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Music 160: Lecture 1: Terminology & Definitions [Speaker: Keri Mccarthy

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Music 160: Lecture 1: Terminology & Definitions [Speaker: Keri Mccarthy Music 160: Lecture 1: Terminology & Definitions [Speaker: Keri McCarthy] Slide # 1 Slide Title: WSU Online Title Slide Title: Terminology & Definitions Speaker: Keri McCarthy online.wsu.edu Audio: [Music] Slide # 2 Slide Title: Music Music . Definition: Audio: - Slide # 3 Slide Title: Music: Definition Music . Definition: “the rational organization of sounds and silences as they pass through time” Audio: - Slide # 4 Slide Title: Music: Description Music . Develop a definition for yourself that can be modified as we learn about various types of music. Many people feel that music should be “pleasing to the ear”; if this becomes part of your definition, consider whether that “pleasing” quality must be intended by the composer (or is the listener’s value system the only one applied). Can one use the term “music” to describe genres he or she does not find enjoyable? Does the music have to be organized rationally? How can we be sure of the composer’s original intent or design? Audio: - 1 Slide # 5 Slide Title: Rhythm Rhythm . Rhythm: Audio: - Slide # 6 Slide Title: Rhythm: Definition Rhythm . Rhythm: “the organization of time in music.” Audio: - Slide # 7 Slide Title: Rhythm: Description Rhythm This is a pretty useless definition, but accurate. Rhythm is the changing horizontal element of music – the way music plays over a more steady “beat”. “Melody” is the vertical element of music – how pitches are organized (high or low) to create a longer phrase. The temporal organization of those pitches (how they occur over time) is “rhythm”. Often composers use rhythmic patterns to help give consistency to or organize a phrase or group of phrases. Audio: - Slide # 8 Slide Title: Rhythm: Description pt 2 Rhythm [Video describing rhythm] Audio: Rhythm, the definition of rhythm is the organization of time in music. But that doesn’t have a lot of meaning for you or for me. So I want to start this session with a little bit of listening to Beethoven Symphony No. 5 the first movement. [music] Hopefully that is familiar to some of you or most of you. In this Beethoven uses both a rhythm and a beat as well as a musical motive. We hear the motive right at the opening. [piano music] And that motive definitely has an associated rhythm with it. That rhythm would be this. [piano music] If we take the pitch element 2 out we have just the basic rhythm of that melody. This is different from a beat. The beat for this would probably be [piano music]. A beat is a steady pulse that runs underneath the melodic line that we are hearing. But the rhythm is the horizontal component or the metric component of that melodic line. So the rhythm itself exists separately from what the beat implies. That we will talk about in just a minute as we move on to beat. That is the rhythm. Slide # 9 Slide Title: Rhythm – Beat Rhythm . Beat: Audio: - Slide # 10 Slide Title: Rhythm – Beat: Definition Rhythm . Beat: “a consistent pulsing in the music.” Avoid confusing this with “rhythm”. A beat is just the constant pulse. Audio: - Slide # 11 Slide Title: Rhythm – Beat: Description Rhythm [Video describing beat] Audio: So the beat is a consistent pulse in the music. This is something that you are familiar with using this term in terms of pop music in terms of techno has a really strong beat to it. I am using Beethoven 5 as a good example of something with a beat. We will hear that the beat is not consistent in the opening. The opening seems to exist in sort of a suspended element of time and then suddenly we have a consistent pulse when the little motor starts. So listen for that here I’ll illustrate it for you as it comes in. [music] Here. And you can hear that regardless of what the melody is doing it is playing over a consistent pulse and that pulse is called the beat. Slide # 12 Slide Title: Rhythm – Tempo Rhythm . Tempo: 3 Audio: - Slide # 13 Slide Title: Rhythm – Tempo: Definition Rhythm . Tempo: “The speed at which the beats occur.” Audio: - Slide # 14 Slide Title: Rhythm – Tempo: Description Rhythm Tempi can be fast, moderate, or slow, and many terms used at the beginning of a piece are tempo indications, including Andante (Walking), Lento (Gently) and Vivace (Lively). Audio: - Slide # 15 Slide Title: Rhythm – Tempo: Description pt 2 Rhythm [Video describing tempo] Audio: Tempo is the speed at which the beats occur. So tempo is entirely relative. Composers do use tempo markings that tend over time to have a specific speed associated with them. Like the word andante in Italian means walking speed. So we do have some tempo markings that imply a range of tempi but basically when you are talking about a tempi in terms of this class you will be saying well that movement was a slow movement, this movement was a fast movement. And you can figure out tempo by finding a beat and then determining whether or not that pattern moves more quickly or slowly than other associated tempos. So as an example the first movement of Beethoven 5 once we get past the opening sounds something like this. [music] Compare that with the second movement of the same symphony. [music] This is slightly slower. Not as slow as possible certainly but the first movement feels fast in comparison. This movement is slower. Those are your tempos. Slide # 16 Slide Title: Rhythm – Ritard 4 Rhythm . Ritard: Audio: - Slide # 17 Slide Title: Rhythm – Ritard: Definition Rhythm . Ritard: “a gradual slowing down of the tempo.” Often a piece ritards just before its end. Audio: - Slide # 18 Slide Title: Rhythm – Accelerando Rhythm . Accelerando: Audio: - Slide # 19 Slide Title: Rhythm – Accelerando: Definition Rhythm . Accelerando: “a gradual speeding up of the tempo (accelerate).” Accelerandos can add drama to a section of music. Audio: - Slide # 20 Slide Title: Rhythm – Accelerando: Description Rhythm [Video describing ritard and accelerando] Audio: When we get to the romantic period especially composers start being more interested in changing tempos within a given piece of music. Since Beethoven was for many of us the start to the romantic period or at least the person who hinted at what was possible with a lot of things that 5 happened in the romantic period I am going to play for you a little bit of his Sonata Pathetique the first movement, this may sound familiar to you. It is supposed to sound improvised in that the pianist is the only one playing. They can choose to play as quickly or as slowly as possible meaning that recordings of this piece are really interesting to pianists because they can get a wide range of tempi going on at the same time. So you can listen to this and listen for two terms that we will be talking about. One is ritard, when the music seems to slow, and the other one is accelerando, same as accelerate if that helps you remember this term, a gradual speeding up of the tempo. Both of these add drama and a sense of maybe personal engagement with the performer as well. Those were big features of the romantic period but are also interesting to listen to in music from a broad range of time periods. Listen to a little bit of this and listen for ritards, slowing down, and accelerando, speeding up. [music] Ritard there. A bit of accelerando through that. And again you can feel the beat moving around and pulling. Beethoven writes this intentionally the performer intends it and it can be something that adds drama to a piece as a whole. Beethoven was good at adding drama. So a little bit of ritard and accelerando. Frederic Chopin if you are hearing Chopin etudes on piano as well he is a huge user of the ritard and accelerando to create interest within his piece. So those are changes in tempo: accelerando and ritard. Slide # 21 Slide Title: Rhythm – Meter Rhythm . Meter: Audio: - Slide # 22 Slide Title: Rhythm – Meter: Definition Rhythm . Meter: “the gathering of beats into regular groups.” Audio: - Slide # 23 Slide Title: Rhythm – Meter: Description Rhythm [Video describing meter] Audio: Meter is something that I don’t need you to understand for this class but if you can hear it might help you to identify pieces as separate from each other or be able to identify function. Dances for 6 example tend to be in three like a waltz. Marches tend to be in two or four, kind of a more square sense of the music. So if meter resonates with you then fantastic. Use it to identify or talk about the pieces. I just wanted to give you a couple of examples because many times people just haven’t had the opportunity to listen to the beats of music and then identify how they have been grouped. So let’s go through that a couple of times. The first one I want to do is Mozart Symphony No. 40 the first movement. This may sound familiar too. And we’ll listen for the beats first and then try and figure out the beat pattern. Usually things happen on the strongest of the beat pulses and I’ll show you that as we go. [music] So this is in four. One, two, three, four. One, two, three, four. One, two, three, four. Compare that with this clip from Haydn. This is going to be a minuet in trio which means you might be able to imply a dance movement from that. You might guess from that that the meter is going to be three instead of four.
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