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Selected Annotated Bibliography of Gypsum and Anhydrite in the United States and Puerto Rico

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Selected Annotated Bibliography of Gypsum and Anhydrite in the United States and Puerto Rico Selected Annotated Bibliography of Gypsum and Anhydrite in the United States and Puerto Rico By CHARLES F. WITHINGTON and MARION C. JASTER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1105 Contains more than 400 annotated ref­ erences, to January 1959, on the geology, geographic occurrences, origin, technol­ ogy, and uses of gypsum and anhydrite UNIT.ED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows : Withington, Charles Francis, 1920- comp. Selected annotated bibliography of gypsum and anhydrite in the United States and Puerto Rico, by Charles F. With­ ington and Marion C. Jaster. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1960. iii, 126 p. 24 em. (U.S. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1105) 1. Gypsum-Bibl. 2. Gypsum-U.S. 3. Anhydrite--Bib!. 4. Anhy- drite-U.S. I. Jaster, Marion Charlotte, 1896- (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printinl1 Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 50 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract___________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction______________________________________________________ 1 Gypsum and anhydrite_____________________________________________ 1 Composition, properties, and occurrence__________________________ 2 Uses--------------------------------------------------------- 3 Annotated bibliography____________________________________________ 5 Index____________________________________________________________ 119 III SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE IN THE UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO By CHARLEs F. WITHINGTON and MAru:oN C. JASTER ABSTRACT This bibliography contains more than 400 annotated references that are con­ cerned with the geologic occurrence of gypsum and anhydrite in the United States ; the description of specific deposits; the mining, processing, and uses of gypsum and anhydrite; and the origin and properties of the calcium sulfate minerals. The annotations are arranged alphabetically by author. The data in the annotations are indexed according to geographic area and subject. INTRODUCTION This bibliography of gypsum and anhydrite consists of annotated references to the literature that is available in the libraries of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Department of the Interior in Wash­ ington, D.C. Although this is not a complete compendium of all the literature on gypsum and anhydrite, it is an attempt to include enough pertinent material to constitute a ready reference on the oc­ currences in the United States and provide a starting point for further research. The references are listed alphabetically by author. In selecting them, emphasis was placed on the geologic occurrence of gypsum and anhydrite in the United States and on the location and origin of the economic deposits. Some references that concern the physical and chemical properties, uses, and mining and milling of gypsum and anhydrite are included. References that concern occurrences of gypsum and anhydrite crystals are also included for the use of mineral collectors. The geologic names used in the annotations are those of the various authors and do not necessarily follow usage of the U.S. Geological Survey. GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE Gypsum and anhydrite occur in considerable quantities in many parts of the United States. The resources of both minerals are great, though many of the despoits are in areas too far from con­ suming centers to be worked profitably. Gypsum is the more useful 1 2 GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE, UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO of the two; more than 9.6 million tons of it was mined in the United States in 1958. No comparable figures are available for anhydrite production, but probably less than 200,000 tons was mined in 1958~ COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND OCCURRENCE Gypsum is hydrous calcium sulfate (CaS0 4·2~0); when pure, it contains 32.5 percent lime ( CaO) , 46.6 percent sulfur trioxide ( S03 ), and 20.9 percent water. It is one ·of the softest minerals, having a hardness of 1.5 to 2.0 on the Mohs scale, and may be easily scratched with the fingernail. It has a specific gravity of 2.3. Gypsum resem­ bles both calcite and talc; however, it does not effervesce in hydro­ chloric acid as calcite does, and it does not have the greasy feel of talc. Several varieties of gypsum are found in nature: selenite and satin spar are the crystalline varieties, rock gypsum is the coarse­ grained massive variety, alabaster is the fine-grained compact variety, and gypsite and gypsum sands are the unconsolidated varieties. Selenite is found as colorless transparent crystals which can be split into thin sheets or plates much as mica can, but, unlike mica, the selenite plates break down under heat and are not elastic. Selenite occurs either scattered through massive gypsum or in a clay matrix. Individual crystals are generally less than 2 inches long, although some are as much as 4 feet long. In places, selenite occurs as an aggregate of crystals so intergrown that they have lost their in­ dividual outlines. Satin spar is composed of needlelike crystals that occur in narrow veinlets, mostly in mudstone and shale. The mineral is generally white and displays the silky luster for which it is named. Impure satin spar is pink and has a dull luster. The fibers are compact and perpendicular to the walls of the fracture in which they occur. Satin spar crystals are generally no more than 2 inches long, but some may reach a length of more than 1 foot. Satin spar is formed by precipitation of calcium sulfate from solutions that are derived from nearby gypsum beds. The forces exerted by the growing crystals of satin spar are so strong that the fractures may become enlarged to many. times their original width. Massive rock gypsum is a compact aggregate of crystals which range from less than 0.1 mm to more than 2.0 mm in diameter. The rock is generally white or light to dark gray. Impurities may color the gypsum pink, black, green, and yellow. White gypsum is most apt to be pure, though it may contain some calcite which is hot readily visible. Massive gypsum is the most common form and comprises the most important of the ·economic deposits. This type is found interbedded GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE 3 with sedimentary rocks as beds or broad lenses which may be a few inches to as much as 30 feet thick. Stringers and lenses of limestone, shale, and sandstone are generally associated with gypsum. Com­ mercial gypsum deposits range from 90 to 98 percent pure gypsum and average about 96 percent. Alabaster is compact gypsum in which the crystds average 0.05 mm or less in diameter. It is generally white, though pink and gray varieties that are due to impurities are common. These impurities include stringers and fragments of mudstone and limestone. The compact and soft nature of alabaster makes it easy to carve into vases and other ornaments. _Unconsolidated gypsum deposits include gypsite and gypsum sands. Gypsite consists of isolated crystals of gypsum scattered through alluvium. These deposits are generally less than 1 foot to more than 6 feet thick and consist of material that averages less than 70 percent gypsum. Gypsum sands are made up of crystals that have been transported by wind and deposited in dunes of re­ markable purity. An outstanding example of a deposit of this type is the White Sands near Alamogordo, N.Mex. Anhydrite is calcium sulfate and when pure contains 41.19 percent CaO and 58.81 percent 803• It has a hardness of 3 to 3.5 on the Mohs scale and a specific gravity of 2.9. It is closely related to gypsum but is slightly heavier and harder and lacks water of crystallization. Anhydrite may be gray, bluish gray, or white. It may occur as fine- to coarse-grained masses that comprise an entire body, or as lenses or beds within a gypsum deposit. USES Most of the gypsum mined in the United States is used for plaster. In general practice, ground gypsum is placed in large steel kettles and heated. At a temperature of about 120°0 (248°F), the mass of gypsum begins to "boil"; the apparent boiling is caused by the re­ lease of the water of crystallization in the form of steam. When three-quarters of this water has been driven off hemihydrate of calcium sulfate (CaS04•lj2H 20) or "stucco" is formed. This occurs at a temperature of about 170°0 (338°F). Plaster is made by adding water to the hemihydrate. Upon the addition of water, the material crystallizes into an interlacing network of long fibrous gypsum crystals. By far the most important use of plaster today is in the manufacture of wallboard, lath, and other prefabricated gypsum products. Other applications include wall plaster, dental and orthopedic plasters, roof deck and insulating plasters, and other specialty plasters: Uncalcined or raw gypsum is used primarily as a retarder for portland cement and as an agricultural mineral. Gypsum improves 4 GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE, UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO soil texture and increases the permeability of soils. Alkali soils, which contain sodium carbonate, are reclaimed by adding gypsum; the gypsum reacts with the sodium carbonate and forms calcium carbonate and sodium sulfate which are not harmful to plants. Gypsum is also used for soils that are deficient in sulfur and for crops, such as alfalfa and clover, that require sulfur. In India, raw gypsum is used in manufacturing ammonium sulfate fertilizers, which are made by combining the acid radical of the gypsum with synthetic ammonia that is derived from nitrogen in the atmosphere. Among other uses, uncalcined gypsum is used as a filler in paint and paper manufacturing and as a carrier for insecticides. When gypsum is heated to about 500°0 (932°F) all the water of crystallization is driven off and anhydrite is formed. This material resembles the natural anhydrite.
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