Ending Rural Hunger: the Case of Senegal
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ENDING RURAL HUNGER The case of Senegal October 2017 www.endingruralhunger.org Ibrahima Hathie, Boubacar Seydi, Lamine Samaké, and Souadou Sakho- Jimbira Dr. Ibrahima Hathie is the Research Director at the Initiative Prospective Agricole et Rurale (IPAR) in Senegal. Boubacar Seydi is a statistician at IPAR. Lamine Samaké is a research assistant at IPAR. Souadou Sakho-Jimbira is a senior researcher at IPAR. Author’s note and acknowledgements This report was prepared by Dr. Ibrahima Hathie, Boubacar Seydi, Lamine Samaké, and Souadou Sakho- Jimbira of the Initiative Prospective Agricole et Rurale as part of the Ending Rural Hunger project led by Homi Kharas. The team at the Africa Growth Initiative within the Global Economy and Development program of the Brookings Institution, led by Eyerusalem Siba and comprising Amy Copley, Christina Golubski, Mariama Sow, and Amadou Sy, oversaw the production of the report. Christina Golubski provided design and editorial assistance. John McArthur provided invaluable feedback on the report. Data support was provided by Lorenz Noe, Krista Rasmussen, and Sinead Mowlds. The authors wish to thank Mariama Kesso Sow, Isseu Dieye, Yacor Ndione, Ahmadou Ly, Ndeye Mbayang Kébé and Mayoro Diop for their support in data collection and in interviews with key stakeholders. We are also grateful to many people (civil servants, donors, technical assistance) who have graciously accepted to share their views. This study was supported by a grant from Brookings. This paper reflects the views of the author only and not those of the Africa Growth Initiative. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Brookings gratefully acknowledges the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s support of the Ending Rural Hunger project. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence, and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment. ii Contents Abbreviations and acronyms ....................................................................................................... v Abstract...................................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. State of food security and nutrition needs in Senegal .......................................................... 3 2.1. Factors explaining FNS in Senegal .................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Lack of access to food ............................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Agriculture productivity gap ........................................................................................ 7 2.1.3 Poverty and vulnerability to shocks ............................................................................ 9 2.2 Spatial and socioeconomic analysis of FNS in Senegal ...................................................11 2.2.1 Spatial dimension ......................................................................................................12 2.2.2 Social dimension .......................................................................................................16 2.2.3 Economic dimension .................................................................................................18 3. Country strategy to achieve SDG2 .....................................................................................20 4. Policies and on-the-ground program interventions to address FNS needs .........................23 5. Food and nutrition security resources ................................................................................28 6. Conclusion and recommendations .....................................................................................32 References ...............................................................................................................................35 Annexes ....................................................................................................................................38 Needs ....................................................................................................................................38 Policies ..................................................................................................................................41 Resources .............................................................................................................................45 iii List of tables and figures Tables Table 1: Prevalence of malnutrition of children under 5 years .................................................... 5 Table 2: Food security by department .......................................................................................14 Table 3: Number of food groups consumed by the household during the 7 days prior to the interviewer coming the house, percent of respondents ..............................................................15 Table 4: Summary of select ERH policy variables .....................................................................23 Table 5: Domestic public investment and official development assistance ................................29 Figures Figure 1. Access to food and malnutrition……………………………………………………………..4 Figure 2. Prevalence of acute malnutrition in Senegal ................................................................ 5 Figure 3: Prevalence of chronic malnutrition in Senegal ............................................................. 6 Figure 4: Prevalence of underweight children in Senegal …………………….....………………….6 Figure 5. Cereal yield, ECOWAS ............................................................................................... 8 Figure 6. Agricultural value added per worker, ECOWAS .......................................................... 9 Figure 7. Renewable water resources, ECOWAS .....................................................................10 Figure 8. Shocks leading households to reduce food consumption by household food security status ........................................................................................................................................11 Figure 9. Breakdown of households by level of food security and area of residency .................12 Figure 10. Prevalence of food insecurity in Senegal ..................................................................13 Figure 11. Distribution of food security by gender ....................................................................16 Figure 12. Distribution of food security by age of household head ............................................17 Figure 13. Distribution food security in rural Senegal by size of household ...............................17 Figure 14. Distribution of food expenditure by region ................................................................18 Figure 15. Share of spending on food per household by region ..............................................19 Figure 16. Public agricultural expenditure per rural inhabitant, in FCFA, 1994-2009 .................28 Figure 17. Agricultural spending as a share of total public expenditure .....................................29 iv Abbreviations and acronyms AGVSAN Analyse Globale de la Vulnérabilité, de la Sécurité alimentaire et de la Nutrition CLM Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition CSA Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire DHS Demographic Health Survey ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EDS Enquête Démographique et de Santé ENSAN Enquête Nationale de Sécurité alimentaire et de Nutrition ENSAS Enquête nationale de Sécurité alimentaire au Sénégal ERASAN Enquête Rurale sur l'Agriculture, la Sécurité alimentaire et la Nutrition ERH Ending Rural Hunger DGPSN Direction générale à la protection sociale et à la solidarité nationale FAO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’agriculture FCS Food consumption score FSN Food security and nutrition FCFA Francs Communauté Financière d’Afrique GOANA Great Agricultural Offensive for Food and Abundance PAM Programme Alimentaire Mondial PNDN Politique Nationale de Développement de la Nutrition PRACAS Programme d’Accélération de la Cadence de l’Agriculture Sénégalaise PRN Programme de renforcement de la nutrition PSE Plan Sénégal Emergent SCA Score de Consommation Alimentaire SE/CNSA Secrétariat Exécutif du Conseil National à la Sécurité Alimentaire SMART Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions SNSAR Stratégie Nationale de Sécurité Alimentaire et de Résilience SSA Sub-Saharan Africa WFP World Food Program WHO World Health Organization v Abstract Senegal is prone to food insecurity based on its low level of access to and quality of food. Using food and nutrition security (FNS) data from the global Ending Rural Hunger (ERH) project and local sources, this paper argues that poor quality of food, low diversification of diet, and consequently high prevalence of child malnutrition are the country’s major FNS challenges.