Mapping of Critical Community Facilities in Krishna Flood Prone Divisions
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VIJAYAWADA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION 2019 MAPPING OF CRITICAL COMMUNITY FACILITIES IN KRISHNA FLOOD PRONE DIVISIONS SUBMITTED BY: Contents 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Flood Disasters ............................................................................................................ 1 Causes of Floods .................................................................................................. 2 Impact of Floods: ................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Global Trends .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Situation in India ......................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Andhra Pradesh ........................................................................................................... 6 2 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 8 2.1 Need of the Study: ....................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Scope of the Work ....................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Objectives: ................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 9 3 VIJAYAWADA CITY –PROFILE .............................................................................. 11 3.1 Historical Background and Special Features of the City .......................................... 12 3.2 Location and physical setting .................................................................................... 13 Physical characteristics of the city ..................................................................... 13 Linkages and Connectivity ................................................................................ 13 3.3 Vijayawada Growth Pattern ...................................................................................... 15 3.4 Planning Zones and Wards ........................................................................................ 17 3.5 Geology and Geography............................................................................................ 20 Geography .......................................................................................................... 20 Soil ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.6 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 20 4 KRISHNA FLOOD VULNERABLE AREAS ............................................................ 21 4.1 Krishna River Basin .................................................................................................. 21 i 4.2 Krishna River at Krishna District .............................................................................. 22 Flood prone Mandals in Krishna district ........................................................... 22 4.3 Krishna River at Vijayawada Municipal Corporation .............................................. 24 Prakasam Barrage .............................................................................................. 24 4.4 Krishna river flood prone areas in Vijayawada Municipal Corporation ................... 25 4.5 Reasons for Flooding ................................................................................................ 26 4.6 Previous Flood Incidents ........................................................................................... 27 4.7 2019 Flood Hazard .................................................................................................... 28 4.8 Analysis of the 2019 Flood ....................................................................................... 28 4.9 Aerial Survey of the Krishna Flood prone areas: ...................................................... 29 Aerial photographs during and Post Flood August 2019 ................................... 30 5 IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF CRITICAL COMMUNITY FACILITIES .......................................................................................................................... 45 5.1 Field Survey .............................................................................................................. 46 5.2 Maps of Critical Community Facilities in Flood Prone Divisions of VMC ............. 49 ii Background India is vested with a unique climatic regime with two monsoon seasons, two cyclone seasons (pre monsoon and post monsoon cyclones), hot weather season with violent precipitation and a cold weather season. The human society and the natural environment are vulnerable to a number of natural hazards. Around 57% of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes, 28% is vulnerable to droughts, 12% is vulnerable to floods and 8% of the land is vulnerable to cyclones. Natural disasters in India have led to serious financial consequences which have mounted up year after year. Approximately around one million houses are damaged annually in the country compounded with loss of lives and economic losses. In the recent years the world has endured large number of natural disasters, among which one of the most disastrous is flood, that present a potential threat to both life and property. Flood is an overflow of water that submerges the land. Its effects include structural damages, erosion, contamination of food and water, disruption of socioeconomic activity including transport and communication, as well as loss of life and property. India is one of the worst flood affected countries, being second in the world after Bangladesh. Severe floods occur almost every year in at least one part of the country. Although floods are natural phenomena, human activities and human interventions into the processes of nature, such as alterations in the drainage patterns from urbanisation, agricultural practices and deforestation, have considerably changed the situation in whole river basins. In the same time, exposition to risk and vulnerability in flood-prone area have been growing constantly. Developed and implemented proactive tools can help the vulnerable communities to protect themselves, their livelihoods and settlements from the impacts of disastrous natural hazards. One of the first steps in mitigating the hazardous events and reducing vulnerability is to recognize the importance of "preventive concepts" rather than "responsive strategy". In other words, addressing hazards and vulnerability "before" rather than "after" events has recently received the prior focus. The aim of the work is to Map the Flood prone areas and to develop a critical community facilities database of the Krishna Flood Divisions in Vijayawada Municipal Corporation for an effective emergency management. The objective of mapping critical community facilities includes prevention of loss of life and property, smooth transfer of affected people from home to evacuation shelter as well as notifying the residents about potential damage and enhancing their awareness about the importance for disaster preparedness iii 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Flood Disasters Flooding is a condition where water or mud overflows onto land that is normally dry, which is caused by heavy rain or torrents of water from other areas in higher places. Flooding can inundate land such as agricultural lands, settlements, and City centres. Flooding can also occur due to a volume of water or discharge that flows in a river or through a drainage channel that exceeds beyond its drainage capacity. Water overflow is usually not a problem if it does not cause losses, deaths, or injuries, and does not remain in settlements for a long time or cause other problems in daily life. But on the contrary, if water is pooled with a high enough, and occurs in a long time of course this can complicate human activity. During a flood event, variables such as depth of water, velocity of flows and duration of inundation, in combination with land use attributes, all contribute to the relative severity of flood impacts. Floods of greater depth are likely to result in greater environmental damage than floods of lesser magnitude. Floods have the greatest damage potential of all natural disasters worldwide and affect the greatest number of people. On a global basis, there is evidence that the number of people affected and economic damages resulting from flooding are on the rise at an alarming rate. Extreme flooding events are not relegated to the least developed nations, but can also devastate and ravage the most economically advanced and industrialized nations. In the last decade there has been catastrophic flooding in Bangladesh, China, India, Germany, Mozambique, Poland, the United States and elsewhere. The damaging effects of floods are complex. Floods frequently cause major infrastructure damage, including disruption to roads, rail lines, airports, electricity supply systems, water supplies and sewage disposal systems. The economic effects of floods are often much greater than indicated by the physical effects of floodwater coming into contact with buildings and their contents. Indirect economic losses typically spread