SUDANÊS: Uma Investigação Histórica

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SUDANÊS: Uma Investigação Histórica 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA GABRIEL CABEDA EGGER MOELLWALD O LONGO PROCESSO DE CONFIGURAÇÃO DO ESTADO SUL- SUDANÊS: uma investigação histórica Porto Alegre 2015 2 GABRIEL CABEDA EGGER MOELLWALD O LONGO PROCESSO DE CONFIGURAÇÃO DO ESTADO SUL- SUDANÊS: uma investigação histórica Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Rivair Macedo Linha de Pesquisa: Cultura e Representações _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Rivair Macedo – Orientador _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Augusto Avancini (UFRGS) _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Visentini (UFRGS) _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marçal de Menezes Paredes (PUCRS) _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eder da Silveira (UFSCPA) 2015 3 4 AGRADEÇO Meu irmão Ale – saudades Todos que não estão mais presentes, por todo o aprendizado Meus pais, pelo apoio incondicional, e pela leitura que ajudou a tornar esse trabalho melhor, do título à bibliografia Minha irmã Marina e cunhado Ricardo Meu sobrinho Tales Meus tios, por todo carinho e afeto familiar Renata, pelo amor e companheirismo, e pelo futuro que se descortina Os camaradas Jair e Claudio, pelas conversas e pela comuna Os amigos de infância e adolescência Os amigos feitos na academia, mas cuja amizade transcendeu a sala de aula O AZ, pela glória nos gramados Os excelentes professores-oreintadores José Rivair Macedo e José Augusto Avancini A família Duany, por, sem querer, me apresentar o Sudão E a CAPES, pelo apoio financeiro 5 RESUMO Esse trabalho propõe-se a uma investigação histórica do longo processo que originou o Estado do Sudão do Sul, tornado independente em 2011 após plebiscito. Para tanto, buscamos traçar uma longa história do Sudão, do bilad al-sudan oriental aos dias atuais. Nos apoiamos, principalmente, em algumas obras da extensa historiografia do Sudão para desenhar esse quadro contextual de nosso objeto de estudo. Apresentado o palco, buscamos interpretar os eventos, as relações políticas e sociais e mudanças econômicas e culturais a afetar o Sudão, depois Sudão do Sul em sua intricada relação com seus vizinhos regionais e as potências globais. Terminamos nosso trabalho apresentando algumas notas e reflexões acerca de temas mais precisos, como “construção nacional”, “uso político da identidade étnica”, e o “papel das elites” no Sudão do Sul, dentre outras. Palavras-Chave: Sudão, Sudão do Sul, História da África, História Política 6 ABSTRACT This work is the result of a historical investigation of the long process that originated the State of South Sudan, independent in 2011 after a national referendum. We sought to draw a long history of Sudan, from the eastern bilad al-sudan to modern days. We based our work mostly on some of the broad historiography on Sudan, from which to develop a contextual idea of our object of study. Having set the stage, we sought to interpret the events, political and social relations and economic and cultural changes that have affected Sudan and later South Sudan in their intrincate relation with regional neighbors and global powerhouses. Our work concludes presenting some observations ad reflections concerning specific issues, such “nation-building”, “political use of ethnic identity” and the “role of elites” in South Sudan, among others. Keywords: Sudan, South Sudan, African History, Political History 7 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO: APRESENTANDO O PALCO .........................................................8 CAPÍTULO 1. MONTANDO O PALCO: uma investigação histórica do bilad al- sudan oriental da conquista estrangeira à independência...........................................38 1. O Sudão durante a dinastía de Muhammad Ali (1800 – 1881) .......................38 2. O Sudão da mahdiyyia (1881 – 1898) .............................................................45 3. O Sudão sob controle britânico (1898 – 1955) ................................................49 4. O Sudão independente e a primeira guerra civil (1955 – 1972) ......................62 5. O governo Nimiery e relativa paz (1972 – 1983) ............................................75 CAPÍTULO 2. INTERPRETANDO O PALCO: uma investigação história da segunda guerra civil sudanesa.......................................................................................82 1. Segunda guerra civil e formação do SPLM/SPLA (1983 – 1989) ...................82 2. O governo de Omar al-Bashir, islamismo político no poder e guerras civis em andamento (1989 – 1999) ....................................................................................97 3. O governo de Omar al-Bashir, parte 2: lenta distensão política e resoluções de paz (1999 – 2005) ..............................................................................................130 CAPÍTULO 3. NOTAS E REFLEXÕES SOBRE ASPECTOS DA FORMAÇÃO DO ESTADO SUL- SUDANÊS...................................................................................142 1. Do Sudão independente ao Sudão do Sul. Notas sobre a fragmentação de um Estado pós-colonial ...........................................................................................142 2. Da experiência nacional, do estabelecimento da República do Sudão do Sul e do conflito interno por interesses políticos e econômicos .................................153 3. Questões de identidade, nação, etnia e política .............................................158 4. Construção nacional e notas sobre a elite sul-sudanesa .................................163 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: história em andamento, questões em aberto..........172 BIBLIOGRAFIA e FONTES .....................................................................................177 MAPAS ........................................................................................................................178 8 INTRODUÇÃO: APRESENTANDO O PALCO 15 de dezembro de 2013. Madrugada de calor ameno no Brasil quando tive a primeira notícia dos acontecimentos em Juba através de uma curta postagem de facebook de Nok, amiga distante dos tempos de infância: “tiros de artilharia pesada noite passada e essa manhã. O que está acontecendo em Juba? Quem tiver detalhes sólidos sobre a situação, por favor, compartilhe. Deus esteja com todos nós!!!”.1 Era uma madrugada silenciosa no Brasil, e lá estava eu, preocupado com o medo e a confusão expressos na mensagem, a ideia de tiros pelas ruas da capital. Há pouco mais de três anos buscava compreender a história do Sudão do Sul, inspirado por essa amizade distante com a família de Nok, por um interesse acadêmico pela história da África e pela crença em uma história predicada em termos diferentes dos estabelecidos pelo centro canônico europeu então ainda vigente na academia. A fragilidade da situação política nos primeiros anos da nova República do Sudão do Sul não me era surpreendente. Acompanhava diariamente os desdobramentos no interior do país, as escaramuças entre a “milícia étnica” murle de David Yau Yau e os jovens armados lou nuer, os acordos de paz entre governo e os assim chamados grupos rebeldes, as disputas com o vizinho e velho inimigo Sudão, ao norte, pelo preço do transporte do petróleo e pela posse territorial da região Abyei. Era de se esperar que estabelecer um Estado Nacional a partir das cinzas de uma longa guerra civil não seria tarefa simples, mas mesmo assim não imaginava tiros de artilharia pesada em Juba, passados dois anos e meio da independência do país. Atônito, passei a vasculhar portais de notícias em busca de alguma informação sobre o que estava acontecendo. Enquanto isso, uma amiga de Nok respondia sua postagem com um link para uma notícia no sítio da BBC. Khadija, que também havia conhecido Nok dos tempos de diáspora, perguntava para a amiga, “acabei de ver isso... tentativa de golpe? Qual a situação agora? As coisas estão calmas?”. A matéria relatava muito sucintamente a versão do presidente acerca do ocorrido: 1 Postado em 16 de dezembro de 2013 próximo à Juba, Sudão do Sul no perfil facebook de Nok Nora Duany Bassey. Acessado no mesmo dia em <https://www.facebook.com/NokNoraDuany?fref=ts>. Todas as citações em inglês foram traduzidas pelo autor. 9 O presidente do Sudão do Sul, Salva Kiir, diz que suas tropas frustraram uma tentativa de golpe após uma noite de lutas na capital Juba. Ele culpou soldados leais a seu ex-vice Riek Machar pela violência da noite de domingo. O Sr. Kiir impôs um toque de recolher na cidade e afirma que o governo agora está sob controle. Grupos rivais de soldados batalharam fortemente por várias horas e não há dados de vítimas. Relata-se que os disparos agora cessaram. As tensões políticas têm se acirrado no Sudão do Sul desde julho, quando o Sr. Kiir demitiu todo seu gabinete, incluindo o Sr. Machar. A missão da ONU relata que centenas de pessoas buscaram refúgio em suas instalações próximas ao aeroporto internacional.2 O comentário a seguir, de Nok, a respeito da notícia, mostrava sua incredulidade em relação às palavras do presidente: “as coisas estão um pouco mais calmas agora, [...] mas eu honestamente não acredito que tenha sido uma tentativa de golpe...”.3 Olhando em retrospecto, também causa estranheza que não foram mencionadas vítimas, ainda mais considerando que
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