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UNIVERZITA KARLOVA Diplomová Práce 2021 Bc. Barbora Navrátilová UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut mezinárodních studií Katedra severoamerických studií Diplomová práce 2021 Bc. Barbora Navrátilová UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut mezinárodních studií Katedra severoamerických studií Dělnické hnutí jako prostředek boje za rovnoprávnost černochů v Minnesotě: Aktivismus Nellie Stone Johnson Diplomová práce Autor práce: Bc. Barbora Navrátilová Studijní program: Mezinárodní teritoriální studia Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jana Sehnálková, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby: 2021 Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Prohlašuji, že práce nebyla využita k získání jiného titulu. 3. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zpřístupněna pro studijní a výzkumné účely. V Praze dne 28. dubna 2021 Bc. Barbora Navrátilová Bibliografický záznam NAVRÁTILOVÁ, Barbora. Dělnické hnutí jako prostředek boje za rovnoprávnost černochů v Minnesotě: Aktivismus Nellie Stone Johnson. Praha, 2021. 128 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.). Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut mezinárodních studií. Katedra severoamerických studií. Vedoucí diplomové práce Mgr. Jana Sehnálková, Ph.D. Rozsah práce: 334 409 znaků Anotace Diplomová práce Dělnické hnutí jako prostředek boje za rovnoprávnost černochů v Minnesotě: Aktivismus Nellie Stone Johnson analyzuje roli dělnického hnutí v boji za rovnocenné postavení černochů ve státě, který patří na periferii akademického výzkumu ve spojitosti s černošskou populací Spojených států amerických. V prvních dvou kapitolách využívá tato práce převážně metody sondy, díky které v rámci historického kontextu analyzuje projevy dělnického hnutí a hnutí za občanská práva Afroameričanů v Minnesotě. V případě obou hnutí dochází primárně k identifikaci klíčových vlivů a aktérů. Druhá kapitola pak detailněji zkoumá, jaký dopad měl rasismus a diskriminace na vývoj dělnického hnutí a naopak jak se dělnické hnutí vypořádávalo s rasovou segregací. Ve třetí kapitole se případová studie opírá o biografickou metodu a metodu orální historie. Díky těmto dvěma metodologickým přístupům bylo možné zkoumat konkrétní aktivismus Nellie Stone Johnson, jejíž životní příběh dokazuje význam propojení kvalitního vzdělání a ekonomické soběstačnosti pro úspěch boje za rovnoprávnost černochů v Minnesotě. Nellie Stone Johnson pocházela z farmářského prostředí, které bylo pro Minnesotu v 19. století tradiční. Nicméně díky svému vzdělání a osobnímu odhodlání se jí podařilo brzy opustit minnesotský venkov. Během několika let aktivního působení v odborech si získala respekt nejen v místních komunitách, ale také ve vysoké politice, a to i navzdory rasistickým a genderovým předsudkům, které do poloviny 20. století byly nejen všudypřítomné, ale také společensky a právně přípustné. Na základě získaných dat dochází tato diplomová práce k závěru, že boj za rovnoprávné postavení Afroameričanů v Minnesotě byl do velké míry ovlivněn hospodářským vývojem tohoto státu. I proto místní aktivisté v čele s Nellie Stone Johnson považovali dělnické hnutí za nástroj k získání rovného postavení ve společnosti. Věřili totiž, že skrze ekonomickou soběstačnost a kvalitní vzdělání mohou černoši získat nejen respekt a uznání, ale také spravedlivé zacházení a celkové zlepšení životních podmínek. Annotation The diploma thesis Labor Movement as a Means of Struggle for Equality of African Americans in Minnesota: Activism of Nellie Stone Johnson analyzes the role of the Labor Movement in a struggle for equality of African Americans in a state that belongs on the periphery of academic research of African American population of the United States of America. In the first two chapters, the study uses the probe method, which analyzes the manifestations of the Labor Movement and the Civil Rights Movement of the African Americans in Minnesota within a historical context. In case of both movements, key influences and actors are primarily identified. The second chapter then analyzes in more detail the impact of racism and discrimination on the Labor Movement's development, and vice versa, the struggle of the Labor Movement to overcome racial segregation. In the third chapter, the case study relies on the biographical method and the oral history method. Using these methods, this chapter constructs a specific story of activist Nellie Stone Johnson, whose life demonstrates the importance of combining quality education with economic self- sufficiency for the success of the African American struggle for racial equality in Minnesota. Nellie Stone Johnson came from a farming background that was traditional for Minnesota in the 19th century. Nevertheless, thanks to her education and personal determination, she was able to leave the Minnesota countryside in her teenage years. Within a few years committed to union activism, she earned respect not only in local communities but also in politics, despite race and gender biases and discrimination, which by the mid-20th century were not only pervasive but also socially and legally permissible. Based on the gathered data, this thesis concludes that the struggle for equality of African Americans in Minnesota had been influenced to a large extent by the state's economic development. Therefore, local activists, led by Nellie Stone Johnson, found the Labor Movement as a means of winning equal status in society. They believed that through economic self-sufficiency and quality education, African Americans could earn not only respect and recognition, but also fair treatment and a general improvement of their living conditions. Klíčová slova Dělnické hnutí; hnutí za občanská práva Afroameričanů; Minnesota; Nellie Stone Johnson; boj za rovnoprávnost; Keywords Labor Movement; Civil Rights Movement; Minnesota; Nellie Stone Johnson; Struggle for Equality; Title/název práce Labor Movement as a Means of Struggle for Equality of African Americans in Minnesota: Activism of Nellie Stone Johnson / Dělnické hnutí jako prostředek boje za rovnoprávnost černochů v Minnesotě: Aktivismus Nellie Stone Johnson Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala své vedoucí práce Mgr. Janě Sehnálkové, Ph.D. a vedoucí diplomového semináře Lucii Kýrové, M.A., Ph.D. za jejich cenné rady a nekončící důvěru. Moje studium by nikdy nedosáhlo úspěšného konce bez podpory Aničky Blažkové, Báry Šatrové, Elišky Černovské a našeho IMS squadu. Mé díky patří samozřejmě také mojí mamince, a to nejen za gramatickou korekturu. Obsah Prohlášení ............................................................................................................................. 3 Bibliografický záznam ......................................................................................................... 4 Poděkování ........................................................................................................................... 8 Úvod ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Metodologie ....................................................................................................................... 7 Metoda sondy .................................................................................................................. 7 Biografická metoda ......................................................................................................... 8 Metoda orální historie ..................................................................................................... 9 Primární zdroje ................................................................................................................. 11 Sekundární literatura ........................................................................................................ 12 1. Boj za rovnocenné postavení černochů v Minnesotě ............................................ 15 1.1 Historický přístup Minnesoty k otrokářství a rasismu .......................................... 15 1.2 Počátky boje za rovnocenné postavení černochů v Minnesotě ............................. 21 1.2.1. University of Minnesota ..................................................................................... 22 1.2.2. Občanské organizace .......................................................................................... 26 1.2.3. Segregovaná společnost ...................................................................................... 29 1.2.4. Federální intervence ............................................................................................ 32 2. Dělnické hnutí .......................................................................................................... 34 2.1 Počátky dělnického hnutí v Minnesotě ................................................................. 46 2.2 Rasová integrace odborů a místní aktivismus ....................................................... 51 2.3 Zemědělská strana práce ....................................................................................... 56 3. Nellie Stone Johnson ................................................................................................ 64 3.1 Vliv otce na osobnost Nellie ................................................................................. 64 3.2 Víra a vzdělání ...................................................................................................... 68 3.3 První zkušenost s rasismem .................................................................................. 70 3.4 Život v Minneapolis .............................................................................................
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