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Historic Context and History-Architecture Survey

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Historic Context and History-Architecture Survey HISTORIC CONTEXT AND HISTORY-ARCHITECTURE SURVEY Minneapolis in the Modern Era: 1930-1975 Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota June 2020 575 9TH STREET SE, STE 215 | MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55414 | 612.843.4140 | NEWHISTORY.COM “This publication was made possible in part by the people of Minnesota through a grant funded by an appropriation to the Minnesota Historical Society from the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund. Any views, findings, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the State of Minnesota, the Minnesota Historical Society, or the Minnesota Historic Resources Advisory Committee.” HISTORIC CONTEXT Minneapolis in the Modern Era: 1930-1975 Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota June 2020 Prepared for: City of Minneapolis Community Planning and Economic Development 250 South Fourth Street, Room 250 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415 Andrea Burke, Supervisor – Historic Preservation, Development Services Division Prepared By: New History 575 SE 9th Street, Ste. 215 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414 (612) 843-4140 www.newhistory.com with Visible City 2288 University Avenue, Ste. 204 St. Paul, Minnesota 55114 (651) 645-4644 www.visiblecity.com Principal Investigator: Tamara Halvorsen Ludt, [email protected] Report Authors: Tamara Halvorsen Ludt, [email protected] Laurel Fritz, [email protected] Lauren Anderson, [email protected] Graphics and Mapping: Jon Commers Jennifer Strahan Carly Anderson This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Introduction to Historic Contexts 0.1 Chapter One: Minneapolis at Midcentury: An Introduction 1.1 Chapter Two: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II 2.1 Chapter Three: Business and Industry 3.1 Chapter Four: Urban Renewal, Interstate Highways, and Historic 4.1 Preservation Chapter Five: Residential Development 5.1 Chapter Six: Education 6.1 Chapter Seven: Religion 7.1 Chapter Eight: Arts, Culture, and Recreation 8.1 Chapter Nine: Minneapolis Modernism: Architecture and Architects 9.1 Appendix A: Abbreviations and Minneapolis Mayors in the Modern Era A.1 INTRODUCTION Aerial View, Gateway Center Urban Renewal Area, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1960s. Courtesy of http://www.lakesnwoods.com/images/1960s.85.jpg WHAT IS A HISTORIC CONTEXT? HISTORIC CONTEXTS A historic context is a framework for evaluating buildings for historic significance. A historic context focuses on a geographical area, a historical time frame, related historical themes or subjects, and associated property types. A context is not an exhaustive list of properties eligible for historic designation; rather, it provides information against which a property can be evaluated to determine whether or not it has historic significance.1 The context that follows is an examination of the City of Minneapolis between 1930 and 1975. In consultation with the City of Minneapolis and the Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office, and with guidance from the National Park Service, the authors of this context have focused on historical subjects and themes that had a distinct and measurable impact on the built environment in the City, including: • The Great Depression, The New Deal, and World War II • Business and Industry • Urban Renewal, Interstate Highways, and Historic Preservation • Residential Development • Education • Religion • Arts, Culture and Recreation • Architecture and Architects Each context chapter includes references to example properties that represent a particular trend or theme; these example properties should not be understood as a comprehensive list of potentially historically significant buildings in the City of Minneapolis. In order to situate each of these subjects and themes in the broader history of the City of Minneapolis, Chapter One of the context provides a brief historical overview of the City at midcentury, or “the context of the contexts.”2 While the introductory chapter references social and political movements that had a profound impact on the City of Minneapolis, it is not intended to serve as a comprehensive context of any of these movements. The midcentury moment saw “the strengths and struggles of diverse individuals, cultures, and communities…[and] movements of justice to claim the long-denied rights and protections afforded to them under the United States Constitution.”3 Context studies of the Civil Rights Movement, the Women’s Rights Movement, the American Indian Movement, and LGBTQ Twin Cities, to name but a few, require a depth of research, community engagement, and peer-review that is beyond the scope of this context. These are essential stories in the history of the City and its residents that cannot be confined to the time period studied in this context; as such, the authors of this report recommend them for further research as individual historic context studies. 1 Barbara Wyatt, “The Components of a Historic Context: A National Register White Paper,” published by the National Park Service, April, 2009. 2 Meghan E. Springate, Ed., LGTBQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, 03-0. 3 Ibid, 03-1. 0.1 CHAPTER ONE Postcard of the Minneapolis skyline in the 1960s. Courtesy of http://www.lakesnwoods.com/Minneapolis/1960s.htm MINNEAPOLIS AT MIDCENTURY: A SNAPSHOT List of Figures Figure 1.1: Minneapolis Gateway District, 1937. 1.4 Figure 1.2: Minneapolis Truck Strike, 1934. 1.6 Figure 1.3: First World War II Draft Registration, Minneapolis Armory, October 16, 1.7 1940." Figure 1.4: Woman Streetcar Conductor during WWII, 1940. 1.8 Figure 1.5: Minneapolis City Planners envisioning the new Gateway District, no date. 1.10 Figure 1.6: City Bus, 1958. 1.11 Figure 1.7: Civilians and National Guardsman on Plymouth Avenue in North Minneapolis, 1.13 July, 1967. Figure 1.8: Twin Cities Pride Parade, 1973. 1.15 1.2 MINNEAPOLIS AT “MIDCENTURY” “Modernism.” “Mid-century Modern.” “Modern Era.” What do we mean when we refer to “Modern Minneapolis”? Historians of American history generally define the modern era as beginning in 1946, following World War II, a war that radically changed the American economy, society, technology, and role on the world stage.1 American architectural historians understand modernism on a substantially different timeline, with origins in the technological advancements of the late nineteenth century and ending in the 1980s.2 The exploration of the history of Minneapolis in the Modern Era, the focus of this historic context, begins in 1930, when New Deal programs designed to “stimulate the economy, create jobs and raise wages, invest in public works and modernize lagging regions, and give ordinary Americans a new sense of security and hope” also dramatically “extended the regulatory power of the federal government,” a shift which had a significant impact on the modern era.3 The study ends in 1975, which coincides with the end of the Vietnam War, the development of the Energy Crisis, and the national economic downturn of the 1970s – events that shook Americans’ confidence in the social, political, and governmental institutions of the preceding decades, curbing investment and development throughout the country. Prior to World War II, New Deal programs led to a significant investment in publicly-funded architecture and infrastructure in Minneapolis, including the construction of the Main Post Office, the Minneapolis Armory, buildings on the University of Minnesota campus, and city parks and related support structures. Following the war, the City was shaped by the country’s ongoing obsession with auto-mobility, post-war financial prosperity, the creation of new building materials that were the result of war-time industrial experimentation and development, Cold War anxieties, the City’s embrace of the urban renewal ethos, and a dynamic local community of master architects. From the transformation of the downtown core through urban renewal programs to the development of new residential enclaves for returning soldiers to the utter devastation of neighborhoods through the construction of the interstate highway system, all of these forces ensured that Minneapolis saw a significant change in the urban landscape during this time period. The financial collapse known as the Great Depression saw the economic devastation of the United States – and the world. In Minneapolis, the area of downtown known as the “Gateway District” became a gathering space for the City’s unemployed and homeless citizens. In the early decades of the twentieth century, the Gateway District, historically known as “Bridge Square,” the heart of downtown commerce in the nineteenth century, had transitioned from a mixed-use neighborhood to one of boarding houses appealing to single men.4 1 Library of Congress, “Modern Era,” http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/modern/jb_modern_subj.html 2 It is important to note that periodization is a useful, but imperfect, tool. While it makes the study of history accessible and manageable, it risks suggesting that a lines between broad architectural movements such as “modernism” and “postmodernism” overlap. 3 Ibid. 4 https://www.loc.gov/item/2004678114/ 1.3 Between the boarding houses, “vice” industries ranging from saloons to prostitution, and a growing transient population of seasonal workers, the area became known as Minneapolis’s “Skid Row.”5 Believing that clearance of buildings would curb public drunkenness, prostitution and gambling and help reinvent the area, the City demolished blocks of houses and commercial
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