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First Camera Survey in Burkina Faso and Niger Reveals Human Pressures on Mammal Communities Within the Largest Protected Area Complex in West Africa

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First Camera Survey in Burkina Faso and Niger Reveals Human Pressures on Mammal Communities Within the Largest Protected Area Complex in West Africa Received: 11 April 2019 Revised: 21 June 2019 Accepted: 9 July 2019 DOI: 10.1111/conl.12667 LETTER First camera survey in Burkina Faso and Niger reveals human pressures on mammal communities within the largest protected area complex in West Africa Nyeema C. Harris1 Kirby L. Mills1,2 Yahou Harissou3 Emmanuel M. Hema4,5 Isaac T. Gnoumou6 Jenna VanZoeren1 Yayé I. Abdel-Nasser3 Benoit Doamba6 1 Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Ecology and Abstract Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The dearth of ecological data from protected areas at relevant scales challenges con- 2School for Environment and Sustainability, servation practice in West Africa. We conducted the first camera survey for Burkina University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Faso and Niger to elucidate interactions between resource users and mammals in the Michigan largest protected area complex in West Africa (W-Arly-Pendjari, WAP). We differ- 3Parc W-Niger, Direction Générale Des Eaux et Forêts, Ministère de l’Environnement de la entiated direct (e.g., poaching) and indirect (e.g., domestic animals) human activi- Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement ties to determine their effects on species richness, composition, and behavior. Live- Durable Niamey, Niger stock was the dominant human pressure while gathering was the most prevalent direct 4UFR/Sciences Appliquées et human activity. Human pressure did not influence species richness or composition, but Technologiques, Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso reduced mammal activity with greater consequences from indirect activities. We also 5Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie found distinct differences among guilds in their behavioral responses to human pres- Animales, Université Ouaga I Professeur sures as wild ungulates exhibited the greatest sensitivities to livestock presence. Our Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso findings, that aggregated socioecological data, transition the WAP complex from the 6Direction de la Faune et des Ressources singular mandate of nature conservation to a dynamic coupled human-natural ecosys- Cynégétiques, Ministére de l’Environnement, tem. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso KEYWORDS Correspondence Nyeema C. Harris, Applied Wildlife Ecology anthropogenic, carnivore, coexistence, conflict, coupled human-natural, ecosystem services, effectiveness, Lab, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Uni- management, pastoralism, production versity of Michigan, 1105 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Email: [email protected] 1 INTRODUCTION mals in particular garner conservation benefits and security from protected areas (Hoffmann et al., 2010; Schipper et al., Protected areas remain the most pervasive conservation strat- 2008). Conservation efforts including protected areas slowed egy to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem services (Wat- the decline of more than half of the world’s 235 wild ungulates son, Dudley, Segan, & Hockings, 2014). Venter et al. (2014) (Hoffmann et al., 2015). Climate models further highlight reported that 83% of threatened vertebrates have a portion of the importance of protected areas based on species turnover their range within the boundaries of protected areas. Mam- predicted for mammals in West Africa (Baker et al., 2015). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2019 The Authors. Conservation Letters published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Conservation Letters. 2019;12:e12667. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/conl 1of8 https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12667 2of8 HARRIS ET AL. However, gains gleaned from occupancy within protected et al., 2016). Although West Africa is undergoing severe areas may be circumvented by human threats sprawled across environmental changes making protected areas increasingly 52% of ranges for mammals of conservation concern (Allan more vulnerable, few camera surveys have been conducted to et al., 2019). monitor biodiversity or threats to biodiversity (Agha et al., Despite global declarations of expansion and reinforce- 2018). Here, we conduct the first camera survey for Burkina ment, protected areas are under intense human pressure Faso and Niger in W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) parks, the largest including many in West Africa, with natural resource utiliza- transboundary protected area complex in West Africa. We tion and poaching being amongst the top threats (Jones et al., obtain fine-scale data to concurrently discern human activ- 2018; Schulze et al., 2018; Venter et al., 2014). A global analy- ities and assess their effects on mammal communities by sis revealed that bushmeat hunting jeopardizes over 300 mam- examining three questions. Do direct (e.g., poaching) activ- mal species (Ripple et al., 2016). Particularly for develop- ities exceed indirect activities (e.g., domestic animals) across ing nations, protected areas contribute to human well-being national parks? Do these human pressures influence species and provide societal benefits through provisioning services diversity, composition or behavior within mammal commu- (Naidoo et al., 2019; Naughton-Treves, Holland, & Brandon, nities? Which taxonomic group exhibits the greatest sensi- 2005; Palomo et al., 2014). Resource use operating across tivity to human pressure? We predict that: (1) direct activi- scales, combined with transnational trade in wildlife products, ties detected in our camera survey will exceed indirect activ- underscore the urgency to reconcile social benefits with the ities; (2) human pressures will have the greatest consequence increasingly complex requirements of effective conservation. on mammal behavior; and (3) carnivores will suffer the most West Africa simultaneously harbors high levels of biodiver- from human activities. Ultimately, obtaining socioecological sity and faces a myriad of environmental challenges (Luiselli data and discriminating human activities from camera sur- et al., 2019; Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca, & veys can promote coexistence between social and conserva- Kent, 2000; Schipper et al., 2008). Agricultural expansion and tion agendas within protected areas of West Africa. demands for energy fuel high rates of deforestation through- out the region (Mayaux et al., 2013; Schipper et al., 2008). Future habitat loss expected from urban development will 2 METHODS endanger the Guinean forest of West Africa, a biodiversity hotspot (Seto, Guneralp, & Hutyra, 2012). Climate projec- 2.1 Study area tions predict biome shifts with contractions in the distribu- tion of savanna and loss of tree cover in coastal areas (Heubes We assessed human pressure and interactions with mam- et al., 2011). Asefi-Najafabady and Saatchi (2013) reported mal communities within the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) trans- weather anomalies over the last decade causing water deficits boundary protected area complex (0.514-3.224◦E, 10.62- and droughts particularly in forests near savannas in West 12.817◦N). WAP, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is the Africa. These perturbations of habitat loss and climate change largest protected area complex in West Africa comprised operate within and beyond protected areas, and act synergis- of national parks, faunal reserves, and hunting concessions tically and non-additively to threaten biodiversity throughout spanning 27,167 km2 throughout Benin, Burkina Faso, and West Africa (Luiselli et al., 2019; Mantyka-pringle, Martin, Niger (Figure 1). Our study occurred in three national parks & Rhodes, 2012). established in 1954 that have stricter regulations than other Existing broad scale assessments of human pressure designations within WAP: Arly National Park (ARL; 2,228 in protected areas, though dramatic and compelling, have km2), Park W-Burkina Faso (WBK; 2,344 km2) and Park W- diminutive application for decision-making at a local scale Niger (WNI; 2,226 km2). Though area and ecological features (Geldmann, Joppa, & Burgess, 2014; Jones et al., 2018). are comparable, we present results separately for each sur- Furthermore, these studies apply the human footprint index vey because differences in management infrastructure (e.g., comprised of direct and indirect pressures to understand law enforcement, adjacency to hunting concessions) could effects on natural systems (Geldmann et al., 2014; Venter influence human pressures and faunal responses (Barnes, et al., 2016). This aggregated metric assumes additive effects Craigie, Dudley, & Hockings, 2017; Miller, Minn, & Sinsin, and static relative contributions across locations for human 2015). Surveys in our study included: WBK2016,WBK2017, pressures. Such limitations complicate our understanding WNI2017,ARL2017, and ARL2018. of species vulnerability and mitigation strategies at a scale relevant for management. 2.2 Camera survey Camera surveys are an effective approach to obtain social and ecological data that aids decision-making, given indis- We surveyed the mammal community non-invasively using criminate detections of human activities and animals alike remotely triggered cameras during the dry season (January- (Buxton, Lendrum, Crooks, & Wittemyer, 2018; Hossain May) from 2016 to 2018. We divided the study area into HARRIS ET AL. 3of8 FIGURE 1 W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP), the largest transboundary protected area complex in West Africa. Study area included: Arly National Park, Park W-Burkina Faso, and Park W-Niger with camera locations depicting survey design for 2017 (see Supplementary Methods) 10 × 10 km grid cells
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