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Tändkulemotorer Tidiga Förbränningsmotorers Prestanda - Studie baserad på Statens Maskinprovningars meddelanden 1899-1995 Olof Erlandsson Avdelningen för Förbränningsmotorer Institutionen för Värme och Kraftteknik Lunds Tekniska Högskola ISSN 0282-1990 Box 118, SE-221 00 LUND ISRN LUTMDN/TMVK--3197--SE Sammanfattning Studien beskriver motorprestanda i form av verkningsgrad och effekt, för tidiga förbränningsmotorer i stationära applikationer och traktorer. Materialet är baserat på meddelanden från Styrelsen för Maskin- och Redskapsprovningsanstalterna och dess efterföljare, Statens Maskinprovningar. Materialet sträcker sig från år 1899 till år 1995 och omfattar 251 motorer. De första meddelandena behandlar motorer tillverkade i Sverige och fokuseringen ligger på de tidiga motorerna fram till 1950-talet. Därför får studien till mångt och mycket inriktning på svenska motorer. Verkningsgrad, specifik effekt, specifikt moment, bromsat medeltryck och kolvmedelhastighet visas för olika belastning, typ av motor och årtal. Studien beskriver även de olika typerna och deras utveckling. Studien vänder sig främst till tekniskt och historiskt motorintresserade. Förord Ett par veckor innan julen 1999 jag fick tillgång till en stor samling med meddelanden från Statens Maskinprovningar (SMP). Av rent maskin- och motorintresse började jag bläddra bland dessa och insåg värdet av de mätningar SMP gjort på stationära motorer och på traktorer genom tiderna. Detta material utgör ett historiskt material på hur olika motorer och tekniker utvecklats under en period om nästan 100 år. En ganska intressant period eftersom flera olika typer av motorer existerade samtidigt och därmed konkurrerade med varandra. Materialet kompletterades senare och omfattar därefter en sammanställning av nästan alla motorelaterade meddelanden från SMP och dess föregångare från åren 1899 – 1995, totalt 251 motorer. Ett speciellt tack till mina föräldrar som genom att rädda en uppsättning provmeddelanden på sätt och vis initierat denna studie. Också tack till Prof. Bengt Johansson som korrekturläst och haft värdefulla synpunkter. Olof Erlandsson Lund 2001-07-25 Tidredovisning: Arbetet har pågått från julen 1999 – hösten 2001, högst sporadiskt p.g.a. annan prioriterad forskning och utbildning. Insamling av material, kopiering: 0.5 v. Digitalisering och behandling av materialet i MATLAB: 2 v. Rapportskrivning, denna rapport: 4.5 v. SAE-artikel: 4 v. Totalt: 11 veckor Innehåll FRÅN ÅNGMASKIN TILL FÖRBRÄNNINGSMOTOR................................................... 1 STATENS MASKINPROVNINGAR .................................................................................... 3 HISTORIK ................................................................................................................................3 MEDDELANDEN - PROVRAPPORTERING ................................................................................... 4 MOTORRELATERADE MÄTMETODER........................................................................................ 6 Uppmätning av varvtal ...................................................................................................... 6 Vridmoment........................................................................................................................ 7 Bränsleförbrukning ............................................................................................................ 9 Indikatordiagram. .............................................................................................................. 9 MOTORTYPERNA............................................................................................................... 10 OTTOMOTORER ..................................................................................................................... 10 Tändrör ............................................................................................................................ 10 Tändstift ........................................................................................................................... 13 TÄNDKULEMOTORER ............................................................................................................ 14 HESSELMANMOTORN ............................................................................................................ 23 DIESELMOTORER................................................................................................................... 25 PRESTANDAUTVECKLINGEN ........................................................................................ 29 VERKNINGSGRAD.................................................................................................................. 30 SPECIFIK EFFEKT ................................................................................................................... 36 DISKUSSION......................................................................................................................... 39 SLUTSATSER........................................................................................................................ 41 REFERENSER....................................................................................................................... 42 BILAGA A –TABELLER ..................................................................................................... 44 MOTORDATA......................................................................................................................... 44 BRÄNSLEDATA...................................................................................................................... 75 OMRÄKNINGSFAKTORER....................................................................................................... 76 BILAGA B – INDIKATORDIAGRAM............................................................................... 77 BILAGA C – ANDRA MOTORRELATERADE MEDDELANDEN .............................. 81 Omslagsbild: J. & C. G. Bolinders Mekaniska Verkstads Aktiebolag, 6hk lokomobil med tändrörständning. Den vägde 1870kg och kostade 2900kr år 1900 [smp5]. 5.98kW vid 256.3rpm, 15.5% verkningsgrad. 2003-02-10: Anpassad för web. Rättelse gjorda i figurtext: Figur 35 (referens [6] saknad) och Figur 35 (felaktig referens, [6] var [5]). 2004-03-18: Förbrättrad PDF för web. /Olof E. © Olof Erlandsson 2004 Från ångmaskin till förbränningsmotor Figur 1 Fole Mekaniska Verkstad, Visby. 1-cylindrig ånglokomobil. Notera arbetscylinderns storlek i förhållande till ångpannan. Lokomobilens vikt utan vatten i pannan: 2900kg. , 10.2kW vid 188.0rpm, 3.00% verkningsgrad. Ångmaskinen var en av industrialiseringens genombrottsuppfinningar. Den innebar en revolution när det gällde att få en kraftkälla för allehanda tekniska applikationer. Vare sig det gällde att driva vattenpumpar för dränering av gruvor, eller driva generatorer för att kunna överföra kraft på ett enklare sätt i fabriker. Nackdelen med ångmaskinen var verkningsgraden, runt 3 % av tillfört värme omvandlades till nyttigt arbete [smp7]. Den låga verkningsgraden gjorde att maskinen blev väldigt stor i förhållande till levererad effekt och det är förståligt att man började se sig om efter nya lösningar. Gustav Timberg vid Styrelsen för Maskin- och Redskapsprovningsanstalterna skriver år 1900 [smp5]: "Vi berömma oss af att lefva i ångans tidehvarf, och dock är väl ångmaskinen hvad verkningsgraden beträffar en af de lägst stående maskiner, som uppfunnits sedan stenyxans dagar." Den första förbränningsmotorn som verkligen började konkurrera med ångmaskinen inom industriella och agrara tillämpningar i Sverige var tändkulemotorn. Dess styrka, driftsäkerhet, och främst driftskostnad var vida överlägsen ångmaskinen (1900 – 1920-talet). Ottomotorn fick sitt stora genomslag något senare förmodligen p.g.a. att tändsystemets och förgasarens driftsäkerhet behövde utvecklas. Tändkulemotorn var oftast av 2-takts typ och var därför relativt enkel till sin uppbyggnad vilket var en stor fördel. Den kunde dessutom köras på de flesta oljor och t.o.m. utspädd tjära. När väl driftsäkerheten och kunskap kring elektriska tändsystem blev bättre kunde Ottomotorn konkurrera med tändkulemotorn (20-talet - 50-talet), bl.a. med sin korta uppstartningstid. Denna krävde någon uppvärmning innan motorn kunde startas, däremot tog det ca 5 – 10 minuter att få igång en tändkulemotor med hjälp av blåslampa. Men samtidigt gick utvecklingen av Dieselmotorn snabbt och snart dominerade denna (60-talet och framåt) i de flesta applikationer. Ett undantag var i bilarna, där Ottomotorns lägre vikt per effekt var av avgörande betydelse. 1 Förbränningsmotorns intåg innebar direkt en reduktion av energiåtgång i runda tal 70 % – 90 %. Med det innebar även ett byte av bränsle, delvis från inhemsk ved till importerad olja och även en övergång från det vi idag kallar förnyelsebara bränslen till petroleum. Det senare reflekterade man inte över då, däremot insåg man den ekonomiska betydelsen direkt, Gustav Timberg igen: "Oaktat denna petroleummotorernas högre verkningsgrad är det ej afgjort, att för en landtbrukare bränsle blir billigare till en dylik maskin än till en ånglokomobil. Fotogen måste han nämligen köpa: till bränsle i ånglokomobilen kan han mången gång använda affall från såg eller dyligt, som han ej på annat sätt kunnat realisera, och som sålunda för honom har ett jämförelsevis mycket obetydligt värde." De första traktorerna, eller motorplogar som de kallades först, var kolosser tunga och med liten motor 3 – 4 ton och 20hk var typiskt. Det var först när man mer eller mindre byggde
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