DOCSLIB.ORG

Behavioral and Neurophysiological Studies in Big Brown Bats

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Behavioral and Neurophysiological Studies in Big Brown Bats ORIENTING IN 3D SPACE: BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN BIG BROWN BATS By Ninad B. Kothari A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland December 2017 © 2017 Ninad B. Kothari All Rights Reserved Abstract In their natural environment, animals engage in a wide range of behavioral tasks that require them to orient to stimuli in three-dimensional space, such as navigating around obstacles, reaching for objects and escaping from predators. Echolocating bats, for example, have evolved a high-resolution 3D acoustic orienting system that allows them to localize and track small moving targets in azimuth, elevation and range. The bat’s active control over the features of its echolocation signals contributes directly to the information represented in its sonar receiver, and its adaptive adjustments in sonar signal design provide a window into the acoustic features that are important for different behavioral tasks. When bats inspect sonar objects and require accurate 3D localization of targets, they produce sonar sound groups (SSGs), which are clusters of sonar calls produced at short intervals and flanked by long interval calls. SSGs are hypothesized to enhance the bat’s range resolution, but this hypothesis has not been directly tested. We first, in Chapter 2, provide a comprehensive comparison of SSG production of bats flying in the field and in the lab under different environmental conditions. Further, in Chapter 3, we devise an experiment to specifically compare SSG production under conditions when target motion is predictable and unpredictable, with the latter mimicking natural conditions where bats chase erratically moving prey. Data from both of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that SSGs improve the bat’s spatio-temporal resolution of target range, and provide a behavioral foundation for the analysis and interpretation of neural recording data in chapters 4 and 6. The complex orienting behaviors exhibited by animals can be understood as a feedback loop between sensing and action. A primary brain structure involved in sensorimotor integration is the midbrain superior colliculus (SC). The SC is a widely studied brain region and has been ii implicated in species-specific orienting behaviors. However, most studies of the SC have investigated its functional organization using synthetic 2D (azimuth and elevation) stimuli in restrained animals, leaving gaps in our knowledge of how 3D space (azimuth, elevation and distance) is represented in the CNS. In contrast, the representation of stimulus distance in the auditory systems of bats has been widely studied. Almost all of these studies have been conducted in passively listening bats, thus severing the loop between sensing and action and leaving gaps in our knowledge regarding how target distance is represented in the auditory system of actively echolocating bats. In chapters 4, 5 and 6, we attempt to fill gaps in our knowledge by recording from the SC of free flying echolocating bats engaged in a naturalistic navigation task where bats produce SSGs. In chapter 4, we provide a framework to compute time- of-arrival and direction of the instantaneous echo stimuli received at the bats ears. In chapters 5 and 6, we provide an algorithm to classify neural activity in the SC as sensory, sensorimotor and premotor and then compute spatial receptive fields of SC neurons. Our results show that neurons in the SC of the free-flying echolocating bat respond selectively to stimulus azimuth, elevation and range. Importantly, we find that SC neuron response profiles are modulated by the bat’s behavioral state, indicated by the production of SSG. Broadly, we use both behavior and electrophysiology to understand the action- perception loop that supports spatial orientation by echolocation. We believe that the results and methodological advances presented here will open doors to further studies of sensorimotor integration in freely behaving animals. iii Advisor: Dr. Cynthia Moss Internal Committee: Drs. Peter Holland, Shreesh Mysore and Susan Courtney. External Committee: Drs. Veit Stuphorn, Mounya Elhilali and Noah Cowan iv Dedication To my family In loving memory of Dr. Chintan Oza vi Acknowledgements MENTORS I am thankful to Cindy (Dr. Moss) for her support, guidance, encouragement and the extraordinary amount of freedom and trust she conferred on me. I have learnt many things from Cindy and a few of them (of the many) I hope to always keep with me are, hard work and dedication to ones work, always appreciating the good qualities in people, always and immediately responding to emails (as she says – it only takes a few seconds), sharing data and information with others and, the art of working efficiently. I deeply share Cindy’s constant endeavor to understand the neural correlates of complex behaviors when animals are freely moving (and flying!) and engaged in naturalistic tasks. Everyone deserves a second chance, and for that, I must thank Cindy for giving me a second chance, when she accepted me in her lab after I spent one year in Dr. Butt’s lab at UMCP. For that matter, I also thank, Dan (Dr. Butt), for giving me my first break in the completely new field (for me) of neuroscience. I am not sure how, I can ever thank Shreesh enough. In the completely new environment at JHU, I found in Shreesh both a mentor and a friend. I will always be indebted to him for time he has spent with me discussing spatial receptive fields and life. I have an immense amount of respect for him and I am extremely excited to join his lab as a post doc. I would like to sincerely thank my entire thesis and proposal committee - Drs. Peter Holland, Veit Stuphorn, Shreesh Mysore, Mounya Elhilali, Susan Courtney, Noah Cowan, Jonathan Flombaum and of course, Cindy – for taking out time from their busy schedules to read my infinitely long thesis. vii I have learnt a lot from all the amazing mentors that I have had the good fortune of working and interacting with, and, I believe, the best way to thank them is to carry these principles forward. LAB MEMBERS In my five (5+) years in the lab, I have made some life-long friendships that I will always carry forward with me. My graduate life would have been very dull without these amazing people. My trajectory in the Batlab would have been very different had it not been for Mel (Dr. Wohlgemuth, as he likes to be addressed in public. Rightfully too!). He has been my mentor as well; I learnt all of my wet lab and surgery skills from him. It is surprising at how fun science can be, when you find a collaborator and friend, like Mel (hopefully, he also learnt a thing or two from me). I will always cherish the ‘lunch, coffee and walk times’ that Mel, Ben and I used to squeeze into our daily schedules (but, we can continue, as I am not going far). The more time you spend with Ben, the more you appreciate him. In the short period of time that Mohit and I overlapped in the lab, we became quite close friends. Mohit actually suggested and pushed me to record from flying bats (it actually worked!). In the past two years, I have had the good fortune of collaborating with Jinhong, whom I have come to respect as a very passionate and meticulous scientist (when are we going to make a video of a bat dancing to the Zootopia song!). And, how can I forget Wei Xian, she is the person, who, behind the scenes, keeps the Batlab machinery so well oiled (Thanks a ton, Wei!). I would also like to thank the many Batlab members that I have had the good fortune of working and interacting with - Silvio, Wu-Jung, Aaron, Michaela, Angie, viii Brittney, Iven, Susanne, Chen, Dallas and Anand. I also want to thank my office mate, first for getting down on his knees and scrubbing our office floor and second, for all the great conversations we have had about science and life. I wish them all the best for their future success and look forward to their scientific contributions. FRIENDS I made lifelong friendships during my PhD years, but I cannot forget the evergreen friendships from the past that gave me the support and strength to carry on for all these years. The undying spirit of Ashutosh Tandon (Ashu) would be enough to make me want to continue with my PhD no matter how difficult and impossible it seemed. The wise and always unbiased advice from Saurabh Gupta would always be the checkpoint for my decisions. Sandeep Pandya and his wife Mamta have always been an inspiration for me. Their unflinching dedication towards their child has given me the confidence that no matter what the odds, there is always a way to overcome all difficulties. I would also like to thanks Sudipto Ghosh and Aditya Mutalik. They (and their families) have been part of our support system in the US. FAMILY Education, and even research, begins first at home and only later on in school or university; this is a maxim common in India, and, is very true in my case. Both of my parents have made tremendous sacrifices for empowering, my brother (Nishad) and me, with education and philosophy of life and values of dedication and passion towards ones work. They gave me the freedom to learn and explore, ask questions and also the confidence and ability to search for answers. I remember, as a 4 year old, my mother would take me to the local park (kamati baug) ix and I would spend the entire day, catching insects, searching for frogs and lizards and playing with other kids.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Five Topographically Organized Fields in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Flying Fox: Microelectrode Maps, Myeloarchitecture, and Cortical Modules
    THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 317:1-30 (1992) Five Topographically Organized Fields in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Flying Fox: Microelectrode Maps, Myeloarchitecture, and Cortical Modules LEAH A. KRUBITZER AND MIKE B. CALFORD Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia 4072 ABSTRACT Five somatosensory fields were defined in the grey-headed flying fox by using microelec- trode mapping procedures. These fields are: the primary somatosensory area, SI or area 3b; a field caudal to area 3b, area 1/2; the second somatosensory area, SII; the parietal ventral area, PV; and the ventral somatosensory area, VS. A large number of closely spaced electrode penetrations recording multiunit activity revealed that each of these fields had a complete somatotopic representation. Microelectrode maps of somatosensory fields were related to architecture in cortex that had been flattened, cut parallel to the cortical surface, and stained for myelin. Receptive field size and some neural properties of individual fields were directly compared. Area 3b was the largest field identified and its topography was similar to that described in many other mammals. Neurons in 3b were highly responsive to cutaneous stimulation of peripheral body parts and had relatively small receptive fields. The myeloarchi- tecture revealed patches of dense myelination surrounded by thin zones of lightly myelinated cortex. Microelectrode recordings showed that myelin-dense and sparse zones in 3b were related to neurons that responded consistently or habituated to repetitive stimulation respectively. In cortex caudal to 3b, and protruding into 3b, a complete representation of the body surface adjacent to much of the caudal boundary of 3b was defined.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in the Cricket Cercal Sensory System
    The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1, 1999, 19(5):1771–1781 Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in the Cricket Cercal Sensory System Sussan Paydar,2 Caitlin A. Doan,2 and Gwen A. Jacobs1 1Center for Computational Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, and 2Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the segregation was investigated, by calculating the relative over- cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and lap between the long and medium-length hair afferents with the frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long dendrites of two interneurons that are known to have different mechanoreceptor hairs (.1000 mm) are most sensitive to low- frequency sensitivities. Both interneurons were shown to have frequency air currents (,150 Hz); receptors innervating nearly equal anatomical overlap with long and medium hair medium-length hairs (900–500 mm) are most sensitive to higher afferents. Thus, the differential overlap of these interneurons frequency ranges (150–400 Hz). Previous studies demonstrated with the two different classes of afferents was not adequate to that the projection pattern of the synaptic arborizations of long explain the observed frequency selectivity of the interneurons. hair receptor afferents form a continuous map of air current Other mechanisms such as selective connectivity between direction within the terminal abdominal ganglion (Jacobs and subsets of afferents and interneurons and/or differences in Theunissen, 1996). We demonstrate here that the projection interneuron biophysical properties must play a role in establish- pattern of the medium-length hair afferents also forms a con- ing the frequency selectivities of these interneurons.
    [Show full text]
  • Portia Perceptions: the Umwelt of an Araneophagic Jumping Spider
    Portia Perceptions: The Umwelt of an Araneophagic Jumping 1 Spider Duane P. Harland and Robert R. Jackson The Personality of Portia Spiders are traditionally portrayed as simple, instinct-driven animals (Savory, 1928; Drees, 1952; Bristowe, 1958). Small brain size is perhaps the most compelling reason for expecting so little flexibility from our eight-legged neighbors. Fitting comfortably on the head of a pin, a spider brain seems to vanish into insignificance. Common sense tells us that compared with large-brained mammals, spiders have so little to work with that they must be restricted to a circumscribed set of rigid behaviors, flexibility being a luxury afforded only to those with much larger central nervous systems. In this chapter we review recent findings on an unusual group of spiders that seem to be arachnid enigmas. In a number of ways the behavior of the araneophagic jumping spiders is more comparable to that of birds and mammals than conventional wisdom would lead us to expect of an arthropod. The term araneophagic refers to these spiders’ preference for other spiders as prey, and jumping spider is the common English name for members of the family Saltici- dae. Although both their common and the scientific Latin names acknowledge their jumping behavior, it is really their unique, complex eyes that set this family of spiders apart from all others. Among spiders (many of which have very poor vision), salticids have eyes that are by far the most specialized for resolving fine spatial detail. We focus here on the most extensively studied genus, Portia. Before we discuss the interrelationship between the salticids’ uniquely acute vision, their predatory strategies, and their apparent cognitive abilities, we need to offer some sense of what kind of animal a jumping spider is; to do this, we attempt to offer some insight into what we might call Portia’s personality.
    [Show full text]
  • Will Justify Win the Triple Crown?
    Will there be a Triple Crown Winner this year? Mike E. Smith on Justify, Kentucky Derby On May 5, Justify won the Kentucky Derby. There are 2 more thoroughbred horse races that he has to enter and win in order to win the Triple Crown of thoroughbred Racing ... the Preakness and the Belmont. Can he do it? What are his chances? The three races that make up the Triple Crown are the (1) Kentucky Derby, the (2) Preakness Stakes, and the (3) Belmont Stakes. Kentucky Derby races began in 1875; Preakness races began in 1870; and the Belmont began in 1867. But in all of those years since these races began only 12 horses have won all three. Triple Crown winners Year Winner Jockey 2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza 1978 Affirmed Steve Cauthen 1977 Seattle Slew Jean Cruguet 1973 Secretariat Ron Turcotte 1948 Citation Eddie Arcaro 1946 Assault Warren Mehrtens 1943 Count Fleet Johnny Longden 1941 Whirlaway Eddie Arcaro 1937 War Admiral Charles Kurtsinger 1935 Omaha Willie "Smokey" Saunders 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande 1919 Sir Barton Johnny Loftus Even though all three races have been in existence since 1875, let's start considering our data when the first horse won all three races in 1919 ... Sir Barton won. 1. How many years have elapsed between 1919 and now? There are different ways to look at what might be the most usual gap between winners. We could figure out the gap that occurs most often (mode); or what the mean number of years of a gap is; or what is the most central measurement (median) of the various gaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Keystone State *S
    VEMBER, 1971 „e Keystone State *s FISHING BOATWG Ma 25c / Single Copy V VIEWPOINT by ROBERT J. B1ELO Executive Director Fall Is For Fishing In years gone by November fishermen were almost a total rarity. Today we find increasing numbers of anglers remaining on the streams and lakes well into November. Two of the reasons for this late fall fishing enthusiasm are the muskellunge and the coho sal­ mon. Probablv the fall coho run in Lake Erie has brought about the greatest single change in fish­ ing habits of many Western Pennsylvania anglers. Until the Commission's coho program was initiated, Erie's windswept shores were barren of late fall fishermen except for a few of the very hardiest types. Now hundreds of anglers flock to Lake Erie shores, congregating at the mouths of small tributaries such as Trout Run and Godfrey Run, casting into the often rough and unruly surf for coho. Others fish from boats with the Commission Walnut Creek access being the major launching point. In a single weekend it's not unusual for 600 fishing boats to be launched at this busy area that is now protected by large stone and steel jetties. Fall musky fishermen make a much less spectacular sight on our waterways. They usually ap­ pear as singles or twosomes, patiently anchored or maybe quietly drifting, waiting for the excite­ ment of a "hit" from a feeding muskellunge. Members of this growing group of cold weather anglers can be seen at dozens of places today. And, of course, our smallmouth bass fishing at this time of year can really make a chilly day seem much warmer.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Media Guide NYRA.Com 1 FIRST RUNNING the First Running of the Belmont Stakes in 1867 at Jerome Park Took Place on a Thursday
    2018 Media Guide NYRA.com 1 FIRST RUNNING The first running of the Belmont Stakes in 1867 at Jerome Park took place on a Thursday. The race was 1 5/8 miles long and the conditions included “$200 each; half forfeit, and $1,500-added. The second to receive $300, and an English racing saddle, made by Merry, of St. James TABLE OF Street, London, to be presented by Mr. Duncan.” OLDEST TRIPLE CROWN EVENT CONTENTS The Belmont Stakes, first run in 1867, is the oldest of the Triple Crown events. It predates the Preakness Stakes (first run in 1873) by six years and the Kentucky Derby (first run in 1875) by eight. Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby, ran second in the 1875 Belmont behind winner Calvin. RECORDS AND TRADITIONS . 4 Preakness-Belmont Double . 9 FOURTH OLDEST IN NORTH AMERICA Oldest Triple Crown Race and Other Historical Events. 4 Belmont Stakes Tripped Up 19 Who Tried for Triple Crown . 9 The Belmont Stakes, first run in 1867, is one of the oldest stakes races in North America. The Phoenix Stakes at Keeneland was Lowest/Highest Purses . .4 How Kentucky Derby/Preakness Winners Ran in the Belmont. .10 first run in 1831, the Queens Plate in Canada had its inaugural in 1860, and the Travers started at Saratoga in 1864. However, the Belmont, Smallest Winning Margins . 5 RUNNERS . .11 which will be run for the 150th time in 2018, is third to the Phoenix (166th running in 2018) and Queen’s Plate (159th running in 2018) in Largest Winning Margins .
    [Show full text]
  • Early Events in Olfactory Processing
    ANRV278-NE29-06 ARI 8 May 2006 15:38 Early Events in Olfactory Processing Rachel I. Wilson1 and Zachary F. Mainen2 1Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; email: rachel [email protected] 2Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Neurosci. Key Words 2006. 29:163–201 olfactory bulb, antennal lobe, chemotopy, temporal coding, The Annual Review of Neuroscience is online at synchrony, concentration, segmentation by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 07/17/06. For personal use only. neuro.annualreviews.org Abstract doi: 10.1146/ annurev.neuro.29.051605.112950 Olfactory space has a higher dimensionality than does any other class Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2006.29:163-201. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org Copyright c 2006 by of sensory stimuli, and the olfactory system receives input from an Annual Reviews. All rights unusually large number of unique information channels. This sug- reserved gests that aspects of olfactory processing may differ fundamentally 0147-006X/06/0721- from processing in other sensory modalities. This review summa- 0163$20.00 rizes current understanding of early events in olfactory processing. We focus on how odors are encoded by the activity of primary olfac- tory receptor neurons, how odor codes may be transformed in the olfactory bulb, and what relevance these codes may have for down- stream neurons in higher brain centers. Recent findings in synaptic physiology, neural coding, and psychophysics are discussed, with ref- erence to both vertebrate and insect model systems. 163 ANRV278-NE29-06 ARI 8 May 2006 15:38 Contents CHALLENGES TO Systematic Progression in UNDERSTANDING Molecular Feature OLFACTORY PROCESSING .
    [Show full text]
  • By Mike Shutty, Horseracingnation.Com Early Edition
    By Mike Shutty, HorseRacingNation.com Early Edition HORSE RACING NATION’S KENTUCKY DERBY SUPER SCREENER INTRODUCTION There are countless ways to dissect the probable Kentucky Derby field in search of the ultimate winner. Dosage Index, Dual Qualifier status, pedigree, Speed Ratings, prep race quality, Graded Stakes wins, workouts days before the Derby and a trainer’s Derby record are just a few of the criteria that people use when assessing a field of probable Derby contenders. These types of factors fall in and out of favor over the years and each has had its share of success in helping track down a Kentucky Derby winner. Each year, we are reminded of other important, proven screening criteria we should keep in mind as we handicap the Kentucky Derby. Examples would include the following: • Don’t bet to win on Derby entrants that have never run as a 2 year-old. Most recently, Curlin and Bodemeister tried to overcome this long-standing tenant but both came up a bit short in their respective Kentucky Derby endeavors. • Only one horse (Regret) has ever won the Derby off just 3 lifetime starts (make that only two horses now that Big Brown achieved this feat in 2008) • Post position 20 has never produced a winner (Big Brown busted that one as well and I’ll Have Another won from the 19 hole in 2012 so this screening criteria weakens some as a result) • Must have a final prep race run at the mile and eighth distance (Charismatic was able to break that barrier in winning the 1999 Kentucky Derby as have several second place Derby finishers) • Must
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroethology in Neuroscience Why Study an Exotic Animal
    Neuroethology in Neuroscience or Why study an exotic animal Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen for their discoveries concerning "organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns". Behaviour patterns become explicable when interpreted as the result of natural selection, analogous with anatomical and physiological characteristics. This year's prize winners hold a unique position in this field. They are the most eminent founders of a new science, called "the comparative study of behaviour" or "ethology" (from ethos = habit, manner). Their first discoveries were made on insects, fishes and birds, but the basal principles have proved to be applicable also on mammals, including man. Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen Ammophila the sand wasp Black headed gull Niko Tinbergen’s four questions? 1. How the behavior of the animal affects its survival and reproduction (function)? 2. By how the behavior is similar or different from behaviors in other species (phylogeny)? 3. How the behavior is shaped by the animal’s own experiences (ontogeny)? 4. How the behavior is manifested at the physiological level (mechanism)? Neuroethology as a sub-field in brain research • A large variety of research models and a tendency to focus on esoteric animals and systems (specialized behaviors). • Studying animals while ignoring the relevancy to humans. • Studying the brain in the context of the animal’s natural behavior. • Top-down approach. Archer fish Prof. Ronen Segev Ben-Gurion University Neuroethology as a sub-field in brain research • A large variety of research models and a tendency to focus on esoteric animals and systems (specialized behaviors).
    [Show full text]
  • Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour Second Edition
    Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour Second Edition This new edition of Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour has been updated and expanded by Peter Simmons and David Young in order to offer a comprehensive introduction to the field of neuroethology while still maintaining the accessibility of the book to university students. Two new chapters have been added, broadening the scope of the book by describing changes in behaviour and how networks of nerve cells control behaviour. The book explains the way in which the nervous systems of animals control behaviour without assuming that the reader has any prior knowledge of neurophysiology. Using a carefully selected series of behaviour patterns, students are taken from an elementary-level introduction to a point at which sufficient detail has been assimilated to allow a satisfying insight into current research on how nervous systems control and generate behaviour. Only examples for which it has been possible to establish a clear link between the activity of particular nerve cells and a pattern of behaviour have been used. Important and possibly unfamiliar terminology is defined directly or by context when it first appears and is printed in bold type. At the end of each chapter, the authors have added a list of suggestions for further reading, and specific topics are highlighted in boxes within the text. Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students of zoology, psychology and physiology and serves as a clear introduction to the field of neuroethology. is a Lecturer in the Department of Neurobiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, and is a Reader in the Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Big Brown Trainer Admits Giving Horse Steroids: Report Page 1 of 1
    Print Story: Big Brown trainer admits giving horse steroids: report Page 1 of 1 Big Brown trainer admits giving horse steroids: report Fri May 16, 3:20 PM ET AFP US Triple Crown hopeful Big Brown has received regularly monthly treatments of Winstrol, an anabolic steroid banned in 10 states but not any where Triple Crown horse races are contested. On Friday, the eve of Kentucky Derby winner Big Brown's attempt to win the second leg of the treble here at the Preakness, the New York Daily News reported that trainer Rick Dutrow administers the steroid to all his horses. "I give all my horses Winstrol on the 15th of every month," Dutrow told the newspaper. "If (authorities) say I can't use it anymore, I won't." Winstrol, also known as Stanozolol, is legal in 28 of 38 states with horse racing - including Kentucky, Maryland and New York, where the final race in the triple crown, the Belmont Stakes, will be contested next month. But the steroid is among four allowed only for therapeutic use in the other 10 states with racing. Racing Medication and Testing Consortium executive director Scot Waterman told the News that he expects other states to adopt the more limited rules on Winstrol before next year's Triple Crown races. "We're pretty confident that all of the states will be done with the rule-making process by the end of the year," he said. Waterman said that should one of Dutrow's horses have been injected Thursday and raced this weekend in one of the 10 states with therapeutic-only rules, it would likely test positive for a banned substance.
    [Show full text]
  • Status Report and Assessment of Big Brown Bat, Little Brown Myotis
    SPECIES STATUS REPORT Big Brown Bat, Little Brown Myotis, Northern Myotis, Long-eared Myotis, and Long-legged Myotis (Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis evotis, and Myotis volans) Dlé ne ( ) Daatsadh natandi ( wic y wic i ) Daat i i (T i wic i ) T ( wy ) ( c ) Sérotine brune, vespertilion brun, vespertilion nordique, vespertilion à longues oreilles, vespertilion à longues pattes (French) April 2017 DATA DEFICIENT – Big brown bat SPECIAL CONCERN – Little brown myotis SPECIAL CONCERN – Northern myotis DATA DEFICIENT – Long-eared myotis DATA DEFICIENT – Long-legged myotis Status of Big Brown Bat, Little Brown Myotis, Northern Myotis, Long-eared Myotis, and Long-legged Myotis in the NWT Species at Risk Committee status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of species suspected of being at risk in the Northwest Territories (NWT). Suggested citation: Species at Risk Committee. 2017. Species Status Report for Big Brown Bat, Little Brown Myotis, Northern Myotis, Long-eared Myotis, and Long-legged Myotis (Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis evotis, and Myotis volans) in the Northwest Territories. Species at Risk Committee, Yellowknife, NT. © Government of the Northwest Territories on behalf of the Species at Risk Committee ISBN: 978-0-7708-0248-6 Production note: The drafts of this report were prepared by Jesika Reimer and Tracey Gotthardt under contract with the Government of the Northwest Territories, and edited by Claire Singer. For additional copies contact: Species at Risk Secretariat c/o SC6, Department of Environment and Natural Resources P.O. Box 1320 Yellowknife, NT X1A 2L9 Tel.: (855) 783-4301 (toll free) Fax.: (867) 873-0293 E-mail: [email protected] www.nwtspeciesatrisk.ca ABOUT THE SPECIES AT RISK COMMITTEE The Species at Risk Committee was established under the Species at Risk (NWT) Act.
    [Show full text]