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Towards the Affect of Intimacy University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2012 Towards the Affect of Intimacy Moritz , Juergen http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1095 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Towards the Affect of Intimacy by Juergen Moritz MFA University of Applied Arts Vienna 1997 Postgraduate Diploma Academy of Media Arts Cologne 2002 A dissertation submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Word count: 80.000 Supplemented by: Links to an Online Research Archive on 1 CD Committee in Charge: First supervisor: Dr. Jill Scott, Zurich University of the Arts and the University of Plymouth Second supervisor: Dr. Matthias Vogel, HGKZ Zurich Date of Submission: May 30, 2011 1 Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the wonderful people who have helped, supported, advised and inspired me during the work with this dissertation. First of all, a grateful thanks to my two excellent supervisors, Jill Scott and Matthias Vogel. I have benefitted from your support, ideas and good advice. Also, thank you for the inspiring conversations, which have been both helpful and enjoyable. Very special thanks to my colleagues at the z-Node group for providing a friendly and encouraging environment. And most of all - I want to thank my family. 2 Copyright Statement I hereby declare that the research in this thesis is the direct result of work by Juergen Moritz, and therefore no reproduction or extraction is permissible without the written agreement of the author of this thesis. Signature: Date: May 30, 2011 3 Abstract This thesis explores the trajectory that the developing technological fields of Ambient Intelligence and Persuasive Technologies introduce new intricate relationships beyond fundamental use and availability because they change our abilities to act. Since its classic articulation by Hegel (1927) philosophical explication of the relationship between people and technology states that technology is a mediating factor between people and the world. Associated with this view, which has characterized the resulting phenomenology and philosophy of technology for nearly two decades, is an understanding of technology as a form of alienation. In this dissertation the author shows how this old interpretation of the relationship between a person and their tool has emphasized how the person is active whilst the tool is passive. This traditional distinction fails to grasp the complex interaction between people and technology in the contemporary world. The nature of new technologies and novel theoretical work in this field suggests that this critical framework is now inadequate. Today, technology mediates the relationship between people and the world in increasingly complex and often collective ways. McLuhan (1967) stated: “Media evoke in us unique ratios of sense perceptions. The extension of any one of these senses alters the way we think and act”. As Greenfield (2006) and Fogg (2002) also posit, certain Ambient Intelligence and Persuasive Technologies are in-principle shaping everyday human behaviours in radically new ways. In particular, I explore how new technologies like those developed in the Artificial Companions Project can impact on our understanding of intimacy and identity. Indeed, Ambient Intelligence Technologies may play the role of reference groups (Shibutani 1987), groups who are real or imaginary and whose standpoints are being used as the frame of reference for the human actor. Given that these technologies have continuously reconfigured identification and profiling practices, this analysis rephrases insight of philosophers like Paul Ricoeur (1990), George Herbert Mead (1959) and Helmuth Plessner (1975) to trace how: The construction of our identity is mediated by how we profile others as profiling us. Thus, new technologies can become reference groups, encroaching on our everyday activities and even affecting our moral decision-making processes. As genuine upgrades of our practical space, they are destined to play a larger formative role in people’s lives in the future. Following Heidegger in Das Ding (Heidegger 1951), Latour once framed the wider social role of technologies as res publica or ‘public things’ (Latour 2005). He pointed out that the old German word ‘ding’ etymologically did not only infer ‘material object’ but also to assembly as gathering space - that thing that can bring together what it separates. Following Latour, Verbeek states that technological ‘things’ do not only mediate our existence, but are places where these mediations are made explicit – therefore, Verbeek argues, they are the places where people have to start to discuss and criticise the quality of the ways in which these ‘things’ help to shape our daily lives (Verbeek 2008). This thesis attempts to offer a new approach to this criticism through theoretical comparison and transdisciplinary analysis. 4 Executive Summary The development of new technologies in the form of Ambient Intelligence (AmI) and Persuasive Technology raises important questions about the technological mediation of reality and of human subjectivity. In particular, these technologies challenge Western society’s dominant cultural frameworks concerning the related concepts of intimacy and identity, which jointly suggest that there is a more complex mediating relationship between people and technology in twenty-first century societies than is often assumed. This thesis takes a phenomenological approach to presenting a critical analysis of the way in which AmI can be said to mediate human identity in significantly new and radical ways. The thesis is arranged in 2 broad sections. After an introduction to the specific characteristics of Ambient Intelligence in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 and 3 aim to introduce the reader to various concepts of human-technology relations from a phenomenological, sociological and ontological perspective in order to shed light on the ways how these intimate technologies shape human behaviour and by this affect human identity. During the 21st Century smart technologies are changing people's sense of their potentials, affecting who they are and who they might become. Therefore, the second part of the thesis, Chapters 4, 5 and 6 explores many concrete ways in which these technologies rebound on our sense the self. In Chapter 1, it will be argued that pervasive technologies represent a significant turning point for society, technologists and philosophers of technology alike. It establishes the context for the study of technological mediating through sketching recent developments in the field of Ambient Technology (AmI). It will provide the reader with a general discussion and evaluation of Ambient Intelligence, the vision of the technological future developed by Philips and endorsed by the European Commission. The chapter will present an overview of the key literature that has been written with regard to this vision and present a picture of its most important characteristics. Chapter 2 offers a choice overview of the phenomenological and philosophical literature concerning technological mediation as it has developed over the last century. It offers a sketch of the influential approach of Heidegger, and accepts the premise that any investigation into the rule of technology must begin from the assumption of the interrelatedness of people and the shared lifeworld. It considers the development from classic phenomenology to post-phenomenology, and presents the human-technology typography offered by Ihde, arguing that this captures the more complex roles that particular artifacts can play in everyday social situations. Chapter 3 goes onto to develop an analysis of technological artifacts qua scriptural forces in some detail. It defends a reading of scripts as materialized rules expressed in the shared social environment. This captures in more detail the specific role of mediator that technologies can play and draws on the insight that technologies qua scripts are social constructions, with cultural meanings that are changeable and contestable. 5 Chapter 4 presents the psychological process of attachment and offers a reading of particular technological artifacts qua transitional objects. On this reading, adults can enter into intimate emotional relationships with particular technologies, which allow them to develop their personal and social identities through mediating their relationship with both the world and themselves in particular ways. The Chapter presents a number of empirical studies which suggest the extent of emotional relationship that people can be said to have with particular kinds of technology. Chapter 5 elucidates a philosophical framework for understanding the construction of identity, following Ricoeur. It introduces the idea of idem and ipse identity, and the idea of the narrative self as the locus of interaction of the two. This allows for a sensitive reading of the role of particular AmI in allowing for the construction of – and mediation of – personal identity. On this reading, technologies are understood qua reference
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