a when the reservoir reaches FRL. However numerical tool that is used for optimising different evaporation is allowed below MDDL also. The control variables defined for various reservoir operation is on monthly basis . The period considered strategies. Real time optimisation decision support is 47 years i.e from 1961-62 to 2007-08 the period system was developed for short term and long term considered by KWDT 2. No releases will be made operations. The model is applied to Han-Binh river. when water is available at the down stream reservoir The study aimed at meeting the D/S demands of and the deficits considering the initial storage will be irrigation avoiding saline flows and enhancing drawn from upstream reservoir. protection and the saving the valuable water In case of Prakasam Barrage the drawals are decided resources. The model developed on daily basis can be considering the intermediate catchment contributions used for improving the efficiency of the system.( on monthly basis for both the scenarios. In the first Presented in conference NZSOLD, 2007, TerryVAn scenario the utilisable flow between Pulichintala- et.al) Prakasam Barrage is considered and in the second the The Mike basin system was used to develop a tool for utilisable flow between NSP- Prakasam Barrage is Salman River system in the year 2003. This tool considered. enables to evaluate plans by viewing simulation The additional flow which can not be utilised from results with GIS back ground that can show the river NSP-Pulichintala catchment in the first scenario due points of diversion return flows irrigation demands to lack of storage at Prakasam Barrage could be put to and canal service areas all super imposed on aerial use in the second scenario because of the storage at photography of the area. The Microsoft excel Pulichintala. interface was developed to help in giving the input data and obtaining output data in a structural way. IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS This model was used for deciding the optimal policy of operation of the above river system and can be The results of the studies for both the scenarios improved as and when new data is received as it is obtained from the integrated working tables prepared also a dynamic model. The module developed has are shown in Table 3. improved the operation of the reservoirs in the river

Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream

3 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-3, Spl. Issue-1 Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in Table 3. Results of comparative study with and without Puli R

From the above it could be seen that Hyderabad individual years and months can be met by drawing Water supply (HWS) demands can be met in 21 below MDDL up to +490 (MDDL +510.00 ft). years out of 47 years. However the average met with Similarly the NSP irrigation demands can be met in Pulichintala to an extent of 13.65 TMC as against 26 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala and in 25 13.23 TMC without Pulichintala. The deficits in years out of 47 years without Pulichintala . the

Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream

4 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-3, Spl. Issue-1 Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in average demand met is 225.76 TMC with Pulichintala quantum of deficit to be met from the storage below as against 223.30 TMC without Pulichintala. If you MDDL reduced due to Pulichintala. For irrigation consider success with 10 % deficit ( marginal failure) the deficits have reduced considerably. the success rate works out to 34 years out of 47 years For Krishna delta the ayacut got stabilised and 75 % with Pulichintala and33 years out of 47 years without success could be achieved with Pulichintala. Pulichintala.The demands of Krishna delta can be (considering marginal deficits as success). The met in 30 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala quantum of deficits have also reduced and there is a and in 24 years out of 47 years with out Pulichintala. overall improvement of 6 TMC on an average. The average demand that can be met for Krishna The june demands can be met in 41 yeas out of 47 delta is 137.63 TMC with Pulichintala as against years due to Pulichintala thus ensuring guarantied 131.89 TMC with out Pulichintala. Considering the supplies for Nurseries and part of transplantation. The 10 % deficit as success the demands can be met in 35 deficit quantum has also reduced by 0.81 TMC on an years out of 47 years with Pulichintala i.e 75 % as average. against 34 years out of 47 years without Pulichintala The demands of June are required for nurseries and REFERENCES part transplantation of paddy in Krishna delta. This requirement is to be met from surface sources of [1] Henrick Maddison et.al-reservoir system simulation and water. These demands can be met in 41 years out of optimisation models-The international journal on hydropower and dams,2007, Vol.14 P.80-83 47 years with Pulichintala as against 33 years out of [2] Eayyaz et.al- Mike basin studies on australian river system- 47 years with out Pulichintala. The average demand mike basin reports for tanzania australin capital territory,2004 met with Pulichintala is 5.25 TMC as against 4.44 [3] Studies conducted by government of westren australia for TMC without Pulichintala. ORD river for the period 1906-2004- mike basin studies,2004 [4] Long lengo et.al-simulation and optimisation modelling approach for the operation of Hon- Banh river,vietnam- CONCLUSIONS journal of hydrology,4/2007 [5] Long lengo et.al-optimisation of reservoir systems-phd thesis The system performance has considerably improved 2006, technical university of denmark [6] Department of water resources &hydrology western Australia with the introduction of Pulichintala. It has helped in series report , May 2010 improved performance not only for Krishna delta but [7] Terry van et.al-securing water for future-presented in also to NSP as the stress on NSP has reduced. The conference in Newzeland,2007 demands of HWS, and NSP irrigation have shown [8] Mike basin studies-studies on Salman river basin ,developing the upper salman river basin-10/2003 marked improvement and the success rate of near 75 [9] CWC gauge data of Krishna river system % could be achieved in this project. For HWS the

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Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream

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