Harashim

The Quarterly Newsletter of the Australian & New Zealand Masonic Research Council

ISSN 1328-2735 Issue 68 October 2015

The 2016 Kellerman Lectures

2016 once again sees the various Jurisdictions getting their members prepared for their role as Kellerman Lecturers. The last conference saw the introduction of a different way of presenting the Kellerman lectures and I must sat there appeared to be more interaction among the attendees with many taking the opportunity to be involved with the speakers. Have you got your potential Kellerman Lecturers slaving away researching their subjects? Time has a bad habit of slipping away and getting lost. Here are the rules, see last issue. ED

“Yesterday is gone. Tomorrow has not yet come. We have only today. Let us begin.” ― Mother Teresa.

Selection process for KELLERMAN LECTURERS 2016

Please make this available to potential lecturers

Basic Rules:

A 5000-word (minimum) paper is required on any subject that has a connection with Freemasonry – historic, philosophic or esoteric. The lecture must be an original work of the author and not have been previously published in any form, All quoted material must have the author acknowledged in the written transcript. The presentation shall be of 30 minutes, the use of technology is permitted, with 30 minutes of question and answer forum type discussion. This will be chaired by an appointee. The printed version should include a bibliography and may include appendixes, diagrams, photographs and illustrations. PowerPoint or other visual aids may be employed during the lecture. The Kellerman Lecturer cedes first publication rights to the ANZMRC The Kellerman Lecturer must be prepared to travel to Launceston, Tasmania, in August 2016 to present his lecture in person (his expense).

Timetable for the Selection Process is as follows: -

Before 31 January 2016 - Lecturers advised of selection result. The author has until 31 March 2016 to update and prepare a final draft of his lecture.

By 30 April 2016 - A final draft, with photographs or drawings (if applicable), must be ready for publication in ANZMRC Conference Transactions

All Kellerman Lectures are to be submitted via e-mail in a plain text Word document to:-

WBro Brendan Kyne, ANZMRC Secretary - [email protected]

Note: The ANZMRC's professional editor offers help, in this final stage, with editing and layout preparation for publication. [email protected] Issue 68 About Harashim Table of Contents.

Harashim, Hebrew for Craftsmen, is a quarterly newsletter published by the Australian and New Zealand Masonic Research Council (10 Rose St, Waipawa 4210, New Zealand) in January, April, July and October each year. It is supplied to Affiliates and Associates in hard copy and/or PDF format. It is available From the Editor. worldwide in PDF format as an email attachment, upon application to the Asst. Secretary, [email protected]. Usually the current issue is also displayed on the The Harashim is about com- website of the Grand Lodge of Tasmania http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. municating with other like Copyright and reprinting minded people. To share re- Copyright is vested in ANZMRC and the search, ideas, news, to ex- author of any article appearing in Harashim. Affiliates and Associates are encouraged to tend our collective reprint the entire newsletter (at their own expense) and circulate it to their own members, knowledge among the vari- including their correspondence circles (if any) and to supply copies to public and Masonic ous research Lodges. libraries within their jurisdictions. Individual items from any issue may be reprinted by Associates and Affiliates, provided: As your Editor I would like  The item is reprinted in full;  The name of the author and the source of the to know that what goes into article are included; and Harashim is worthwhile, is  A copy of the publication containing the reprint is sent to the editor. what you like to read, is Anyone else wishing to reprint material from Harashim must first obtain permission from the what you would want others copyright holders via the editor. to read. Unless otherwise specified, authors submitting original work for publication in Harashim are deemed to grant permission for their work to be published also on the Internet websites of Michel Jaccard has just com- ANZMRC http//anzmrc.org and the Grand Lodge of Tasmania: pleted an extensive tour, yet http://www.freemasonrytasmania.org/. I have little feed back from Contents those he visited. Affiliate and Associate members are encouraged to contribute material for the newsletter, including: Your executive committee  Their lecture programs for the year;  Any requests from their members would be pleased to have for information on a research topic; feedback. Do you realise  Research papers of more than local that the 2017 tour is in the interest that merit wider publication. The newsletter also includes news, reports from process of being organised? ANZMRC, book reviews, extracts from other publications and a readers’ letters column, from time to time. If the source of an item is not identified, it is by There is a lot of work done. the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the author of the article, and should not be attributed to the Council. Maybe someone out there Material submitted for publication must be in a digitised form on a CD or DVD, or Memory would consider submitting a stick addressed to the editor, Harvey Lovewell 87/36 Anzac Ave Mareeba 4880 Queensland paper or papers for publica- Australia. Or email to [email protected] tion. News of what is hap-

Clear illustrations, diagrams and photographic pening in your part of our prints suitable for scanning are welcome, and most computer graphic formats are acceptable. Fraternity. Photos of contributors (preferably not in regalia) would be useful. Contributors who require mailed material to be returned should include a stamped, self-addressed envelope.

General correspondence All other correspondence, including about purchase of CDs and books, should be directed to: The Secretary, ANZMRC. Brendan Kyne 7 Devon Ave Coburg Vic 3058 [email protected]

page 2 Harashim The following report from Richard Num SA&NT jurisdiction.

Photo on Right: Michel in Adelaide

WBro. Michel Jaccard Ph.D, the 2015 Australian and New Zealand Masonic Lecturer, from the Grand Swiss Lodge, Alpina Research Group, presented his lecture to Grand Lodge SA & NT brethren in Adelaide, on Tuesday 29th September 2015.

His lecture, drawn from sixteen be- ing provided during his tour, fo- cussed on Isaac Newton’s contribu- tion to modern scientific develop- ment, and his association with other Freemasons involved in this through the Royal Society London, and New- ton’s interest in the numerical pro- lag with a few days in each city. lecture to be given to the four portion of King Solomon’s Temple. After meeting with the Master of craft lodges in Gisborne to com- the Auckland Research Lodge, bine for a lecture in their city. WBro. Michel Jaccard’s presentation United Masters 167, for a coffee This was a very worthwhile and highlighted the progressive current and a resume of the tour arrange- rewarding excursion with a pos- of scientific and rational thinking, ments, we adjourned to our over- itive spin-off for research pro- evolving from 1700, and infusing the night accommodation. The next motion to a wider audience. development of speculative Freema- sonry – hence the concepts of the morning I drove Michel to Ham- Next stop was Wellington and a “Liberal Art and Sciences” and ilton to meet up with the Waikato ferry trip across Cook Strait to “Hidden Mystery of Nature and Sci- research brethren and to prepare the South Island to meet up with ence” which allude to the ideal of for his first lecture in New Zea- his host in Nelson. Lectures at Freemasons as “progressive” or land which was well received. both venues were acclaimed as “enlightened” men. From Hamilton we drove to New successes by the host lodges. Plymouth, via Rotorua and Tau- The next stop for Michel was to WBro. Michel Jaccard’s presentation po, to introduce Michel to some Invercargill and the most south- was actively supported by brethren of the tourist attractions in that ern Research Lodge in the world and, in some cases, their partners in part of the country. The weather where I again joined him for a what was both an informative and was inclement and low cloud and convivial evening. “show-the-flag” presidential vis- rain foiled our attempt to view the it to our South Island Research MWBro. Stephen Michalak, support- North Island mountains that are Lodges. After a well-attended ed by RWBro’s Victor Daminato and south of Taupo, so we tried to meeting hosted by Research David Booker, welcomed WBro. drive to Taranaki via the Southland 415, we embarked in Jaccard to the SA & NT Jurisdiction “Forgotten Highway” – what a a rental car upon a week long and expressed our appreciation for a mistake! The storm blew up and R&R break through the scenic most informative presentation. our journey was thwarted with region of the south finishing up slips and fallen trees blocking our in Christchurch for a lecture for ***************** route. A two hour detour finally the Masters & Past Masters got us into New Plymouth from Lodge 130. I returned home MICHEL JACCARD IN NEW the north. I have a feeling that from there but Michel continued ZEALAND that day will be forever etched on to lectures in Dunedin and A Report on his Lecture Tour into Michel’s memory of his time Timaru before he departed on When WBro Jaccard flew into th th in New Zealand. the 24 September for Australia. Auckland on the 20 August I Over the next week, Michel flew was there to greet and welcome Overall, the tour through New back to Auckland and then on to Zealand was a resounding suc- him to New Zealand. He had trav- Hawke’s Bay for lectures for both elled from his home in Lausanne, cess. Michel’s presentation research lodges. With the re- skills and the variety of the sub- Switzerland, via Johannesburg search lodge in Palmerston North and Perth where he had presented jects discussed made a positive deciding not to participate it al- impression on all who attended a lecture and had had an oppor- lowed an opening for an extra tunity to adjust to time zone jet- the lectures. The sales of the Issue 68 tour book, Continental Freema- sonry, was excellent with further orders resulting after Michel had moved on. Colin Heyward, ANZMRC Presi- dent.

**************** 10 Laws of Computing

1. If you have reached the point where you really understand your computer, it's probably obsolete. 2. When you are computing, if someone is watching, whatever happens, behave as though you meant it to happen. 3. When the going gets tough, upgrade your computer. 4. The first place to look for in- formation is in the section of the manual where you'd least expect to find it. 5. For every action, there is an equal and opposite malfunction. 6. To err is human ... to blame your computer for your mistakes Michel and Colin at the Bluff NZ is even more human, its down- right natural. 7. He who laughs last, probably has a back-up. 8. The number one cause of computer problems is computer solutions. 9. A complex system that doesn't work is invariably found to have evolved from a simpler system that worked just fine. 10. A computer program will al- ways do what you tell it to do, but rarely what you want it to do.

At the Franz Josef glacier in the South Island of New Zealand.

page 4 Harashim Michel at Pt Douglas Tropical FNQ

Cairns. Michel was warmly welcomed to The Lodge Master Mark Bickley by Pyramid Highleigh and thanks Far North Queensland. welcomed all attendees and had the went to the cook Master Mark Bick- Preceptor WB Joseph Lynd of ley. He presented his lecture on Isaac WHJ Mayers Lodge of Research, During his stay Michel was shown Newton and Solomon's temple to an introduce Michel. the sights around Cairns and even appreciative group of people at the At the completion of the talk ques- say crocodiles in the wild. Lodge of Pyramid Highleigh at Gor- tions were many and varied all of A visit to Port Douglas and the Dain- donvale just South of Cairns. which Michel answered, in most tree, with a river cruise were well Attendees had come from over cases satisfactorily. appreciated by Michel. His host 100kms further South and from the The discussion continued during made sure that he was at the airport Atherton Tablelands as well as the BBQ as a festive board, put on on time. Bon Voyage Michel.

Issue 68 Immanuel Kant 1784 myself at all. I need not uncertain leap over even the An Answer to the Ques- think, if only I can pay; oth- narrowest ditch, since he tion: What is Enlight- ers will readily undertake would not be accustomed to the irksome business for free movement of this kind. enment? me. That by far the greatest Hence there are only a few part of humankind who have succeeded, by their (including the entire fair own cultivation of their spirit, Written: 30th September, 1784; sex) should hold the step in extricating themselves First Published: 1798 toward majority to be not from minority and yet walk- Source: Immanuel Kant. Practical only troublesome but also ing confidently. Philosophy, Cambridge University highly dangerous will soon Press, translated and edited by Mary J. But that a public should en- Gregor, 1996; be seen to by those guardi- lighten itself is more possible; Transcribed: by Andy Blunden. ans who have kindly taken indeed this is almost inevita- it upon themselves to super- ble, if only it is left its free- vise them; after they have dom. For there will always be Enlightenment is the human made their domesticated an- a few independent thinkers, being’s emergence from his imals dumb and carefully even among the established self-incurred minori- prevented these placid crea- guardians of the great masses, ty. Minority is inability to tures from daring to take a who, after having themselves make use of one’s own un- single step without the cast off the yoke of minority, derstanding without direction walking cart in which they will disseminate the spirit of a from another. This minori- have confined them, they rational valuing of one’s own ty is self-incurred when its then show them the danger worth and of the calling of cause lies not in lack of un- that threatens them if they each individual to think for derstanding but in lack of try to walk alone. Now this himself. What should be not- resolution and courage to use danger is not in fact so ed here is that the public, it without direction from an- great, for by a few falls they which was previously put un- other. Sapere aude! [dare to would eventually learn to der this yoke by the guardi- be wise] Have courage to walk; but an example of this ans, may subsequently itself make use of kind makes them timid and compel them to remain under your own understanding! is usually frightens them away it, if the public is suitably thus the motto of enlighten- from any further attempt. stirred up by some of its ment. Thus it is difficult for any guardians who are themselves It is because of laziness and single individual to extricate incapable of any enlighten- cowardice that so great a part himself from the minority ment; so harmful is it to im- of humankind, after nature that has become almost na- plant prejudices, because they has long since emancipated ture to him. He has even finally take their revenge on them from other people’s di- grown fond of it and is real- the very people who, or rection (naturaliter ma- ly unable for the time being whose predecessors, were iorennes), nevertheless glad- to make use of his own un- their authors. Thus a public ly remains minors for life, derstanding, because he was can achieve enlightenment and that it becomes so easy never allowed to make the only slowly. A revolution for others to set themselves attempt. Precepts and for- may well bring about a failing up as their guardians. It is so mulas, those mechanical in- off of personal despotism and comfortable to be a minor! If struments of a rational use, of avaricious or tyrannical I have a book that under- or rather misuse, of his nat- oppression, but never a true stands for me, a spiritual ad- ural endowments, are the reform in one’s way of think- visor who has a conscience ball and chain of an ever- ing; instead new prejudices for me, a doctor who decides lasting minority. And any- will serve just as well as old upon a regimen for me, and one who did throw them off ones to harness the great un- so forth, I need not trouble would still make only an thinking masses.

page 6 Harashim For this enlightenment, how- at least prevented from de- has complete freedom and is ever, nothing is required but stroying such ends). Here it even called upon to communi- freedom, and indeed the least is, certainly, impermissible cate to the public all his care- harmful of anything that could to argue; instead, one must fully examined and well- even be called freedom: obey. But insofar as this part intentioned thoughts about namely, freedom to of the machine also regards what is erroneous in that creed make public use of one’s rea- himself as a member of a and his suggestions for a bet- son in all matters. But I hear whole commonwealth, even ter arrangement of the reli- from all sides the cry: Do not of the society of citizens of gious and ecclesiastical body. argue! The officer says: Do the world, and so in his ca- And there is nothing in this not argue but drill! The tax pacity of a scholar who by that could be laid as a burden official: Do not argue but pay! his writings addresses a pub- on his conscience. For what The clergyman: Do not argue lic in the proper sense of the he teaches in consequence of but believe! (Only one ruler in word, he can certainly argue his office as carrying out the the world says: Argue as without thereby harming the business of the church, he rep- much as you will and about affairs assigned to him in resents as something with re- whatever you will, but part as a passive member. spect to which he does not obey!) Everywhere there are Thus it would be ruinous if have free power to teach as he restrictions on freedom. But an officer, receiving an order thinks best, but which he is what sort of restriction hin- from his superiors, wanted appointed to deliver as pre- ders enlightenment, and what while on duty to engage scribed and in the name of an- sort does not hinder but in- openly in subtle reasoning other. He will say: Our church stead promotes it? – I reply: about its appropriateness or teaches this or that; here are The public use of one’s reason utility; he must obey. But he the arguments it uses. He then must always be free, and it cannot fairly be prevented, extracts all practical uses for alone can bring about enlight- as a scholar, from making his congregation from pre- enment among human beings; remarks about errors in the cepts to which he would not the private use of one’s reason military service and from himself subscribe with full may, however, often be very putting these before his pub- conviction but which he can narrowly restricted without lic for appraisal. A citizen nevertheless undertake to de- this particularly hindering the cannot refuse to pay the tax- liver because it is still not al- progress of enlightenment. es imposed upon him; an im- together impossible that truth But by the public use of one’s pertinent censure of such may lie concealed in them, own reason I understand that levies when he is to pay and in any case there is at use which someone makes of them may even be punished least nothing contradictory to it as a scholar before the en- as a scandal (which could inner religion present in them. tire public of the world of occasion general insubordi- For if he believed he had readers. What I call the pri- nation). But the same citizen found the latter in them, he vate use of reason is that does not act against the duty could not in conscience hold which one may make of it in a of a citizen when, as a schol- his office; he would have to certain civil post or office ar, he publicly expresses his resign from it. Thus the use with which he is entrusted. thoughts about the inappro- that an appointed teacher Now, for many affairs con- priateness or even injustice makes of his reason before his ducted in the interest of a of such decrees. So too, a congregation is merely commonwealth a certain clergyman is bound to deliv- a private use; for a congrega- mechanism is necessary, by er his discourse to the pupils tion, however large a gather- means of which some mem- in his catechism class and to ing it may be, is still only a bers of the commonwealth his congregation in accord- domestic gathering; and with must behave merely passive- ance with the creed of the respect to it he, as a priest, is ly, so as to be directed by the church he serves, for he was not and cannot be free, since government, through an artful employed by it on that con- he is carrying out another’s unanimity, to public ends (or dition. But as a scholar he commission. (continued P 12)

Issue 68 Third Degree, and also a Standard of the Order.” By May 1866, the regalia ar- rived from Paris and was described as “rich and beautiful.” It is tempting to surmise that one of the Scottish Rite aprons now in the Museum & Library collection may date from this order, or perhaps is one of the samples that the Book Reviews Supreme Council considered.

Another apron in the collection shows more straightforward symbol and was used for the 32nd degree. The design of These reviews courtesy of the Sep- sents more than 100 aprons from the collection with full-color photographs this apron is based on the symbols used tember 2015 Square and new research to tell the stories of to teach the degree’s lesson and comes apron manufacturers, owners and to directly from the eighteenth-century track the history of Masonic regalia. manuscript rituals used by Scottish Rite members. An annual report from 1853 Included in the book are five entries for Scottish Rite groups in Pennsylvania about Scottish Rite aprons. The collec- and Ohio noted that “officers and Breth- tion at the Museum & Library includes ren are fully clothed, as laid down in the more than twenty examples of Scottish Ritual.” This apron is white, lined and Rite aprons. Eight of these, almost edged with black. The flap shows a half, are Rose Croix aprons, while four double-headed eagle and flags on either are Consistory aprons, three are Princ- side. The body shows what is known as es of Jerusalem and two are Lodge of the “camp” or “encampment,” which Perfection. The remaining five aprons serves as the tracing board for the de- represent other degrees or groups, in- gree. As one 1864 manual explained: cluding an apron that was purportedly “the form of which is a nonagon, within worn by a member of a Cerneau Scot- which is inscribed a heptagon, within the tish Rite group in western Massachu- heptagon a pentagon, within the penta- setts. gon an equilateral triangle, and within the triangle a circle…on the sides of the An unfinished apron from the 1820s or pentagon…are five standards.” The 1830s is embroidered with the symbols standards each have a symbol – the Ark of Alliance, a lion, a flaming heart, a to order, please visit of the Scottish Rite’s Rose Croix, or th double-headed eagle and a bull. Along www.nationalheritagemuseum.org to 18 degree. The degree tells the story the outer border of the nonagon are nine print an order form and mail with a of the building of the Temple of Zerub- tents with flags, “representing the divi- check, babel on the site of Solomon’s Temple, which had been destroyed. This apron sions of the [symbolic] Masonic army.” Aimee E. Newell, Director of shows the major symbols used in the Among the five Scottish Rite aprons in Collections, ritual: the pelican piercing her breast to feed her children with her blood; the the collection that do not relate to a spe- cross with “INRI” at top; allegorical cific degree is a recent acquisition owned by Carl Leonard Lidfeldt (1883- figures of Faith, Hope and Charity; and a knight. 1962). The apron dates to about 1911, after Lidfeldt was initiated into all four bodies that compose the Scottish Rite. During the late 1850s, the Supreme Council, Northern Masonic Jurisdic- According to the inscription under the tion, ordered new regalia from Paris. flap, Rochester, New York’s Valley Unfortunately, the records do not pro- Lodge No. 109 presented the apron to vide details about its materials or de- Lidfeldt after he was raised a Master Mason on May 31, 1910. The front of signs, just that it was “difficult to con- ceive how it can be excelled in beauty the flap shows a double-headed eagle of workmanship.” A few years later, emblem. The body of the apron lists the dates in 1910 and 1911 when Lidfeldt in 1863, a committee was again ap- pointed “to procure from Paris, France, was initiated into each Scottish Rite Soon after the Scottish Rite Masonic body – the Lodge of Perfection, the Museum & Library was founded in regalia and jewels for this Supreme Council.” Council of Princes of Jerusalem, the 1975, the collection began to grow, with Chapter of Rose Croix and Rochester Masonic aprons among the first dona- Sadly, the Boston Masonic building, Consistory. tions. Today, with more than 400 aprons, the Museum & Library has one where the Supreme Council met and stored its regalia, caught fire in April Lidfeldt’s apron can be described as a of the largest collections in the world. “biographical object,” a term used by Examples date from the late eighteenth 1864 and all of the regalia was lost. A year later, in 1865, the Supreme Coun- anthropologists to identify personally to the present and come from the United meaningful objects that take on a life of States, England, China and other coun- cil once again started the process of ordering new regalia “for the officers their own. In addition to the biograph- tries. A new publication from the Muse- ical story that the apron tells about its um & Library – The Badge of a Freema- of the Supreme Council, and a sample of the proper Regalia for the Sov. owner, it gained sentimental value as it son: Masonic Aprons from the Scottish was kept by the original owner’s family Rite Masonic Museum & Library – pre- Grand Inspectors-General, Thirty- page 8 Harashim and passed through the subsequent gen- Title: Secret Handshakes and Rolled jects and responds to such questions as: erations. In many cultures, “people and -Up Trouser Legs How do Freemasons avoid getting the things they valued were so complete- Sub Title: The Secrets of Freemasonry caught by the Police? How do Freema- ly intertwined they could not be disen- - Fact or Fiction sons manage to get off in Court? tangled.” This apron may have func- Author: Richard Gan tioned this way for Lidfeldt’s family Cost: £9.99 There are many other questions and an- (along with many of the aprons in the Publisher: Lewis Masonic swers, all relevant and well answered. Museum & Library collection) – it was ISBN: 9870853184416 Not surprising as the author is an experi- deeply associated with him, calling to enced and senior Freemason, and a mind his Masonic activities and the Ma- What is Freemasonry? A very difficult Grand Officer in all the major orders of sonic lessons that he practiced in his question to answer even for a Freema- Freemasonry. family and in his community, as well as son. It is relatively easy to explain the at the lodge. fact that Freemasonry is a charitable Part II of the book has the title 'An A to Some of the aprons in Collection. organisation and raises enormous Z of Freemasonry', and is an interesting amounts of money to help those in change from the usual, in that it encyclo- need, mason and non-mason alike. But, paedic and laid out in alphabetical order. not so easy to explain why members The author explains that some topics attend meetings, wear aprons, have concerning Freemasonry deserve to be secret handshakes, get involved with covered in more depth. Also, that as it is ceremonies and learn ritual. difficult to decide what is likely to ap- peal to the non-mason, it enables the But all is not lost because this particu- reader to dip in and out and choose what lar book will help to answer many of is of most interest to them at any time. those questions. Although written spe- cifically for the non-mason, it will cer- There are also many other topics in Part tainly help Freemasons to understand II, such as American Freemasonry, Roy- the Order better and be able explain alty, the Press, Women's Freemasonry, and discuss it with others. The book in fact, far too many too mention. Then has a rather light-hearted title, which at the very end of the book there is a the author explains is what most people useful bibliography and Suggested seem to know about Freemasonry. But Reading List. there is also a sub-title which redresses the balance and really does explain The author explains that the book is not 'The secrets of Freemasonry - Fact and intended to be an academic tome, but Fiction'. The contents have been well that he has attempted to tackle the issues researched and the book is very reada- likely to be of interest to the non- ble, being clear, concise and informa- masonic reader in as full a way as possi- tive. There are also many illustrations ble. He also states that he has not tried to justify the case for the existence of Free- There have of course been many books masonry; and that the reader may well written on the subject of Freemasonry. still continue to be left feeling antago- Some have attempted to expose the nistic towards Freemasonry, but at least fraternity. Some written by masons will be better informed as to the reasons have been rather heavy in content and why. not always easily understood. Others have been written by non-masons with The book is written in an easy, flowing little knowledge of the fraternity and style that makes it nicely readable and with a negative content. Many of these understandable. It successfully answers books start with a history of the frater- many questions about Freemasonry and nity and attempt to put matters into I would suggest that it would be an good some sort of context. This publication, and interesting read for any non-mason however, has no such unnecessary who would just like to know who and frills and simply explains what Free- what we are. It would also be useful and masonry is all about, including the informative to any Freemason, at what- myths and conceptions. ever stage of their masonic career.

The book's introduction explains the Mike basics of Freemasonry. What it is, how Karn it is formed and what is expected of members.

The remainder of the book is in two parts. Part 1 has the title; 'The Secrets of Freemasonry: Separating Fact from Fiction'. And that is exactly what it does. Questions are put and answers given, such as: What is a Lodge? What goes on in the Lodge Room? How to become a Freemason? But, the author does not shy away from prickly sub- Issue 68 th 4.30pm Session 2 Sunday 28 August 5.30pm Finish. Own arrange- 9.30am Forum Sir and Brother, In the article by Bro. Garth ments for the evening 11.00am Forum Cochran, Calgary Lodge No. 23 12.30pm Close in which he referred to a father (Lodge Launceston-Lawrie Abra who inquired of his son what he tyles at 7.30pm in the Launces- ******************** had learned at school. (Paraphrasing) The son ton Masonic Centre) replied proudly that he now Launceston is a city in the north knew the most basic bit of Friday 26th August of Tasmania, Australia at the knowledge about Geometry. junction of the North A book of my poetry published 9.00am Session 3 Esk and South Esk rivers where about twenty years ago con- 10.00am Morning tea tained the following poem: they become the Tamar River. 10.30am Biennial General Launceston is the second largest PERPLEXITY Meeting of ANZMRC city in Tasmania af- The learned scholar chalked the 12.30pm Lunch ter Hobart. With a population board 1.30pm Session 4 (larger pa- (greater urban and statistical sub and with a flourish, underscored division) of 106,153 Launceston his latest squiggles with a flair per and discussion) is the ninth largest non-capital then "Pi", he firmly said, 3.00pm Afternoon tea “r square!: city in Australia. It is the only 3.30pm Session 5 inland city in Tasmania. While in the furthest row there 4.30pm Session 6 Settled by Europeans in March spat a lanky cowhand where he sat. 5.30pm Finish 1806, Launceston is one of Aus- "Be danged!" he said. Then 7.30pm Table Lodge or the tralia's oldest cities and is home quite profound, "All them that I've et was “Feast of the Seven Toasts” a to many historic buildings. Like round." fun night for all brethren and la- many Australian places, it was

Funny how great minds run par- dies named after a town in the United allel Kingdomin this case, Launces- Ray Dotson PM Saturday 27th August Jerusalem Lodge #95 AF&AM ton, in Cornwall. Launceston has 9.00am Session 7 GL of North Carolina, USA also been home to several firsts 10.00am Morning tea **************** such as the first use 10.30am Session 8 of anesthetics in the Southern 11.30am Session 9 ANZMRC Biennial Confer- Hemisphere, the first Australian ence, 2016, Launceston, 12.30pm Lunch Tasmania city to have under- 1.30pm Session 10 (larger Draft Agenda ground sewers and the first Aus- paper and discus- Thursday 25th August tralian city to be lit sion) 1.00pm Conference Regis- by hydroelectricity. The city has 3.00pm Afternoon tea confer- tration a temperate climate with four dis- ence photographs 2.00pm Opening of the 13th tinct seasons. Local government 7.30pm Banquet biennial conference of is split between the City of Laun- ceston and the Meander Val- ANZMRC (dress: lounge or dinner suit), ley and West Tamar Councils 3.00pm Afternoon tea dinner speaker 3.30pm Session 1 page 10 Harashim Presidents Corner

PRESIDENT’S COLUMN tour so far has been an outstand- conference is nearly upon us. An Greetings to all readers of Hara- ing success (see the separate re- invitation has been sent to all shim port on the New Zealand portion Affiliate and Associate groups to As I write this, in mid-October, of the tour). nominate one of their brethren the lecture tour by our Swiss and to submit his paper to our research brother, Michel Jac- The next project for the secretary for final selection by a card, is entering the last weeks “committee” is the ANZMRC’s peer panel. From information of the three-month Australasian Biennial Conference to be held forwarded to me, we are in for a sojourn. Michel, as our guest in Launceston, Tasmania, in Au- treat with the variety of subjects speaker, has proven to be an gust 2016. This will be the thir- on offer to date. For more infor- excellent ambassador for the teenth Conference we have had mation contact Brendan Kyne ANZMRC and has been warmly and the second time it has been ([email protected]) – it is received at each of the many hosted by the very active Re- not too late to get an entry in. lecture venues throughout New search Lodge in that city. The Deadline is the end of Decem- Zealand and Australia for our conference organiser (Ian Green) ber. Affiliate Members and for our and his team have published a Associate research lodge in draft programme which I know Colin Heyward, President South Africa. He is still to visit will make for an enjoyable four ANZMRC research groups in Singapore days. There is something for 12 October 2015 and Hong Kong on his way everyone. back home to Switzerland. I can say, as President, judging on The deadline for selection of the reports I have received from eight Kellerman Lecturers and each of the host venues, that the their paper to be presented at the

Issue 68 (from page 6) ations are therefore perfectly enlightenment in what it is On the other hand as a schol- authorized to reject such de- incumbent upon him to ar, who by his writings cisions as unauthorized and know; but to renounce en- speaks to the public in the made sacrilegiously. The lightenment, whether for his strict sense, that is, the world touchstone of whatever can own person or even more so – hence a clergyman in the be decided upon as law for a for posterity, is to violate the public use of his reason – he people lies in the question: sacred right of humanity and enjoys an unrestricted free- whether a people could im- trample it underfoot. But dom to make use of his own pose such a law upon itself. what a people may never de- reason and to speak in his Now this might indeed be cide upon for itself, a mon- own person. For that the possible for a determinate arch may still less decide guardians of the people (in short time, in expectation as upon for a people; for his spiritual matters) should it were of a better one, in or- legislative authority rests themselves be minors is an der to introduce a certain or- precisely on this, that he absurdity that amounts to the der; during that time each cit- unites in his will the collec- perpetuation of absurdities. izen, particularly a clergy- tive will of the people. As But should not a society of man, would be left free, in long as he sees to it that any clergymen, such as an eccle- his capacity as a scholar, to true or supposed improve- siastical synod or a venera- make his remarks publicly, ment is consistent with civil ble classis (as it calls itself that is, through writings, order, he can for the rest among the Dutch), be au- about defects in the present leave it to his subjects to do thorized to bind itself by institution; meanwhile, the what they find it necessary oath to a certain unalterable order introduced would last to do for the sake of their creed, in order to carry on an until public insight into the salvation;2 that is no con- unceasing guardianship over nature of these things had be- cern of his, but it is indeed each of its members and by come so widespread and con- his concern to prevent any means of them over the peo- firmed that by the union of one of them from forcibly ple, and even to perpetuate their voices (even if not all of hindering others from work- this? I say that this is quite them) it could submit a pro- ing to the best of their abil- impossible. Such a contract, posal to the crown, to take ity to determine and pro- concluded to keep all further under its protection those mote their salvation. It even enlightenment away from congregations that have, per- infringes upon his majesty if the human race forever, is haps in accordance w ith he meddles in these affairs absolutely null and void, their concepts of better in- by honoring with govern- even if it were ratified by the sight, agreed to an altered re- mental inspection the writ- supreme power, by imperial ligious institution, but with- ings in which his subjects diets and by the most solemn out hindering those that attempt to clarify their in- peace treaties. One age can- wanted to acquiesce in the sight, as well as if he does not bind itself and conspire old one. But it is absolutely this from his own supreme to put the following one into impermissible to agree, even insight, in which case he ex- such a condition that it for a single lifetime, to a per- poses himself to the re- would be impossible for it to manent religious constitution proach Caesar non est super enlarge its cognitions not to be doubted publicly by grammaticos, [Caesar is not (especially in such urgent anyone and thereby, as it above the grammarians] but matters) and to purify them were, to nullify a period of much more so if he demeans of errors, and generally to time in the progress of hu- his supreme authority so far make further progress in en- manity toward improvement as to support the spiritual lightenment. This would be and make it fruitless and despotism of a few tyrants a crime against human na- hence detrimental to posteri- within his state against the ture, whose original vocation ty. One can indeed, for his rest of his subjects. lies precisely in such pro- own person and even then If it is now asked whether gress; and succeeding gener- only for some time, postpone we at present live in

page 12 Harashim an enlightened age, the an- ed by any official duties. to guarantee public peace, swer is: No, but we do live in This spirit of freedom is al- can say what a free state may an age of enlightenment. As so spreading abroad, even not dare to say: Argue as matters now stand, a good where it has to struggle with much as you will and about deal more is required for peo- external obstacles of a gov- what you will; only ple on the whole to be in the ernment which misunder- obey! Here a strange, unex- position, or even able to be stands itself. For it shines as pected course is revealed in put into the position, of using an example to such a gov- human affairs, as happens their own understanding con- ernment that in freedom elsewhere too if it is consid- fidently and well in religious there is not the least cause ered in the large, where al- matters, without another’s for anxiety about public most everything is paradoxi- guidance. But we do have concord and the unity of the cal. A greater degree of civil distinct intimations that the commonwealth. People freedom seems advantageous field is now being opened for gradually work their way to a people’s freedom ofspir- them to work freely in this out of barbarism of their it and nevertheless puts up direction and that the hin- own accord if only one does insurmountable barriers to it; drances to universal enlight- not intentionally contrive to a lesser degree of the former, enment or to humankind’s keep them in it. on the other hand, provides a emergence from its self- I have put the main point of space for the latter to expand incurred minority are gradu- enlightenment, of people’s to its full capacity. Thus ally becoming fewer. In this emergence from their self- when nature has unwrapped, regard this age is the age of incurred minority, chiefly in from under this hard shell, enlightenment or the century matters of religion because the seed for which she cares of Frederick. our rulers have no interest most tenderly, namely the A prince who does not find it in playing guardian over propensity and calling beneath himself to say that he their subjects with respect to think freely, the latter considers it his duty not to to the arts and sciences and gradually works back upon prescribe anything to human also because that minority the mentality of the people beings in religious matters being the most harmful, is (which thereby gradually be- but to leave them complete also the most disgraceful of comes capable of freedom in freedom, who thus even de- all. But the frame of mind acting) and eventually even clines the arrogant name of a head of state who fa- upon the principles of tolerance, is himself en- vors the first goes still fur- of government, which finds it lightened and deserves to be ther and sees that even with profitable to itself to treat the praised by a grateful world respect to his legislation human being, who is now and by posterity as the one there is no danger in allow- more than a machine, in who first released the human ing his subjects to make keeping with his dignity. race from minority, at least public use of their own rea- Königsberg in Prussia, 30th from the side of government, son and to publish to the September, 1784 and left each free to make use world their thoughts about a *************** of his own reason in all mat- better way of formulating it, ters of conscience. Under even with candid criticism The following seems to me to help him, venerable clergymen, of that already given; we with what we as Freemasons ought notwithstanding their official have a shining example of to understand. I do not know who duties, may in their capacity this, in which no monarch the wrier was. ED as scholars freely and public- has yet surpassed the one The Printing Press, Literacy, and ly lay before the world for whom we honor. the Creation of a Secret Society of examination their judgments But only one who, himself Adults. and insights deviating here enlightened, is not afraid of The idea that childhood and adult- and there from the creed phantoms, but at the same hood represent distinct periods of adopted, and still more may time has a well-disciplined (continued page 14) any other who is not restrict- and numerous army ready Issue 68 (continued from Page 12) books democratized knowledge, ed forms among the mass of people they also added a barrier to entry until after the printing press, in large life is relatively recent in origin. that had to be steadily surmounted. measure because literacy both de- From antiquity through medieval Step-by-step, and grade-by-grade, manded and promoted a high degree times, a concept of childhood, as the child was initiated into the world of self-control and delayed gratifica- we know it today, was almost com- of grownups. Boys and girls slowly tion. Manners, one might say, are pletely absent in most societies; learned the “secrets” of the adult a social analogue to literacy. Both children were seen as deficient, world by progressively “qualifying require a submission of body to miniature adults, and were expected for the deeper mysteries of the print- mind. Both require a fairly long de- to begin to work and take their ed page.” velopmental learning process. Both place in the adult world around the require intensive adult teaching. As age of 7. Without a real concept of A critical understanding of the literacy creates a hierarchical intel- childhood, there was no real con- “secrets” of philosophy, faith, na- lectual order, manners create a hier- cept of adulthood either, as the two ture, sexuality, war, sickness, and archical social order. Children must states act as foils for each other. death – an “understanding of life’s earn adulthood by becoming both Adults and children largely wore mysteries, its contradictions, its vio- literate and well-mannered.” the same types of clothes, used the lence, its tragedies” – is what made same language, and did the same an adult an adult, and qualified one work. And, in an oral society, the for membership in a kind of “society In other words, Postman argues that young and the old had access to, of grownups.” The more degrees of the printing press helped create a and an understanding of, most of ascending cognitive crafts an adult culture of self-restraint and civility, the same knowledge. As a result, mastered, the more potential leader- both because these were the quali- children in such cultures were ra- ship positions were open to him ties necessary to be a good reader, ther adult-like, while the adults within this fraternity. and because they were fitting for a were somewhat child-like. The culture that prized literacy. In prac- young and old were fairly indistin- ticing one’s manners, one practiced guishable from each other. Membership in the society of the traits necessary for disciplined grownups is what granted adults one study, and in studying, one honed In the 15th and 16th centuries, child- of their defining qualities: authority. the qualities necessary for self- hood began to be “discovered” as a And the desire to seek admission controlled civility. Part of the initia- special time in which little humans into this fraternity is what helped tion into the society of adults was are in need of a particular kind of children develop one of their signa- learning the “secrets” of social rela- guidance, tenderness, and emotion- ture traits: curiosity. tions, which is why etiquette books al investment. There are a variety proved to be bestsellers for centu- of theories as to why this interest in ries. children arose, but the argument Children were excluded from the Neil Postman lays out in The Dis- society of the literate until they had appearance of Childhood is surely continually knocked at the door and To teach children to be “both literate the most fascinating. mastered its traditions and rituals. and well-mannered,” schools were Postman argues that our modern These qualifications not only includ- created, and this, Postman posits, is concepts of childhood and adult- ed competency with the written what ultimately created distinct cul- hood (and the gulf between them) word, but the art of self-discipline tures of adults and children. Schools were birthed by the printing press. and civility as well. For Postman separated out children from adults, Literacy became the dividing line argues that literacy didn’t and each developed their own lan- between these stages of life; adults just inculcate the adult ability to guage, literature (there didn’t used were competent readers, children think logically and critically, but to be such things as “children’s were not, and they thus had to be- also beget the qualities necessary books” or “YA Lit”), clothing, come adults by mastering written for the creation of civilization itself: games, and so on. Gradually, chil- language. “Almost all of the characteristics dren left behind the trappings of kid Typography created a much larger we associate with adulthood are culture, as they were initiated into realm of possible knowledge than those that are (and were) either the rituals and traditions of adult- had ever been possible to learn be- generated or amplified by the re- hood. fore. In an oral culture, childhood quirements of a fully literate cul- ended around age 7 because that ture: the capacity for self-restraint, A Return to a Pre-Literate Society? was the age where kids were able to a tolerance for delayed gratification, assimilate most of a society’s store a sophisticated ability to think con- Postman observes that our modern of knowledge. In a literate culture, ceptually and sequentially, a preoc- society seems to have returned to the on the other hand, learning how to cupation with both historical conti- conditions that once characterized comprehend and grapple with a nuity and the future, [and] a high pre-literate, oral cultures. Adults and vast library of knowledge took valuation of reason and hierarchical children are not so different as they time; a 5-year-old was not ready for order… once were; as Postman puts it, the same lessons and texts as a 15- As already noted, manners or civilité “Everywhere one looks, it may be year-old. Thus at the same time that did not begin to emerge in elaborat- seen that the behaviour, language,

page 14 Harashim attitudes, and desires—even the And, we would add, without secrets physical appearance—of adults and there can be no such thing as adult- Childlike cognition is very pre- children are becoming increasingly hood either. For if “By definition sent-minded, and thus news and indistinguishable.” adulthood means mysteries solved media is focused almost entirely and secrets uncovered,” and “from on the now. Historical context is the start the children know the mys- absent, and looking forward is What has occurred to create this teries and the secrets, how shall we boring (unless you’re sizing up blurring between the different stages tell them apart from anyone else?” potential personalities for an of life? election several years hence – now that makes for a great story- The internet is highly egalitarian, line!). Lessons that might be Postman argues that this shift is root- and websites aren’t generally desig- gleaned from the past go undis- ed in the leaving behind of the print- nated as being designed for certain covered, and the task of creating ed word for a culture that communi- ages. Adults and children consume critical plans for the future fails cates largely through images. Images much of the same media, surf many to be undertaken. do not require much in the way of of the same sites and forums, and cognitive cultivation to understand watch the same YouTube videos. It Childlike minds also have trou- them; children and adults can grasp is an age where, as Postman puts it, ble understanding the varying pictures and videos at about the same “everything is for everybody.” significance of different events, level. Thus in an image-based socie- and the media presents the news ty, everyone, of every age, theoreti- Yet is it really such a bad thing that so that rendering such a judg- cally has access to all of society’s we move into a society where image- ment isn’t necessary. Every story knowledge – all of its “secrets.” No ry plays a more prominent role than seems to bear an equal weight: special training is required to grasp text? Perhaps it is good that children On the front page of a news web- them. have access to all the world’s site you’ll find stories about war, The Disappearance of Child- “secrets” at any time — that there is right next to stories about celeb- hood was published in 1982, and at no barrier to any realm of knowledge rities’ nude photographs. On tel- the time, Postman pointed to the tele- other than the touch screen or click evision, a sobering report of a vision as the main mover behind the of the mouse. school shooting is immediately cultural shift away from texts and followed by a cheerful commer- towards imagery. What he said about cial for cheese crackers. Hard- TV then, applies equally well, if not Yet while this open landscape cer- hitting stories are placed on the more, to the Age of the Internet and tainly has its benefits, it is not with- same level as ads, and every bit mobile smart phone: out its downsides: of media is framed as equally “We may conclude, then, that televi- worthy of attention. sion erodes the dividing line between childhood and adulthood in three When media isn’t distinctly tailored Media consumers cower before a ways, all having to do with its undif- to any age group it ends up getting wall of text, and thus all infor- ferentiated accessibility: first, be- pitched at about a seventh-grade age mation must be broken up into cause it requires no instruction to level, if that. Everything must be bite-sized snacks for the child- grasp its form; second, because it reasonably accessible, entertaining, like appetite of the masses. That does not make complex demands on and most of all, short. People have necessitates the breaking up of either mind or behaviour; and third, no patience for in-depth coverage of points into many headings and because it does not segregate its au- a subject, feel that anything worth- bullet points – just like these! – dience. With the assistance of other while should be able to be summa- for easier digestion. While such electric, non-print media, television rized in just a few sentences, and devices may make many topics and other visual displays recreates believe that anything longer is a more accessible (which isn’t nec- the conditions of communication that waste of time. Which is, of course, essarily a bad thing), there are existed in the fourteenth and fif- exactly what a seventh-grader would some (usually important) sub- teenth centuries. Biologically we are say. jects that cannot be turned into all equipped to see and interpret im- Part of making media and learning something easily scan-able, ages and to hear such language as palatable to the masses involves and they consequently go unex- may be necessary to provide a con- turning everything into a narrative – plored and uninvestigated. text for most of these images. The giving everything an entertaining Ultimately then, while children new media environment that is story arc to keep childlike minds have access to all knowledge, emerging provides everyone, simul- interested. “Politics becomes a story; they receive it without context taneously, with the same infor- news, a story; commerce and reli- and before they may be ready to mation. Given the conditions I have gion, a story. Even science becomes make sense of it. And adults, described; electronic media find it a story.” Of course these issues rare- who have been consuming the impossible to withhold any secrets. ly fit well into neat, black-and-white very same media, are unable to Without secrets, of course, there can narratives, and the division of things offer any context either. Thus be no such thing as childhood.” into good guy, bad guys, and a cli- max of suspense, simplifies com- you have a situation where the plexity and leaves the facts behind. knowledge base of both children

Issue 68 and adults is highly fragmented, where. We are left with children mudgeonly sensibilities. In attrib- leading to a widespread deficiency who are given answers to questions uting the complex history of cultural in making connections between they never asked. We are left, in change to a single factor, I feel he ideas, and a landscape where myop- short, without children.” ultimately makes the dawn of litera- ic, civilization-weakening view- In a world where “everything is for cy explain too much. He also does points predominate. everybody” and the illusion that not acknowledge the potential up- The central problem can be summa- “everybody knows everything” pre- sides of unlimited accessibility to rized this way: in world where vails, the gap between children and information (even if that potential is “everything is for everybody,” an adults evaporates. Everyone besides not often utilized). But this may be illusion emerges that “everybody infants and the very old are “adult- because he lived in the Age of Tele- knows everything.” Which is to children.” Kids issue know-it-all vision, before the rise of the internet, say, the current media landscape wisecracks (see: every show on the and there was decidedly less about leads one to believe that all Disney channel); parents listen to TV to be bullish about. knowledge is out there and easily their teenagers’ music and read their accessible, and that it can, and kids’ books (see: The Hunger Postman’s theory is also not able to should be, economically summa- Games). Children dress more like completely explain the demise of rized. Yet while breadth of adults, and adults dress more like adulthood, as there were plenty of knowledge has decidedly expanded children. Everybody uses the same folks through the centuries (and (Eric Schmidt once noted that we language; both grade-school kids even today) who were either barely create as much information every and their teachers are likely to spout or not at all literate, but were still two days as was created in the slang and use profanity. The cultures very mature and adult-like in their whole of human history up to of grownups and children merge, outlook on the world and their be- 2003), depth of knowledge has and this collapse of distance is accel- haviour, including in their manners. shrunk. Adults no longer erated by one of the biggest conse- acknowledge the hidden expanses quences of the dissolution of a lit- Yet Postman’s perspective does lying beneath a subject that might erate culture: the unravelling of an shed some incredibly insightful light yet be plumbed. emphasis on manners and civility. on one important prong of the puz- zle. Surely the shortness of all our Kids feel the same way, and thus No discipline or self-mastery is re- attention spans, the strange pride don’t believe that adults have any quired to watch and share images some feel in dismissing anything “secret” knowledge to offer. As a and videos, so delayed gratification overly in-depth as unimportant (as is result, the aura of adult authority and well-mannered deportment no evidenced by commenters on in- has been extinguished, and the idea longer serve as appropriate ancillar- depth articles who note “tl;dr” – of deferring to one’s elders seems ies to the consumption of infor- meaning “too long, didn’t read” – as faintly ridiculous. mation as they once did in text- a dystopian badge of honour denot- based cultures. In gazing at images, ing their aversion to reading some- one can shut off their mind and let it thing that may take more than a mi- And, at the same time that the soci- all hang out. And that is what adult- nute to digest), the widespread rejec- ety of grownups has been dissolv- children do in their relations with tion of interest (and even acknowl- ing, the world of children has been others as well. edgment) of deeper mysteries, and disappearing as well, as Postman the simplistic nature of our news and explains: Ultimately what these changes have political debates can only be called “To a certain extent curiosity wrought is the disappearance of the childlike. comes naturally to the young, but desirability of adulthood. Rituals, its development depends upon a traditions, and secret knowledge cre- There is an unfortunate tendency growing awareness of the power of ate identity, meaning, and exclusivi- among modern adults to pridefully well-ordered questions to expose ty and once lent the secret society of declare that despite their age, “they secrets. The world of the known adults an aura of mystery. Young don’t know what the f**k they’re and the not yet known is bridged by people looked forward to the day doing.” In this way, they can be wonderment. But wonderment hap- they could be initiated into this inter- honest and keep it real, while not pens largely in a situation where the esting and even glamorous world feeling bad about continuing to child’s world is separate from the where people wore special clothes, screw up in the very same ways they adult world, where children must traded in special knowledge, and did when they were fifteen. And it’s seek entry, through their questions, used the secret passwords of eti- true, you think when you grow up into the adult world. As media quette to gain access to special par- you’ll have it all figured out, and merge the two worlds, as the ten- ties, dinners, and clubs. then you realize most adults are still sion created by secrets to be unrav- struggling to completely get their elled is diminished, the calculus of Conclusion stuff together too. But every adult wonderment changes. Curiosity is should have at least a few areas replaced by cynicism or, even While I find Postman’s theory quite where their knowledge does run worse, arrogance. We are left with fascinating, I do think it might deep, where they’re rightly proud of children who rely not on authorita- be too jeremiad-y, even for my cur- the wisdom they’ve accumulated tive adults but on news from no-

page 16 Harashim from years of study and experience. Their names are What and Why in each of the Australian colonies Every adult should have a treasury of and When And How and Where and there were probably Freema- insights that no Google search could and Who. sons involved in each of them, but ever reveal. When you’re young and Tasmanian involvement was confused, bewildered, and freaking unique in Australia, in that the first But this paper is experimental, in out about something, there is truly rifle company formed there was that I have also taken heed of the nothing like coming into the pres- comprised entirely of Freemasons, suggestions of three other brethren: ence of a real adult, partaking of the Masonic Rifles. From this ma- their comforting steadiness and trust- Bro Richard Dawes, who asked the terial I made a PowerPoint presen- worthy gravitas, and walking away speakers at the Goulburn seminar tation which fitted the events of with counsel that gives you new in- last year to preface their talks with this 45-year period comfortably sight into life’s big mysteries and an account of how they set about within the hour allotted to it. I was simple difficulties. Not only do such researching and preparing their conscious of the fact that my re- interactions help the young along the papers; search was at least 15 years old, path of life, they make adulthood Bro Bob James, who urges us to and that it was very probable that seem not so bad after all. Young broaden the scope of our research, other material could be found, par- people need mentors, and they need to present Freemasonry within its ticularly via the Internet, so I point- mentors who make them want to be- social context, and to emulate Soc- ed out to my audience of five that it come mentors themselves one day. rates rather than Moses in our was a draft effort, open to discus- presentation; and sion and improvement—A Masonic Militia Mk I. At the same time, perhaps a revival Bro Trevor Stewart, whose advice is contained in the paper published in in manners and the traditions of The term militia has more than one adulthood would also offer more to the July Transactions, ‘The curious case of Brother Gustav Petrie’. meaning. In its broader use it de- look forward to in growing up. We scribes part-time soldiers, a citizen may see the soirees and etiquette of I confess that I have not the slightest army prepared to defend hearth and the past as too formal and too con- idea how to employ the Socratic home against invaders. Apart from straining, but they certainly added method in covering my chosen sub- a modern mis-use of the term, his- texture to life. Now we proceed from ject, and I have not strained my brain torically it has honourable connota- infancy into adulthood in one flat, to formulate Bro Stewart’s ‘third tions, and Freemasons have been unremarkable, unvarying stretch of order or philosophical’ questions, members of militias just as they highway, so that many feel un- but within those limitations this pa- have of professional armies. Simi- moored and bored with life when per is offered as an honest attempt to larly, there have been lodges they are only a quarter-century old. incorporate the advice of these breth- formed within militias, as well as ren. in regular military units. There have even been individual Masons In restoring the secret society of Between 1992 and 1995 I was and Masonic lodges that have adults, we might slough off some of nomadic, and I spent my summers in formed militias, but in Tasmania the unfortunate cynicism prevalent in Tasmania, researching the history of the whole Masonic community was both children and grown-ups, rejuve- Freemasonry in that state. Much of involved in the creation and nate the sense of curiosity and won- my time was spent in libraries, news- maintenance of part-time military derment both camps need, impart to paper ‘morgues’, museums and Ma- units with which to defend the is- the older a more satisfying way of sonic lodges. This was before the land colony. In Tasmania at least, a being in the world, and lend the general advent of the Internet, search distinction was drawn between vol- young a worthwhile fraternity to engines, mobile phones and digital unteers and militia, the latter being which to aspire. cameras, and I had to rough it with a small portable computer and printer, conscripted under a Militia Act (if **************** an audiotape recorder, a film camera, passed) and thereby subject to full notebook and pencil. I learned to use military discipline when called up- microfilm and microfiche, paid hard on for duty. The Tasmanian part- Brothers under Arms, the Tas- cash for printouts and photocopies, time forces were created under a manian Volunteers and accumulated enough material for Volunteer Act, and thus my original 6 September 2012 a book. But other things intervened title was a misnomer, and I am and I never did complete either the obliged to change it to: Brothers by Bro Tony Pope research or the writing of the book. under Arms, the Tasmanian Volun- teers. Introduction Two years ago I was asked to For most of my life, as a newspaper contribute a paper to Linford Lodge The subject matter lends itself easi- reporter, police officer, and Masonic of Research, and it occurred to me to researcher, I have been guided by the ly to incorporating at least some of make use of some of my Tasmanian the advice of Brothers James and advice of that sage old journalist, material, the involvement of Tasma- Bro Rudyard Kipling: Stewart, with interaction between nian Freemasons with the colonial the military, the government, the I keep six honest serving men volunteer forces in the period 1859– general public, Freemasons and (They taught me all I knew); 1904. Volunteer forces were formed other fraternal organisations. There

Issue 68 is indeed a wealth of further infor- First Fleet in New South Wales, col- pendent’ and ‘London Unity’ are mation available via the Internet, onisation began in Tasmania (then also associated with the title of this and my spare time for the past nine called Van Diemen’s Land) with a Order. The other group, the Man- months has been devoted to obtain- mix of soldiers, convicts and free chester Unity Independent Order of ing and assessing it. settlers. At this time the colony of Odd Fellows (MUIOOF) appears to New South Wales included New have been chartered directly from Google and Wikipedia are familiar Zealand, Norfolk Island and Tasma- England and maintained their loyal- research tools and a tremendous nia, as well as the whole of the ty there, with lodges formed into resource, but should be treated with mainland. From 1804 to 1812, two Districts: ‘Hobart Town’ and caution, in that the information sup- southern and northern settlements in ‘Loyal Cornwall’ (based at Launces- plied is only as good as its source, Tasmania were administered by sep- ton). requiring careful assessment of the arate Lieutenant-Governors under the Governor of New South Wales. accuracy of that source, or confir- Victoria became a separate colony From 1813 the island was under a mation from at least one independ- in 1851 and, with the discovery of single Lieutenant-Governor, located ent source. They led me to facsimi- gold in many parts of the colony, the in the South. Tasmania was adminis- le reproductions of original or con- economy boomed. Not so in Tasma- tered separately from New South temporary documents, such as Eng- nia, which suffered a population loss Wales from 1825, and in 1855 be- lish and Scottish Government Ga- and an economic depression as a zettes and official Army Lists, as came a self-governing colony. result. Freemasonry also declined Transportation of convicts to Tasma- well as to newspaper reports and towards the end of the 1850s, partly nia ceased in 1853. the compilations of other research- as a result of the Victorian gold rush ers. Google also led me to a uni- and partly because of the degrading Freemasonry came to Tasmania with form enthusiast who has researched squabble between the English lodges the military lodges embedded in the and recreated pictures of literally (North versus South) over the for- regiments stationed there, and via thousands of uniforms throughout mation of a Provincial Grand Lodge individual settlers, including con- the world, with images available on and appointment of a northerner as victs. Their story has been told by a series of CDs. From him I pur- Provincial Grand Master without Ron Cook, Max Linton & Murray chased a CD of Uniforms of Colo- any consultation with the southern— Yaxley, and others. The early lodges nial Australia: Tasmania & West- and senior—lodge. By 1859 there ern Australia. were Irish; the first civilian lodges remained only two viable English were erected in Hobart in 1828 and lodges, Tasmanian Union in Hobart in Launceston in 1842. English lodg- Genealogical websites proved use- and Hope in Launceston, and two es were established by dissidents ful, particularly the Mormon site Irish lodges, Tasmanian Operative from the Irish lodges, in 1844 in Ho- www.familysearch.org, and the in Hobart, and a revived St John’s bart and in 1852 in Launceston. Lodge in Launceston. Odd Fellows Scottish lodges did not appear on the ANZMRC Masonic Digital Library did not suffer a similar decline be- scene until 1876. Early attempts to anzmrc.org/masonic-digital-library cause, with the downturn in the achieve a measure of autonomy with economy, there was an increased Provincial Grand Lodges (Irish in provided valuable data. State Li- need for the medical and other sup- 1832–34 and English in 1857–59) braries and similar government port provided by these fraternities. failed. Later moves were more suc- sites were equally useful, but the By 1859 there were a dozen cessful. An English District Grand greatest treasure of all was the Aus- A&IOOF lodges (six in Hobart, one tralian National University’s Lodge was erected in 1875, an Irish in Launceston and five elsewhere), Provincial Grand Lodge in 1884, a trove.nla.gov.au and a ‘baker’s dozen’ of MUIOOF Scottish District Grand Lodge in lodges (five in Hobart, two in Laun- 1885, and in 1890 the lodges com- Not all information is available ceston and six elsewhere). There bined to form the Grand Lodge of from the comfort of an armchair, were also lodges of Rechabites and Tasmania. however, and to complete the in- Foresters. vestigation will require visits to Hobart and Sydney, when the op- Odd Fellows existed in a variety of The main task of British Army units portunity arises, so this also is a flavours, and their history in Aus- in Australia was ‘to maintain civil draft. tralia is poorly and unreliably docu- order, particularly against the threat There is one big problem with mented. Two groups were estab- of convict uprisings, and to suppress adopting the advice of Brothers lished in Tasmania, both in Hobart, the resistance of the Aboriginal pop- James and Stewart: not only does in 1843. The Ancient & Independent the research take longer, but more ulation to British settlement’. While Order of Odd Fellows (A&IOOF) ‘European settlement was accompa- importantly the presentation time lodges appear to have been chartered nied by a protracted and undeclared required is longer, much longer. from Sydney, owing allegiance to war against Australia's Indigenous Therefore, tonight’s presentation the ‘Australian Supreme Grand , . . . inhabitants Military authorities will cover only the first eight or Lodge of New South Wales’, and did not usually regard Aborigines as nine years of the 45-year period. gained independence in 1853 as the posing sufficient threat to warrant Grand Lodge of Van Diemen’s Background the expense of committing military Land. The phrases ‘Primitive Inde- Fifteen years after the arrival of the forces to pursue them, and most of

page 18 Harashim the fighting was conducted by the manian Operative Lodge, in Septem- nia, where he was private secre- settlers, assisted by police’. With the ber by Augustus Frederick Smith, of tary to the Governor, Sir Henry organisation of reliable police forces, Tasmanian Union Lodge; and in De- Fox Young, for two years, then the use of army pensioners as prison cember by Benjamin Travers Solly, was appointed Assistant Colonial guards and supervisors of convict of Tasmanian Union, who was also a Secretary (from 1857 to 1894), labour, and the cessation of transpor- Manchester Unity Odd Fellow. retired at 74 and died at the age tation of convicts, the need for regu- Augustus Frederick Smith (1828– of 81. His First Lieutenant was lar army units diminished. 1864) trained at the Royal Academy, D’Arcy Haggitt of Tasmanian The secondary task of the army was Sandhurst, and joined the 99th Union Lodge (gazetted protection against foreign invasion. (Lanarkshire) Regiment in Hobart as 1/3/1860). His Second Lieuten- The main ports were defended by an Ensign in 1848, purchased pro- ant was Thomas Marsden of Tas- guns in fixed positions, variously motion to Lieutenant in 1849, mar- manian Operative Lodge manned by marines, gunners (Royal ried a local girl the following year, (gazetted 13/8/1860), late of the Artillery units), and infantry. Initial- and resigned his commission in 99th Regt. Later, William Ham- ly the perceived danger was from 1853. He was elected to the Royal mond of Pacific Lodge ships of Britain’s traditional enemy, Society of Van Diemen’s Land that (established in 1860) was pro- the French, and later from American year, and set himself up in Hobart as moted Lieutenant and then Cap- privateers. With the advent of the a surveyor, architect and civil engi- tain. Crimean War (1853–1956), the Pa- neer. He gave a paper to the Royal The Masonic Rifles drafted their cific fleet of the Russian Imperial Society outlining defences for Ho- own regulations on the lines of Navy was added to the list. The Aus- bart and as early as 1854 publicly lodge by-laws, which provided tralian War Memorial ‘History’ advocated the formation of a volun- that the Company should consist states: teer artillery company, to train twice of 3 commissioned officers (a weekly under a competent instructor. Captain and 2 Lieutenants), Not until 1854 were volunteer After the meeting in September 1859 elected by ballot, plus honorary corps and militia . . . formed in the he began training his recruits even officers (medical officers and Australian colonies, but news of before they were officially formed chaplain), 5 Serjeants, a bugler, war between Britain and Russia in into the Hobart Town Volunteer Ar- an armourer and not exceeding the Crimea led to the establishment tillery Company, in December, when 100 rank and file. New members of volunteer corps in some colonies he was commissioned as ‘Captain had to be proposed and seconded and the formation of informal rifle and Adjutant’ of the Company. The in writing, and elected by the clubs in others. When the Crimean members took an oath of allegiance Company in much the same War ended in 1856 volunteer units in January 1860, and in March pur- manner as in Masonic lodges, faded, to be revived in 1859 when chased their own uniforms by instal- except that one black ball per 10 it appeared that Napoleon III was ments, at a total cost of £3.6.6 each. members voting would exclude, preparing to invade England. By They did not receive any remunera- and no fewer than 20 members early 1860 most suburbs and towns tion or grant from the government, had to be present for a valid elec- in Australia supported a volunteer and could only quit by written resig- tion. They also designed their unit, usually a rifle corps. nation and payment in full of what own uniform and cap badge. they owed. It is difficult to under- The Freemasons were not the Freemasons took the initiative in stand, therefore, why a second of- only fraternity to provide a rifle forming the Tasmanian Volunteers, ficer was commissioned with effect company in the South. Their ex- and were responsible for support from 24 February 1860, as paymas- ample was quickly followed by from its inception in 1859 until Fed- ter and quartermaster, with the rank the Ancient & Independent Or- eration in 1901 and its subsequent of ‘second captain’. This was Doug- der of Odd Fellows and the Man- replacement by Commonwealth forc- las Thomas Kilburn (c1812–1871), a chester Unity Independent Order es in 1904. It is readily conceded that photographer, draughtsman and poli- of Odd Fellows. Initially, these other fraternal organisations quickly tician. followed the lead of the Freemasons two fraternities proposed form- and lent their support in the early ing a single unit, the Odd Fel- Meanwhile, the meetings called by stages, and their story is included in lows Volunteer Rifle Company, Brother Solly resulted in the for- this paper. but the Manchester Unity breth- mation of the Hobart Town Masonic ren decided they preferred their Volunteer Rifle Company (generally own company. known as the Masonic Rifles) under Part I—Tasmanian Volunteers his captaincy (gazetted 18/2/1860). 1859–1867 In March the Ancient & Inde- Benjamin Travers Solly (1820– pendent Order formed the Odd In the South 1902) was also a draughtsman, and Fellows Volunteer Rifle Compa- When the Tasmanian parliament an accomplished painter. He migrat- ny with Algernon Burdett Jones passed the Volunteer Act of 1858, ed from England to South Australia as Captain and Commanding Masons led the response. Well at- in 1840, married the daughter of the Officer, John Davies as First tended meetings were called in Ho- postmaster-general of South Austral- Lieutenant & Adjutant, Sylvarius bart in August 1859 by Supreme ia in 1856 and brought her to Tasma- Moriarty as Second Lieutenant, Court Justice Thomas Horne, of Tas-

Issue 68 and two doctors as Surgeons. Al- 1861. Hobart Artillery gernon Burdett Jones (c1811– When Second Lieutenant Moriarty While the rifle companies were being 1876), formerly a lieutenant in the resigned in September 1860, he was formed, Bro Smith had been training 3rd Madras Cavalry, married a replaced by Stuart Jackson Dan- his artillery, and on 24 May 1860 he daughter of Anthony Fenn Kemp in dridge (1830–1861), commercial marched them through the streets of Tasmania in 1835; he was superin- editor on the staff of the Mercury. Hobart and had them fire the guns of tendent of an orphanage, a police With John Davies as proprietor of the Queen’s Battery in honour of Her magistrate and coroner. He re- the newspaper and Grand Master of Majesty’s birthday. But trouble was signed from the Volunteers in Au- the Odd Fellows, there were so brewing in the ranks of the Artillery. gust, pleading the burden of his many of the staff in the Odd Fellows It is not spelt out clearly in the press coronial duties. Rifles that the company became of the day, but one can speculate He was succeeded as Captain and known as ‘the press gang’. with hindsight. The rifle companies Commanding Officer by John Da- had elected their own officers— vies (1813–1872) with effect from The Manchester Unity Volunteer several per company—but there had 28/8/1860. Davies was born in Rifle Company was formed in June been only promotions to non- England, convicted of fraud at the 1860, with Alderman John Leslie commissioned rank in the artillery. age of 17, and sentenced to seven Stewart as Captain, M L Hood as And it may just be that Bro Smith years transportation, at the end of First Lieutenant and Henry William was a bit of a bully; on 26 August which time he joined the police in Seabrook Jr (son of Alderman Sea- 1863 Bro Smith appeared before the Sydney and became chief constable brook) as Second Lieutenant. Alder- stipendiary magistrate (Algernon of Penrith. He resigned in 1841 man Stewart was obliged to resign in Burdett Jones, former captain of the when his foster-brother, ‘Teddy the September 1861, when he was de- Odd Fellows Rifles) and a justice of Jewboy’, was hanged as a bush- clared insolvent, and he was re- the peace (H Cook Esq), charged ranger. He became a reporter for placed in December by Thomas with assault and battery of his do- the Port Phillip Patriot, then re- Lloyd Gellibrand (1820–74), grazier mestic servant, Annie Doyle. Bro joined the police, and in 1851 and politician, son of Tasmania’s Smith, who was represented by a brought his wife and young family first attorney-general, Joseph Tice member of his artillery company, to Hobart, where he became licen- Gellibrand (1786–1837), and father Corporal Henri James d’Emden, a see of an hotel and proprietor of a of Major-General Sir John Gel- solicitor and father of a future Depu- newspaper that, after several mer- librand, KCB, DSO & bar (1872– ty Grand Master of the Grand Lodge gers and take-overs, became the 1945). of Tasmania, pleaded not guilty but Mercury, which remained in the was convicted and fined £3 and family until 1988. He joined the Both the Odd Fellows Rifles and the costs. Ancient and Independent Order of Manchester Unity Rifles formulated Whatever the causes of discontent, Odd Fellows, and served as Grand their regulations on the lines of those on 2 July 1860 paymaster and quar- Master 1859–1860, in which year of the Masonic Rifles, and chose termaster Kilburn, Bro Smith’s sec- he petitioned to become a Freema- their own uniforms. Other units also ond in command, chaired a ‘full son but was rejected by Tasmanian took note of the regulations of the meeting’ of the Hobart Town Volun- Union Lodge. Ironically, his two Masonic Rifles and of the Hobart teer Artillery, and subsequently con- eldest sons became members of Artillery. Four other rifle companies veyed to the Colonial Secretary two that lodge and respectively Deputy were raised in the South, based on resolutions ‘carried by very large Grand Master and Grand Master of their localities: Derwent (Capt Hen- majorities’. The gist of the resolu- the Grand Lodge of Tasmania. In ry Lloyd, 14/7/1860), Buckingham tions was a request that William Tar- 1861 John Davies became a politi- (Capt the Hon Thomas Yardley leton Esquire be appointed com- cian, representing first a Hobart Lowes MLC, 21/7/60), Huon (Capt manding officer of the Artillery; the electorate and then country elec- Edward Atkyns Walpole, 5/9/60) instigators were Captain Kilburn, torates. and Kingborough (Capt James Woodhouse Kirwan, 10/9/60). Sergeant-major Pitt and Corporal He was succeeded as First Lieuten- Belstead (a Freemason), and Tarleton ant and Adjutant by Hugh Munro The City Guards, formed in Novem- indicated his conditional assent. The Hull (1818–1882), who was born in ber 1860, comprised two companies result was that in November 1860 England and came to Tasmania to serve only in Hobart, under Capt Captain Smith’s appointment as Cap- with his parents in 1819. He held the Hon James Milne Wilson MLC tain and Adjutant of the Hobart Vol- various civil service jobs from (1812–1880), later Sir James Wilson unteer Artillery Company was can- 1834 to 1856, when he was ap- KCMG, manager of Cascade brew- celled, and he was appointed instead pointed a police magistrate and ery, mayor of Hobart (1868), prem- as Instructor of Artillery in the South held various other offices at the ier of Tasmania (1869–1872), presi- of the colony, with the rank of cap- same time, and subsequently be- dent of the Legislative Council tain, backdated to 20 December came clerk to the House of Assem- (1872–1880), and an Ancient & In- 1859, while William Tarleton was bly. He was author of a number of dependent Odd Fellow. Captain pay- appointed to the command of the books and pamphlets, including master William Robertson also was artillery company with the rank of The Volunteer List (1861). He was an A&I Odd Fellow, and surgeon Dr captain backdated to 19 December promoted Captain Paymaster in Thomas Christie Smart belonged to 1859, thus one day senior to Bro both Orders of Odd Fellows.

page 20 Harashim Smith. William Pitt and Charles Tor- Three weeks later, in response to a an Freemasonry’. The other cap- rens Belstead (Junior Warden of Pa- letter from the Colonial Secretary, tains in the first two years were cific Lodge) were rewarded with the Corps changed its name to the both Freemasons and Manchester commissions as lieutenants, dated 13 Launceston Volunteer Artillery Com- Unity Odd Fellows: Adye Douglas August 1860, as was Alderman Da- pany. In a second letter, the Colonial (24/9/60) and Charles McArthur vid Lewis, an Ancient & Independent Secretary assured them: (26/1/1861), Lodge of Hope. Dr Odd Fellow, proprietor of the Theatre Cornelius Gavin Casey, also of You would be just as much rifle- Royal. Lodge of Hope, was appointed sur- men as ever, though formed into geon to the Corps on 29/10/60. William Tarleton (1820–1895) mi- an Artillery Corps, only Artillery Rifle companies were formed in grated from England to Tasmania in practice would be the first ob- the northern towns of Longford, 1842 and served as Police Magistrate ject . . . As Artillery, the Corps Westbury and Deloraine, and the in many parts of the colony before would take precedence of all rifle Launceston Mounted Rifles was being posted to Hobart in 1857. From corps. All men should be equally formed in December 1860, under 1862 until 1871 he was Recorder of drilled to the great guns, so that in the command of Captain Charles Titles under the Real Property Act, action there would always be a Alexander William Rocher, barris- and then reverted to the magistracy reserve of trained artillerymen ter, with surgeon Dr James Grant, until his retirement in 1894. who might, in the meantime, be both of Lodge of Hope, and pay- making use of his [sic] rifle. Bro Smith, the only captain in the master Dr George Maddox. Volunteers in the South of the colony Nevertheless, the citizens of Laun- who had any regular military experi- ceston and the smaller towns in the In the South other volunteer ence, accepted his transfer without North did form rifle companies, in units were proposed but did not public protest and formed a School of addition to the artillery. In the period eventuate: Sorell Volunteer Rifles; Artillery, training not only the artil- 1860–61 the Launceston Artillery Temperance Rifles at Hobart; and a lery volunteers but also members of Corps had 4 Captains and 11 other Volunteer Naval Company ‘for the the rifle companies who volunteered officers, at least four of whom were defence of the Southern Coast of for gunnery training. In January Freemasons (Lieutenants John Tasmania’. 1864, he resigned his commission as Cathcart & Joseph Cohen; two pay- Initially, the equivalent rank of a Captain Instructor of the Artillery masters, James Robertson and John private soldier in the Volunteers and went to New Zealand for active Lindsay Miller, Master of Lodge of was ‘Cadet’, and so, when the idea service against the Maoris, presuma- Hope), and a warrant officer who was of enrolling youths in a separate bly leaving his wife and young fami- a member of MUIOOF, Sgt‑major unit arose, they were called ly behind, and he died in the Militia Whiting. ‘Juniors’ to avoid confusion with Hospital, Auckland, five months lat- Officer Commanding the Launces- adult Cadets, and thus ‘Launceston er. ton Volunteer Artillery Corps, effec- Juvenile Volunteers’, formed in tive from 1/6/1860, was Captain Ro- November 1860 ‘for lads 12 to 16 In the North dham Catherine Davison Home years of age’. Later, the Cadets of In the North, fraternities did not form (c1816–1894). He was born in Scot- the adult units were designated separate units, but Masons from the land, served in the British Army and Volunteers, and members of juve- English and Irish lodges and the Odd retired with the rank of Captain in nile units were called cadets. Fellows were well represented in 1846. He was in Tasmania in Decem- The volunteers were efficiently most of them. At a public meeting on ber 1843 when he married Ellen Dry, drilled and trained by instructors 5 May 1860 the decision was reached sister of (Sir) Richard Dry (Lodge of from the 12th of Foot (East Suf- to form the Launceston Citizens Vol- Hope), and by 1850 he and his wife folk) and 40th of Foot (2 Bn East unteer Rifle Corps. A second meet- were living in Scotland. By 1859 the Somerset), and the task was made ing, ten days later, was chaired by Homes were back in Tasmania, easier by a leavening of ex-soldiers Brother Adye Douglas (1815–1906), neighbours of Bro Dry at Quamby, among them. By 30 June 1861 Master of St John’s Lodge 346 IC, about midway between Launceston there were 1186 adult volunteers member of Loyal Cornwall Lodge and Deloraine. In March 1862 he was enrolled in the Colony, of whom MUIOOF, lawyer, future mayor of appointed ‘Major Commanding the 379 were in the North and 807 in Launceston and future premier of Volunteers in the Northern Division the South. The Masonic Rifles Tasmania. On that occasion 42 men of the Island’ and at the same time numbered 60 at this time, Odd Fel- were sworn into the Corps by Broth- ‘the honorary appointment of Captain lows 63, Manchester Unity 62 and ers James Robertson and Joseph Co- in the Launceston Volunteer Artillery the Hobart Artillery 73. hen, Justices of the Peace. Robertson Corps’, and in 1863 was promoted The First Rifles, the former Ma- was a member of St John’s and Lieutenant-Colonel (local rank). sonic Rifles, ceased to exist in Jan- Lodge of Hope, and Cohen (a Mem- Senior captain of the two compa- uary 1866. Under the captaincy of ber of Parliament) belonged to Hope nies of the Launceston Volunteer Philip Oakley Fysh (commissioned and Lodge of Faith. The rules adopt- Rifle Corps was D’Arcy Wentworth August 1864), they amalgamated ed for the Corps included admission Lathrop Murray (effective 2/6/1860), with the Hobart Town Volunteer by ballot, and the proviso that mem- newspaper proprietor, politician, Artillery. Fysh (1835–1919), later bers would not be required to serve at Freemason and son of Robert Lath- Sir Philip Fysh KCMG, was a mer- sea or outside the ‘Northern Divi- rop Murray, the ‘Father of Tasmani- chant and politician, future premier sion’ of Tasmania. Issue 68 and future Commonwealth post- were free to accept employment ac- 1865 he went to New Zealand, to master-general. Those who trans- cording to their skills. In 1854 Rus- take command of the Queen’s Re- ferred to the artillery included Lt sell was promoted to Major, still on doubt, near Auckland. He died there Thomas Marsden (EC) and Sgt half-pay as Staff Officer of Pension- of a heart attack on 28 July 1865 and William Beaumont (EC)—and ers, but nominally in the 3rd Dragoon was buried with full military hon- Captain Benjamin Travers Solly Guards; and in March 1860 he was ours in Auckland. (EC & MU) came in from the cold given a brevet promotion to Lieuten- and also joined the gunners. In the ant-Colonel. Major Edward Hungerford Eagar North, in January 1866 the Laun- Early in 1862 his job description was (1819–1871), of the 40th (2nd Som- ceston Volunteer Rifle Corps amal- changed from ‘Inspecting Field Of- ersetshire) Regt, was a veteran of gamated with the Launceston Artil- ficer of Volunteer Corps in Tasma- India, Afghanistan and the Crimea. lery Company. nia, and . . . Commanding Officer of His regiment was stationed in Aus- the several volunteer corps in Tas- tralia from 1823 to 1829, and again Regular officers mania’ to ‘Colonel Commanding the from 1852 to 1860; from 1860 to Volunteers in the Southern Division 1865 most of regiment was in New The colonial government engaged a of the Island’ and he was designated Zealand and participated in the Tara- succession of professional soldiers ‘the medium of communication with naki and Waikato campaigns. In to keep an eye on the weekend war- the Government in all matters con- 1861 he was posted to Tasmania as riors, and their first choice was bre- nected with the volunteer forces in Assistant Adjutant-General, and in vet Lt-Col Frederick Browne Rus- that division’. Towards the end of the July of that year he was appointed sell (1809–1883) as ‘Inspecting year his wife died, the position of ‘Inspector of Musketry to the Volun- Field Officer of Volunteer Corps in Staff Officer of Pensioners was abol- teer Force in Tasmania’. In July Tasmania’. ished, and he was retired on half-pay 1863 he assumed command of H M Russell’s father, Capt Andrew pension. He left Tasmania in January Forces in Tasmania. The following Hamilton Russell of the 28th 1863 with his eight surviving chil- month he responded to a plea from (North Gloucestershire) Regt, died dren and a nanny and—perhaps the Governor of New Zealand for in Spain during the Peninsular War, drawing on his experience 25 years reinforcements by taking 110 men of leaving a young widow and five previously as an officer of the the 12th and 40th Regiments to New children, of whom three were boys: Mounted Military Police—became a Zealand, handing them over, and William (b1806), Frederick police magistrate in rural New South returning to Tasmania. Upon his re- (b1809) and Andrew Hamilton Wales, first at Wentworth (1864) and turn, he was appointed Colonel Russell Jr (b1811). William and then at Queanbeyan (1869) until his Commanding the Volunteer Forces. Frederick served in their father’s death in 1883. regiment and came to Australia In all probability, Eagar was a Free- with the 28th as lieutenants in Major John Francis Kempt (1805– mason, perhaps initiated between 1835, while Andrew served in the 1865) served mainly in the 12th (East 1857 and 1860, since he named his 22nd and 58th and settled in New Suffolk) Regt, which was stationed first son Frank Whitworth (1857), Zealand. William and Frederick in Australia from 1854 to 1861. He his second Edgar Boaz (1860) and both married daughters of Sir John was posted to Hobart in December his third Dennis Jachin (1862). In Jamison (1776–1844), a Past Mas- 1855, in command of the troops sta- April 1866, recently promoted Lt- ter of Lodge of Australia 820 EC. tioned in Tasmania, and it is noted Col Eagar suffered a similar fate to When the regiment moved to India that in 1857 he and Major Russell that of Lt-Col Russell, in that the in 1842, Lieutenant Frederick Rus- were members of the Royal Society office of Assistant Adjutant-General sell took his young bride with him, of Tasmania. Major and Mrs Kempt was abolished. The Eagars departed and when the regiment was about left Hobart early in 1858. He was Australian shores for England in to leave India in 1848, Captain promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel May 1866. Russell transferred to the 22nd Regt later that year, and in 1860 he was After graduating from Sandhurst, in order to stay there. However, appointed inspecting field officer of and service in Hong Kong and New Captain and Mrs Russell, their the Volunteers in Sydney, including Zealand, Captain Francis Rawdon three daughters and a servant ar- a land-based naval brigade. He was Chesney (1824–1907), Royal Engi- rived in Hobart in April 1850. He administrator of New South Wales in neers, was posted to Tasmania in was still in the army, but on half- the early months of 1861, between 1863. Between the departure of Lt- pay, as Staff Officer of Pensioners, the departure of Governor Sir Wil- Col Russell and the arrival of Capt and brought with him 72 pension- liam Denison and the arrival of the Chesney, a new Volunteer Act came ers. new Governor, Sir John Young. In into force, revising the command The Military Pensioners Unit October 1862 he again took up com- structure. The Southern Division of was used in the Australian colonies mand of the troops in Tasmania, by the Tasmanian Volunteers now com- from 1830, mainly in what are now now a full colonel, and upon the res- prised the Hobart Town Volunteer Victoria and Tasmania. They ignation of Lt-Col Russell in January Artillery Company and the First Ad- guarded convicts on ships and in 1863, he accepted command of the ministrative Regiment, Southern prisons, and acted as overseers of whole of the Volunteers, thus bring- Division (the rifle companies and the convict labour. They were given ing regulars and volunteers under the city guards). The Northern Division small allotments of land in or near same command. In July of that year comprised the First Light Cavalry, towns, and they and their families he was transferred to Sydney, and in the Launceston Artillery Corps, and

page 22 Harashim the First Administrative Regiment, ways taken a foremost place, and fles became the First Rifles, and Northern Division (the rifle compa- has been eminently successful. the Odd Fellows Rifles became the nies). Major Eagar was placed in For proof of this, we refer to his Second Rifles. Manchester Unity overall command, with the local connexion with our gold and coal held out for a while, but eventually rank of Colonel; Capt Chesney mining companies, to his late pa- became the Third Rifles. In 1862 commanded the Southern Division tent for the manufacture of kero- there were changes in the trim- with the local rank of Lieutenant- sene oil, and to his exploration of mings of the uniforms; the First Colonel and Major Home was given the unsettled districts on the west- Rifles adopted red facings but re- command of the Northern Division ern coast. Owing to illness in his tained the silver lace, and the Sec- with similar rank. family, Colonel Chesney will not ond Rifles also changed to red fac- leave for some time. His stay ings. All of these had military experi- among us, however, will not be a Ordnance and ammunition, of ence and all but Home were serving protracted one. course, were supplied by the gov- soldiers, but the final appointment ernment. In 1860, the volunteers Chesney sailed for England at the in the list was different. Capt the were armed with the Enfield pat- end of October, two days after the Hon J M Wilson MLC, of the City tern 1853 type II rifle—a .577 cali- death of his young son. He retired in Guards, was promoted to ‘Major in bre muzzle-loader, 1.4 metres long, 1875, after 33 years service in the the First Administrative Regiment, sometimes called a rifle-musket Royal Engineers, with the rank of Southern Division’. This did not sit because it was designed to be as Major-General, and died in Decem- well with the other volunteer cap- long as a musket, so that when sol- ber 1907. tains in the South, particularly those diers were firing in two ranks the senior to Wilson. Capt Tarleton pro- muzzle of rearmost firearm was in tested vigorously—and was repri- Uniforms and Ordnance front of the head of the front-rank manded for doing so—and Capt The choice of uniform, subject to soldier. It came with a ‘pig-sticker’ Solly resigned. It may also have government approval, was left to the socket bayonet. Initially, the En- been a reason for Capt Smith’s res- individual units. Given the personal field was issued to the artillery as ignation and decision to go to New idiosyncrasies of the individual com- well as the rifle companies, but Zealand on active service soon af- manders, their choice was surprising- then the Tasmanian government terwards. Two years later, an edito- ly . . . well, uniform. The artillery purchased 150 Hollis .577 calibre rial in Capt Davies’ paper, the Mer- units north and south chose a dark muzzle-loading artillery carbines, cury, attributed the promotion to blue, as did the City Guards and the just over a metre long and supplied favouritism by his fellow-politicians Mounted Rifles, while most of the with a ‘yataghan’ sword-bayonet, and described it as ‘altogether inde- rifle companies selected the dark and 50 of the shorter Wilson .451 fensible’. green—rifle green—first introduced calibre breech-loading carbines. In January 1867 news was re- into the British Army in the Peninsu- The .451 calibre was described as ceived of the promotion of Captain lar War with the ‘rifle’ (as opposed ‘small bore’! Only ten of the Hollis Chesney RE to brevet Major, and a to the smooth-bored musket). The carbines found their way to the further promotion towards the end exceptions were the Kingborough north of the island; the Wilson car- of the year required his return to Rifles, in black, and the Masonic bines were issued to the Mounted England. The Mercury paid tribute Rifles in grey. Most units chose to Rifles in 1864, but were found to to him in September: offset the basic colour with red fac- be unsatisfactory. ings and gold lace. The fraternal rifle Apart from training within the Colonel Chesney, of the Royal companies chose to be different, and Engineers department, is about to individual units, open competitions initially the Masonic Rifles had and team competitions were organ- be relieved by Captain Warren, green facings and silver lace, the who has come out from England ised. With the advent of civilian Odd Fellows Rifles had black fac- rifle clubs, some of the wealthier for that purpose. The high esteem ings and the standard gold lace, in which Colonel Chesney has shooters introduced Whitworth and while the Manchester Unity Rifles Kerr rifles which, under competi- been held by all classes of the had the standard red facings but sil- community ever since his arrival tion conditions, tended to produce ver lace, as did the Launceston a higher score. Like the Enfield, among us will make his departure Mounted Rifles. The Masonic Rifles a source of deep and very general the Whitworth was a single-shot designed a cap badge of a crown muzzle-loading rifle, but the barrel regret. His official duties in con- above crossed square and compasses. nexion with the engineering de- had a hexagonal bore of .451 cali- The Odd Fellows cap badge was a bre. The British army rejected it partment have not, we believe, crown above a star. been very heavy, but he has been because of excessive fouling of the anything but an idle or an inac- barrel and the fact that it cost four tive man in the colony. He has It was not long before the fraternal times as much as the Enfield. The had charge of the new batteries, rifle companies experienced difficul- Kerr was another ‘small- and has been colonel- ty in recruiting sufficient numbers bore’ (.451 calibre) rifle with a commanding the volunteer force, from within their own membership, traditional long barrel, based on the for some time past without pay. and changed their admission require- Enfield. Both the Whitworth and In attempting to develop the re- ments to allow non-members to join the Kerr were used by Confederate sources of the colony, he has al- the company. This required a change snipers in the American Civil War. of title, and in 1861 the Masonic Ri- At this time (1859–1870), the Issue 68 coastal defences at Hobart were all of the lodge. The following year he shooting matches were organised, as on the western shore, with the resigned the last of his military ap- well as open competitions, and oc- Queen’s Battery just north of the pointments, as well as his other Ma- casionally unit outings on the river town, and three batteries south of sonic positions, at the age of 76. and picnics were arranged. the town, near Anglesea Barracks, In 1865 James Chisholm was ap- Despite all this, the Volunteers suf- on the forward slopes of Battery pointed armourer-sergeant for the fered periodic membership losses, at Point; these were the Mulgrave, whole of the Southern Division of the least partly because of government Prince of Wales & Prince Albert Tasmanian Volunteers, and when they penny-pinching, and parliamentary Batteries, and they were linked by were reconstituted as artillery in 1868, denigration of the Volunteers a series of tunnels. They were his appointment followed, with an (ranging from ‘we don’t need them armed with iron 8-inch smooth- annual salary of £100 and quarters at all’ to ‘they are inadequate to re- bore muzzle-loading guns and supplied. In 1872 he was gazetted pel an invasion’ and, of course, ‘we brass 32-pound smooth-bore muz- Master Gunner, Sergeant in charge of can’t afford it’). zle-loading howitzers. In the North the powder magazine at Hobart Town, the artillery were issued two of the and in 1874 he was recorded in the Generally, Tasmanian newspapers brass howitzers in 1861, and in civil list as ‘Master Gunner in Charge were very pro-volunteer, particular- 1866 these were supplemented by of the Military Stores and Batteries, ly the Mercury and the Launceston two of the iron guns and 100 Magazine Storekeeper, Hobart Town, Examiner, but there were occasions shells! and Inspector of Licensed Maga- when they were used for very per- zines’. He had an assistant at Laun- sonal attacks. As early as October ceston and four staff at Hobart. His 1860, the Cornwall Chronicle lam- The Chisholm family, armourers titles varied, and his salary and re- pooned Capt Davies of the Odd Fel- to the Volunteers sponsibilities increased from time to lows Rifles, and proprietor of the The Chisholms were a family that time. He retired from military duties rival Mercury: provided three generations of vol- at the age of 70, in 1902, as Warrant unteers who were Masons. In a Officer Chisholm, Ordnance Stores, The Second Tasmania Rifles paper prepared for publication in but retained his state government po- were inspected in the Domain, by AMAT (the newsletter of the Arms sition as Keeper of the Powder Maga- Lieut. Col Russell on Monday. and Militaria Association of Tas- zine and Inspector of Explosives for The corps went through the usual mania), Gillian Winter tells the another six years. evolutions on such occasions remarkable story of James James Chisholm died at home, of with tolerable correctness, but it Chisholm, his father James Wil- pneumonia, in 1910. Arthur Wiseman was impossible not to see that liam Chisholm and his nephew says of him: ‘He had endeared him- their movements were crippled, James Duncan Walter Chisholm, self to all by his faithfulness to duty and their self confidence shaken which spans the whole period of and his unvarying kindness’. by the ignorance and incapacity the defence force. At the age of 50, The family tradition was continued of their captain. (Davis) [sic] James William Chisholm, a mili- by James Chisholm’s nephew, James This absurd personage makes a tary pensioner and former armour- Duncan Walter Chisholm (1873– complete, and most ridiculous er at Edinburgh Castle, brought his 1936), as a member of Tasmanian exhibition of himself as a family to Hobart in 1852. His son Union Lodge and the volunteers. He “millingtary man” (as he styles James, aged 20, obtained employ- served in the volunteers from about it) His words of command suited ment with a local gunmaker. In 1890 and joined the AIF in 1916, was no other purpose than to confuse 1860 the father joined the Masonic mentioned in despatches in 1917 and and perplex his corps, and con- Rifles as armourer-sergeant and the retired with the rank of Lieutenant- vulse with laughter the Inspecting son was accepted in a similar posi- Colonel. He was Master of Tasmanian Field Officer and spectators. If tion, first with the Manchester Uni- Union Lodge in 1924. you can conceive a bloated toad ty Rifles and then (in 1861) with with a bulrush in its dexter paw Other Volunteer activities the Buckingham Rifles. parading along a meadow on his In addition to the necessary drills, James William Chisholm’s Ma- hind legs with protuberent belly sonic antecedents are unknown, parades and shooting practice, the and stern to match, you will form but he served as Tyler in Tasmani- Volunteers were on public display at some faint idea of Captain Davis every opportunity: the opening of Par- an Union Lodge in 1857 and when [sic] as he marched past in slow liament, royal birthdays and other he died in 1863 he was described time, with his sword stuck out in celebrations, and military funerals. as ‘a mason of high standing’ and front like a butcher meditating The artillery and several rifle compa- was buried with military and Ma- the death of a porker,—at once sonic honours. James was initiated nies formed their own marching the disgust of the company and bands, and some of these played at in Tasmanian Union shortly after the terror of Lieut. Colonel Rus- non-military functions as well as on his father’s death, and four years sell whose eyes and face were later was appointed Secretary of parades. narrowly imperilled by the un- the lodge. He served in this posi- The officers, and sometimes whole manageable weapon flourished tion for 40 years, and when he re- units, attended theatre performances, by this modern “Bombastes.” signed in 1907, because of failing and the officers were prominent at The corps mustered on the health, he was presented with an vice-regal and other social functions, ground 22 members—their nomi- armchair, and made a life member particularly banquets. Inter-unit rifle- nal strength is over 60—the

page 24 Harashim whole literary and mechanical working man, those Volunteers were amount for non-attendance without staff of the Mercury was in the denied the incentives offered by the just cause. It recommended govern- ranks—excepting Dr Richards government for ‘efficiency’, and ment prizes for proficiency in gun- who was detained on special duty some may well have quit as a result. nery and rifle practice, and subsi- as a reporter of the vagaries of the dised ammunition for all members, In March 1864 the Tasmania Rifle Captain and the performance of and expressed the view that imple- Association was formed, with the the Corps; . . . mentation of the report: stated object of ‘giving permanence In turn, Davies published an attack to the Volunteer Corps’ and promot- will give satisfaction to those on his fellow-captains Tarleton ing rifle-shooting in Tasmania. The Volunteers who have really tak- (Artillery) and Solly (First Rifles) in president was Colonel Eagar, with en a genuine interest in the an editorial in the Mercury under the William Tarleton, Benjamin Solly, movement; and who have, not- guise of urging the government to William Lovett and Walter Ham- withstanding every discourage- economise by ‘exacting from every mond on the council, and David ment, continued faithfully at- well paid public servant a measure of Lewis as secretary. Annual subscrip- tached to it to the last, in defi- service bearing a just proportion to tion was seven shillings and six- ance of raillery, ridicule, and a his remuneration’. Police Magistrate pence for Volunteers and a guinea general condemnation of the Tarleton, the editorial advocated, for non-Volunteers, with a proviso system of Volunteering now on should fill additional offices without that an ex-Volunteer would not be its last legs. further remuneration, and the ser- admitted unless he gave a satisfacto- vices of Assistant Colonial Secretary ry reason for having ceased to be a However, the report was not imple- Solly should be dispensed with en- Volunteer. The association held sep- mented, and the government left tirely, and his job done by a junior arate annual competitions for shoot- the matter in abeyance for that par- clerk at one-tenth the salary. Of ing with ‘government rifles’ and liamentary session, with the result course, this editorial could have no with ‘small bore’ rifles. In the inau- that Colonel Eagar issued the fol- bearing on the complaint of Davies gural competitions, Lewis and Solly lowing General Volunteer Order: (Second Rifles) and Wilson (City came third and fourth respectively Guards), both A&I Odd Fellows, that with ‘government rifles’ (.577 cali- Officers Commanding Divi- Lt-Col Russell consulted Tarleton bre), and Hammond came first with sions—South and North—are and Solly, based on their seniority of a ‘small bore’ rifle (.451 calibre). requested to cause the drills and appointment, rather than the captains instructions of the corps under who commanded the largest numbers In May 1865 the Third Rifles their command to be resumed of volunteers. (Manchester Unity) and the Buck- with diligence and attention. The One reason for membership loss in ingham Rifles were disbanded. Colo- drills, &c, have been suspended 1863 and 1864, although not advert- nel Eagar reported a total strength of for some weeks past, owing to ed to publicly as such, was the emi- the Southern Division, excluding the the volunteer officers and other gration to New Zealand of a substan- Huon Rifles, of 369 all ranks, of members being impressed with tial number of young men of martial whom 276 attended his inspection on an idea that there was an inten- inclination, attracted by the offer of 24 May, with 35 absent on leave, 19 tion of the part of the Legislature land in return for militia service in sick, and 39 absent without leave. to recommend their immediate disbandment to His Excellency the Maori wars. In October 1863 Having suffered a government re- the Governor. But the Colonel some 63 men from Hobart and 20 form in 1863, the Volunteers were Commanding has authority to from Launceston departed under faced with another in September state that there is no such inten- three officers and a surgeon, and the 1865, based on the report of a ‘Select tion at present, and that annual following month another 50 left, un- Committee on the Volunteer Force’. prizes for rifle firing will be der Lt Gregson of the City Guards. It recommended disbandment of the granted this year as heretofore, Their ages ranged from 17 to 39, and existing force and creation of a sin- under regulations published in they were described as ‘a fine body gle corps, the Tasmanian Defence further orders of this day’s date. of men’ and ‘mostly sober, steady Force, consisting of not more than Colonel Eagar further trusts that fellows’, with a variety of useful 300 men, of which 200 would be at the Captains commanding corps skills. Hobart and 100 at Launceston. will endeavour to have each a Country corps might be formed un- Another reason for ‘patchy’ attend- company drill previous to the der the name of Rifle Clubs, and ance figures for parades and drills next Battalion Parade of the of- would receive government subsidy may be deduced from the fact that ficers commanding divisions, in the form of arms, ammunition and attendance was sometimes much with a view to prevent, if possi- targets at cost price. The Tasmanian higher on weekends and public holi- ble, any falling off at these pa- Defence Force (the 300 in Hobart days than on weekdays, the conclu- rades, owing to the temporary and Launceston) would be supplied sion being that Volunteers would cessation of drills before alluded uniforms every two years and would give up their spare time, but could to. not afford to attend in working time, be drilled in artillery and musketry; without the forbearance of employ- every member, from commanding Since the government had not ers. When the government set effi- officer to musician, would be paid made the recommended changes of ciency standards based on attendance for attendance at each weekly drill, the 1865 Commission, the volun- records that were unrealistic for the and would be fined twice that teers proposed a voluntary amal- Issue 68 gamation, which was accepted and ance with the philosophy of Freema- cluding public parades in regalia. put into operation in January 1866. sonry? Could it be interpreted as a Could there also be similarity of rea- The First Rifles amalgamated with political act? sons for lapse of membership? the Hobart Town Artillery, leaving Finally, it would be appropriate to the Second Rifles (Odd Fellows) Similar questions might be posed in consider to what extent this paper and City Guards as infantry, and respect of the participation of both has explored the social context of the Launceston Rifles amalgamated varieties of Odd Fellows. These fra- Masonic participation in the move- with the Launceston Artillery, leav- ternities certainly placed emphasis on ment. Does it add to the understand- ing the smaller Northern units as ‘loyalty’, and numbered in their ing of this small portion of the histo- infantry. In January 1867 there ranks some men of equal social ry of Freemasonry in Tasmania? were approximately 150 volunteers standing to those found in the Ma- present for the annual parade of the sonic lodges. Indeed, some Freema- [A full bibliography will be supplied Southern Division, spread evenly sons were also Odd Fellows, alt- with the final section of this paper. between the Artillery, Second Ri- hough the evidence so far is of cross- Meanwhile, the extensive footnotes fles and City Guards. membership only with the Manches- are offered in support of the accura- ter Unity order, not with the Ancient In March 1867 another Commis- cy of Part I (above). Many other ref- & Independent Odd Fellows. These sion was formed ‘to enquire into erences are available on application observations prompt a further ques- the working of the Volunteer Force to the author.] tion: why did men of relatively high of the colony’. Nine months later, a social standing and of more than decision was reached, and imple- The format of this publication makes modest means join a fraternity large- mented. As foreshadowed in 1865, the insertion of footnotes a problem. ly devoted to providing its members the Volunteers were disbanded at and their families with a form of the end of 1867, and a new corps To overcome this the extensive foot- medical insurance and assistance in established in the new year, with notes for this paper are contained in funeral expenses? The answer would no rifle companies, just the artil- the following pages. ED require a separate research paper, lery. For the most part it was the preferably by someone better versed old cast back in office, but a new in the aims and history of ‘Friendly script—and that is another story, Societies’. for another time. Given the number of politicians and In retrospect civil servants in the volunteer move- With much of the story of the Tas- ment, why was a Parliamentary Rifle manian Volunteers yet to be told, it Company not formed? Cynically, it would be premature to draw final might be suggested that there would conclusions from the events record- have been no shortage of officers, but ed, but some questions may be great difficulty in finding sufficient posed at this stage and observations ‘other ranks’, whether they be called made on the basis of the reported Cadets or Volunteers. events of the period 1859 to 1867. Was the perception of threats of What, one may wonder, were the attack and the possibility of inva- motives of those who joined the vol- sion by a foreign country or plun- unteer movement—and of those who dering by privateers justified? If so, remained loyal to it throughout the was the response adequate to meet period 1859–1867? Did the same the threat? Even if the volunteers motives inspire both officers and were unable to defend the colony men? Clearly, none of them could successfully, might their existence have been inspired by mercenary have proved a deterrent because of motives; despite small emoluments the increased difficulty of conquest or prizes offered in some instances, or plundering? Answers to such all volunteer officers and men must questions would require a deeper have spent more than they recouped. study of the situation and even then No doubt patriotism, a sense of duty, must remain speculative. and personal pride of achievement It is not surprising that Freema- played their part in motivating most sons as individuals responded to of them, together with—in some cas- the call to arms, given the Masonic es, at least—the opportunity to cut a creed of loyalty to the crown, and dashing figure on public occasions, civic duty, nor that a substantial and the camaraderie of military ser- proportion of leaders in the volun- vice. teer movement were Freemasons, Some similarity may be seen be- given the selection process of the tween the motivation of the Volun- lodges, but was the formation of a teers and membership of Freema- Masonic Rifle Company in accord- sons’ and Odd Fellows’ lodges, in-

page 26 Harashim 1 From The Elephant’s Child. 23 minutes of Tasmanian Union Lodge, 25/6/1860, in the 2 For a full account of the lodges thus formed in the Waikato possession of Tasmanian Union Lodge No 3 TC. district of New Zealand, see ‘Our Masonic heritage in the 24 Wettenhall, R L: Australian Dictionary of Biography, Waikato’ by RWBro J P Glenie PGW, Transactions of the Wai- http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hull-hugh-munro- kato Lodge of Research, November 1981; and The extinct 3814/text5891. lodges of New Zealand, by RWBro Colonel G Barclay PDGM, 25 Mercury, 17/6/1861. PGSec, 48–55 & 79–81, printed by Blundell Bros, 1935. 26 Cornwall Chronicle, 27/10/1860. 3 For example, in England just prior to the passing of the Un- 27 Lt Hood’s name was Major Lloyd Hood. lawful Societies Act of 1799, the Lodge of Lights at Warring- 28 Hobart Town Daily Mercury, 19/6/1860. ton formed itself into a unit of the local militia (Prof Andrew 29 Smith, Neil: Australian Dictionary of Biography, . Rifle Corps’ was formed at Manchester in 1803 (‘British Army 30 Mercury, 28/9/1863. and Freemasonry in Australia’ by RWBro Russell Gibbs 31 Evans, Col AGA Rtd: ‘Hobart Town Artillery Company: its PSGW, in Transactions of the Research Lodge of New South record’ in Mercury, 21/8/1919. Wales, delivered July 1992). In Ireland in 1782 Lodge 386 32 Lewis resigned his commission in May 1861 because he raised the Lowtherstown Masonic Volunteer Corps, and oth- objected to the commissioning of John O’Boyle as Sec- ers followed suit (VWBro D H Weir, ‘Freemasonry in Balli- ond Lieutenant in the Artillery (Mercury, 30/5/1861), namallard’ in Transactions of the Lodge of Research No.CC, and promptly joined his brethren in the Second Rifles, Ireland, vol XXI, and other reports in the same volume), and where he was promoted Lieutenant and Adjutant, va- Bro Bob James reports similar activity in Scotland by Masons cancies left by the promotion of Hugh Hull to Captain and Odd Fellows. Paymaster. In December 1863 he was offered the cap- 4 From www.uniformsotw.com, © Sean Ryan 2008, and such taincy of the First Rifles, upon the resignation of Capt images reproduced in this presentation are with the consent Solly, but declined. He became a member of the House of the copyright holder. of Assembly in 1864. 5 ‘A history of early Freemasonry and the Irish Constitution in 33 The following was published in the Mercury on Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania)’ in ANZMRC Proceedings 5/4/1864: 1998. CAPTAIN A. F. SMITH. The friends of the above gen- 6 ‘The Father of Freemasonry in Van Diemen’s Land’ in tleman, who it will be remembered left Hobart ANZMRC Proceedings 2004. Town for the seat of war in New Zealand, with a 7 See James, R: ‘Problems with UK and US Odd Fellow litera- view to obtaining active military employment, will ture’ and ‘The story of GOOOF and Traveller’s Home in the be glad to learn that he is about to be entrusted 1840s and 1850s’ at http://www.takver.com/history/ with the absolute command of a corps of artillery, benefit/; his later publication, They Call Each Other Brother, it having been found by the result of a professional self-published in 2010, gives greater detail but reinforces the examination, to which he was subjected that his initial observation. qualifications are such as to entitle him to this im- 8 Colonial Times, 5/9/1851. portant mark of confidence. The departure of Capt. 9 (Hobart) Courier, 27/10/1853. Smith from Tasmania must therefore be regarded 10 In Launceston Charity failed, Faith was soon to become as another illustration of the manner in which men dormant until 1881, Peace failed at Longford, and subse- so much needed in the colony are driven from it by quently at Stanley, while Pacific, in Hobart, did not receive its the petty jealousies of those who are unable to warrant until June 1860. perceive or appreciate the valuable qualities which 11 Hobart Town Daily Mercury, 12/2/1859. training and cultivation alone can confer. 12 At Hamilton, Kemp Town, Kingston (2) and New Norfolk. 34 Crawford, Sir G: ‘The Launceston Artillery’, paper read 13 At Campbell Town, Deloraine, Evandale, Franklin, Kingston to the Northern Branch of the Royal Society of Tasma- and Port Cygnet. nia, 5/6/1970; Launceston Examiner, 8/5/1860. 14 Australian War Memorial ‘History’ http://www.awm.gov.au/ 35 Wyatt, D M: A Lion in the Colony (1990) 4. atwar/colonial.asp. 36 South Australian Register, 9/5/1846; he is listed as 15 According to Dr Elena Govor (‘Australia and the Crimean being in the 6th Regiment, but this is probably in error War’, http://australiarussia.com/AusCrimeaENFIN.htm), the for the 96th, since the 6th did not serve in Australia, ‘Russian Panic’ was recurring: in 1853, 1863, 1870, 1882 and and the 96th did, from 1841 to 1848, and was definitely 1885. in Tasmania in 1843. 16 http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/colonial.asp. 37 Launceston Examiner, 20/3/1862; Cornwall Chronicle, 17 Hobart Town Daily Mercury, 28/12/1859. 4/11/1863. 18 Evans, Col AGA Rtd: ‘Hobart Town Artillery Company: its 38 Davis, M W: ‘The Father of Freemasonry in Tasmania’, record’ in Mercury, 21/8/1919. Transactions of Hobart Lodge of Research, vol 41 #2 19 Launceston Examiner, 10/3/1860. (1988), 20; see also Linton, M & Yaxley, M: ‘The Father 20 Anon: Rules and Regulations of the Hobart Town Masonic of Freemasonry in Van Diemen’s Land’, the 2004 Keller- Volunteer Rifle Company, 1860 (pamphlet, 1860). man Lecture for Tasmania, in Australian & New Zealand 21 Hobart Town Daily Mercury, 7/3/1860. Masonic Research Council Proceedings 2004, ANZMRC, 22 Hobart Town Daily Mercury, 12/4/1860. Williamstown Vic 2004.

Issue 68 39 See my paper ‘The synagogue and the lodge’ in Proceed- AMAT vol 5 #4, 6–9; Information Sheet #3, ‘Tasmanian Vol- ings of Launceston Lodge of Research, May 1993, and Ma- unteer Arms 1860–1870’, Australian Army Museum, Tasma- sonic Research in South Australia, vol II, Adelaide 1996. nia. 40 His son, William Gordon Maddox, mrcs, (a Freemason) 60 . Evidently it was appointed Surgeon Superintendent of Launceston was admired by some officers: in 1857 Major Eagar named General Hospital in 1870 and was surgeon to the Launces- his firstborn Frank Whitworth Eagar! ton Volunteer Rifle Regiment in 1882 (Cyclopedia of Tas- 61 Wyatt, A Lion in the Colony, p11; . 41 Mercury, 21/7/1860; Launceston Examiner, 20/9/1860; 62 Crawford, Sir G: ‘The Launceston Artillery’, 9. Mercury, 1/10/1860; Launceston Examiner, 9/10/1860. 62 Winter, G: ‘“A careful and capable officer”: James Chisholm 42 Launceston Examiner, 22/11/1860. (1832–1910), gunsmith’, AMAT. 43 Hull, The Volunteer List (1861). 64 Wise, W O: History of Tasmanian Union Lodge from 1844 to 44 Launceston Examiner, 25/1/1866. 1919. 45 Launceston Examiner, 25/9/1860. 65 Freemasonry in Tasmania 1828–1935, 151. 46 His grandson, fourth in line to be named Andrew Hamil- 66 Cornwall Chronicle, 27/10/1860. ton Russell, commanded the New Zealand Division in the 67 Mercury, 6/5/1861. First World War (RUSSELL, Major-General Sir Andrew 68 Mercury, 7/10/1863. Hamilton, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., etc., 1966 Encyclopae- 69 See, for example, the Mercury editorial ‘The Volunteers’, dia of New Zealand). 17/10/1865. 47 From the Colonial Times, /4/1850: 70 Mercury, 27/5/1865. PENSIONERS’ HIRING BARRACKS, NEW WHARF.—It is 71 Cornwall Chronicle, 16/9/1865. announced by Capt. Russell, Staff Officer of Pension- 72 Launceston Examiner, 7/10/1865. ers, that from those who arrived in the Eliza, convict 73 Mercury, 4/1/1867. ship, the following are available for hire:—1 black- smith; 1 cooper; 1 bricklayer; 1 private servant; 1 ************************** groom; 1 coachman; 1 shepherd; 5 labourers. Particu- lars as to the men and their character may be ob- tained upon application to Captain Russell. 48 Launceston Examiner, 20/3/1862. 49 Walsh, G P: ‘Kempt, John Francis (1805–1865)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol 5, MUP, 1974. 50 Mercury, 30/7/1861. 51 Frank Whitworth Eagar died in 1884 (http:// records.ancestry.com/ Frank_Whitworth_Eagar_records.ashx?pid=183414792); Captain Edgar Boaz Eagar of the Northumberland Fusiliers was killed in action in South Africa in 1899 (http:// www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/churches/ royal_garrison/eagar-brine.htm); Dennis Jachin Eagar died in infancy (Mercury, 25/3/1862). 52 Launceston Examiner, 5/11/1863. 53 Mercury, 4/8/1865. 54 Mercury, 2/9/1867. Incidentally, the ‘Captain Warren’ referred to is not Bro (Sir) Charles Warren RE, of Quatuor Coronati fame. 55 Not to be confused with his uncle of the same name, Ma- jor-General Francis Rawdon Chesney (1789–1872), who served in the Royal Artillery and achieved fame with his feasibility study for the Suez Canal (subsequently adopted by de Lesseps) and a proposed land route to India via the Euphrates Valley (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Francis_Rawdon_Chesney). 56 Hull, H M: The Volunteer List (pamphlet, 1861). PGM Rob- ert Clarke in ‘Freemasonry Tasmania, the military connec- tion’ (45th Blaikie Memorial Lecture, July 2006) refers to photographs of the uniform and cap badge, but could not publish these because of copyright. 57 Launceston Examiner, 30/1/1862. 58 Mercury, 30/5/1862. 59 Lennox J: ‘Tasmanian Arms’, AMAT, vol 3 #2, 12–18; Presser J C, ‘Early Tasmanian Volunteer Marked Arms’, page 28 Harashim