Room Ii Origins of the Cult of Saint James. Conveyance Of

There is a whole series of factors that are associated to the ROOM II discovery of the remains of the Apostle in that place. On the one hand, although the first evidence of the belief that Saint James had th ORIGINS OF THE CULT OF SAINT JAMES. preached in Spain dates back to late 6 century it was not until the 8th century, when it was very much in the interest of the emerging CONVEYANCE OF THE APOSTLE’S Kingdom of Asturias to stress its links with the Apostle, that it was REMAINS TO SANTIAGO widely circulated. The leap from this belief to the rediscovery of the ORIXES DO CULTO XACOBEO. A TRASLACIÓN DO CORPO DE SANTIAGO Apostle’s remains easy enough to take as it was widely believed that the apostles had been buried where they had preached (as is THE LEGEND OF SAINT JAMES illustrated in the text by the Beatus of Liébana). Furthermore, it A LENDA XACOBEA should not be forgotten that Iria Flavia –in Roman times a th The Bible and other religious texts provide little information about flourishing commercial centre- was by the 8 century one of the Saint James. This has resulted in the appearance of numerous most influential sees of the kingdom of Asturias. traditions that elaborated on unknown aspects of his life. One such It was, therefore, in early 9th century and amidst this political and tradition tells of Saint James preaching in the West and relates the religious context that hermit Pelayo, guided by miraculous lights, circumstances of his martyrdom. According to this tradition, Herod made his remarkable discovery in the place that would come to be had the Apostle beheaded in 44 AD. Denied a burial, his body was called Santiago de Compostela. The hermit informed Bishop retrieved by his disciples and carried to a ship at the port of Jaffa. Teodomiro of Iria, who immediately confirmed that the tomb was This was the beginning of a miraculous voyage which, in seven the Apostle’s, and sended word to Alfonso II. days, brought the saint to Iria Flavia, in the Kingdom of Queen Lupa just 18 km from what is now Santiago. SAINT JAMES THE APOSTLE O APÓSTOLO SANTIAGO Upon disembarking, the disciples presented themselves at Lupa’s palace – Castro Lupario – to request from the queen a suitable Saint James the Greater, the son of Zebedee and Salome, and the burial ground for Saint James. Lupa referred them to the Roman brother of Saint John the Evangelist, is one of the apostles who is Legate, who ordered their imprisonment. The disciples were later with Jesus Christ in important moments of his mission such as the freed by an angel, though. Once again, Lupa tried to trick them. resurrection of the daughter of Jairus, the healing of Simon Peter’s This time by sending them to a Mount called Monte Ilicino in search mother-in-law, the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor or the praying of oxen that would take the remains of the Apostle. However, the at the Olive Garden of Gethsemane. Little information is therefore oxen turned out to be wild bulls. Miraculously, they were tamed given in the Biblical texts about his life and preaching. and allowed themselves to be yoked. This led the disciples to An old tradition has it that years after the resurrection of Christ, consecrate the hill which has been known as Pico Sacro (the Sacred the apostles got together to assign the areas of the world where Peak) ever since. As to Queen Lupa, she converted to Christianity, each would preach the gospel. Santiago was assigned Hispania, and granted the disciples of Saint James the place by the name of where he organised a small number of disciples, created some sort Libredón at the foot of a small castro (hill-fort) as burial ground. 1 of community and where the Virgin appeared to him in several occasions to encourage him. One of the first sculptural representations of Saint James as an apostle is that by Beato de Girona. He is represented as wearing a tunic and a cloak and holding the Book of Gospels as just any other apostle and no iconographic element identifies him. Since early 14th century, Saint James the Apostle is also represented seated, in majesty or chair wearing a tunic and a cloak, barefooted and holding in one hand a walking stick and in the other a roll of parchment informing of his evangelising mission: Hic est corpus divi Jacobi apostoli et hispanorum patroni. Saint James the Apostle in the Beatus of Liébana. “Iacobus. Spania” Facsimile of the original from the archive of the cathedral of Girona Explanatio in Apocalypsin Attributed to the Beatus of Liébana Emeterio (esch.); Eude (ilum.) 970 Manuscript, parchment Saint James the Apostle seated Based on the engravings by Melchor de Prado on the sculpture of the High Altar of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela Anonymous Late 18th century Drawing painted with watercolours on parchment Donated by the Blanco-Cicerón family 2 THE HOLY KINDRED A SANTA PARENTELA. A DESCENDENCIA APOSTÓLICA DE SANTA ANA Apostle Saint James the Greater- according to tradition and apocrypha, is the grandson of Saint Anna. These writings tell of the legend of the three marriages to which the three Maries are born: Virgin Mary, Mary Cleophas and Mary Salome. Mary Salome, in turn, married Zebedee and had two children: Saint James the Greater and John the Evangelist. This genealogical issue of the Holy kindred of Anna has resulted in iconographic representations where Saint Anna is depicted with her three husbands and all her children. It will be from the 15th century that this representation will become particularly widespread as a consequence of the worship to Saint Anna in Holland and Germany. It disappeared after the Council of Trent as this tradition of the three marriages of the Saint is rejected by the ecclesiastical authority. Saint Anna is represented in this sculptural group as the mother of the Virgin in an iconographic model that is closely associated to the iconography of the Holy kindred of Saint Anna, where the three generations are represented: Saint Anna, the Virgin and Baby Jesus. In the relief of the Visitation, Virgin Mary embraces her cousin Saint Elisabeth – who is expecting a child from John the Baptist – so as to announce to her the good news of the coming birth of Christ. The third feminine figure represented is presumably one of the two sisters of the Virgin: Mary Cleophas or Mary Salome. The latter is the mother of Saint James the Greater. SAINT ANNA AND HER THREE MARRIAGES. According to tradition and apocrypha Saint Anna-Joachim Saint Anna-Cleophas Saint Anna-Salomas Virgin Mary-Joseph Mary Cleophae-Alphaeus Mary Salome-Zebedee JESUS Saint James the Lesser / Joseph the Saint James the Greater / Just / Simon / Judas John the Evangelist 3 was strengthened on the one hand by Asturian monarchy, who on Saint Anna with the Virgin and the Child political-religious grounds establishes a relationship of patronage Flemish school and commendation between Saint James the Apostle and the Second half of the 15th cent.-1st half of th Christian kingdoms of the north of the peninsula. On the other 16th cent. hand, as a consequence of the learned tradition in the Comentarios Polychrome and golden wood al Apocalipsis attributed to Beatus of Liébana and which were already completed by 786 in the territory of Asturias. The manuscripts that survive of the Comentarios by the Beatus have or had a world map illustrating the areas of where each of the Altarpiece with the Holy kindred apostles preached. Although there are different versions, all have Ca. 1500 one feature in common: the fact that the name of Gallaecia is Nationalmuseum of Copenhague associated to Saint James the Apostle. Relief with the scene of the Visitation of World map with the apostolic the Virgen with her cousin Saint mission Elisabeth Facsimile of the original from the Anonimous archive of the Cathedral of Girona 1st half of the 17th century Explanatio in Apocalypsin Polychrome, gilded and stewed wood Attributed to Beatus of Liébana Emeterio (esch.); Eude (ilum.) Deposit of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 970 Manuscript, parchment SAINT JAMES THE APOSTLE AND HIS World map with the apostolic PREACHING IN GALLAECIA mission O APÓSTOLO SANTIAGO E A SUA PREDICACIÓN EN GALLAECIA Facsimile of the original from the The Breviario de los Apóstoles of late 6th century defines the area archive of the Cathedral of Burgo of preaching and the place of burial for each of the apostles. It is in de Osma Explanatio in Apocalypsin this text where for the first time Saint James the Greater a mention Attributed to Beatus of Liébana is made of his preaching in the western areas of Hispania Emeterio (esch.); Eude (ilum.) (“Hispaniae occidentalia loca”) and of his burial in a place by the 1086 name of Arca Marmarica. Manuscript, parchment This belief is perhaps based on a long standing oral tradition which, as a consequence of this writing, becomes fully disseminated. It 4 THE CONVEYANCE OF THE REMAINS OF THE Coin of Ferdinand II with the APOSTLE ACCORDING TO TRADITION conveyance of the body of A TRASLACIÓN DO CORPO DO APÓSTOLO SANTIAGO NA TRADICIÓN Saint James the Apostle Medio dinero de vellón ( copper The identification of Galicia as the burial place of Saint James and silver coins) accounts for the appearance of numerous traditions that satisfy folk Mint: compostela devotion and attempt to explain the conveyance of the remains of 1157-1188 Saint James the Greater from Jerusalem to Gallaecia. Adro Vello Excavations (san Vicente do Grove) Herodes had Saint James beheaded circa 44 A.D.

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