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Keragaman Jenis Semut Pengganggu Di Permukiman Bogor

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Keragaman Jenis Semut Pengganggu Di Permukiman Bogor Jurnal Kajian Veteriner Desember 2015 Vol.Vol. 33 No.No. 22 :: 213-223213 ISSN : 2356-4113 KERAGAMAN JENIS SEMUT PENGGANGGU DI PERMUKIMAN BOGOR (Diversity Of Annoying Ants In Residential Areas In Bogor) Apriyanto1*, Upik Kesumawati Hadi2, dan Susi Soviana3 1Mahasiswa Mayor Parasitologi dan Entomologi Kesehatan Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor; E-mail: [email protected] 2Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Hewan dan Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Institut Pertanian Bogor Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 ABSTRACT Ants are insects whit a nuisance in residential areas. Overall the presence of ants is strongly influenced by the availability of food, temperature, and humidity. This study aims to determine the diversity, dominance, and abundance of ants species urban settlement of Bogor. The study was conducted on February to June 2015 by purposive random sampling method at 10 markets, 25 restaurants, inside of the 30 houses and at perimeter of 30 house. Ants were collected by bait traps at 180 spots ( markets, restaurants, and inside the houses) and by hand collection at 30 spots of houses perimeter. The results showed that there were 11 ant species of three subfamilies (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae) in the markets, restaurants, and inside the houses. While, there were 20 ant species of 6 subfamilies (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Proceratiinae, Pseudomyrmecinae) in house perimeters. The highest relative abundance and dominance of ant species in the market and inside the houses was Paratrechina longicornis, while in the restaurants was Anoplolepis gracilipes, Dolichoderus thoracicus was the highest abundance in perimeter of the house. Diversity index of ant species in the four locations were moderate category (H'= 1,2 at the market, H'= 1,6 at the restaurants, H'= 1.5 in the houses, and H'= 2.2 at houses perimeter). Keywords: ants, Bogor, hand collection, settlements PENDAHULUAN Indonesia merupakan negara tropis permukiman karena semut sangat yang cukup baik untuk perkembangan cocok berkembangbiak pada kondisi semut, karena memiliki banyak hutan, tersebut (Theunis et al. 2005). Secara pertanian, perkebunan, dan keseluruhan kehadiran semut sangat 213 Apriyanto et al Jurnal Kajian Veteriner dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan ditemukan di daerah perumahan dan makanan, lokasi, kondisi sanitasi, perladangan di daerah Bogor. waktu, suhu, dan kelembapan udara Keberhasilan suatu upaya (Astuti et al. 2014; Fitria 2013; pengendalian sangat tergantung Rubiana 2014; Zulkarnain 2006). kepada pemahaman terhadap sifat Peranan semut di alam dapat biologi dan perilaku dari masing ± memberikan pengaruh positif dan masing jenis semut. Meskipun negatif terhadap hewan dan manusia. keberadaan atau prevalensi semut Semut secara ekonomi kurang sebagai hama disebabkan oleh cara bermanfaat langsung bagi manusia, hidupnya sebagai serangga sosial, namun bila dilihat secara ekologi perilaku semut dapat juga dapat bermanfaat untuk hewan lain dimanipulasi oleh manusia untuk dan tumbuhan, karena dalam rantai upaya penggendalian yang lebih baik. makanan semut memiliki peran yang Selain sebagai pengganggu (nuisance) sangat penting. Semut dapat di dalam dan di sekitar gedung, semut dimanfatkan menjadi predator untuk juga berpotensi menularkan penyakit mengurangi hama di perkebunan. pada manusia dan hewan (Hadi 2006). Pengaruh negatif semut adalah dapat Kehadiran semut disebuah rumah menggigit manusia dan memakan dapat berakibat yang kurang baik bagi makanan serta sisa makanan. kesehatan manusia karena sifatnya Keberadaan jenis pada suatu habitat yang omnivor atau pemakan segala tidak terlepas dari kemampuan macam, termasuk dahak yang distribusi dan adaptasi jenis tersebut mengandung berbagai kuman penyakit (Wetterer 2005). Kemampuan (Castro et al. 2015). distribusi dan adaptasi jenis semut Sejauh ini informasi yang diperoleh bergantung pada jenis jenisnya mulai dari kawasan Eropa, Amerika, (Wijaya 2007). Adanya aktivitas dan Afrika, Australia, Asia dan Indonesia keberadaan manusia dapat yaitu mengenai semut masih terfokus mempengaruhi keberadaan jenis semut pada semut di sekitar hutan, dan distribusinya pada suatu daerah perkebunan, dan pertanian, sedang (Armbrecht and Perfecto 2003), mengenai semut di permukiman masih Kehadiran manusia di sekitar sangat terbatas di Indonesia, kehidupan semut tidak menjadi faktor khususnya di Bogor. Padahal pembatas bagi semut untuk menjalani informasi tersebut sangat penting di kehidupannya. Beberapa jenis semut dalam proses pengambilan keputusan yang telah beradaptasi dengan dalam upaya pengendalian hama kehidupan manusia umumnya bersifat permukiman secara spesifik di daerah omnivora dan hanya membutuhkan tersebut. Bogor merupakan daerah areal yang sempit untuk membangun yang memiliki taman-taman, sarang, biasanya ditemukan di sekitar permukiman dan perkebunan, bangunan, taman, rumah sakit, dan sehingga banyak sekali habitat untuk kebun. Rizali et al. (2011) melaporkan hidup semut. Informasi dan bahwa sebanyak 94 jenis semut pengetahuan mengenai semut 214 Jurnal Kajian Veteriner Desember 2015 Vol. 3 No. 2 : 213-223 pengganggu permukiman di Bogor karakteristik jenis-jenis semut, masih sangat kurang. Berdasarkan mengetahui indeks keragaman, latar belakang di atas, maka Penelitian dominasi, kelimpahan, dan frekuensi ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi jenis semut di Permukiman Bogor. METODE Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian dimasukkan ke dalam gelas plastik Penelitian ini telah dilakukan di yang telah diberi lubang pada bagian Kota/Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa bawah, kemudian diletakkan secara Barat selama lima bulan dari Februari terpisah pada masing-masing spot - Juni 2015. Hasil yang diperoleh dari (titik pengamatan). Umpan tersebut lapangan di bawa ke laboratorium disimpan selama 60 menit (Human untuk identifikasi sampai ketingkat and Gordon 1996; Mustafa et al. jenis dan di analisis di Laboratorium 2011), setelah itu semut yang datang Parasitologi dan Entomolgi Kesehatan pada umpan dipindahkan ke botol Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Institut sampel yang berisi alkohol 70% Pertanian Bogor. dengan menggunakan kuas dan diberi label. Selanjutnya koleksi semut di Metode Penelitian bawa ke laboratorium Parasitologi dan Pengambilan sampel semut ditentukan Entomologi Kesehatan fakultas dengan metode Purpossive Random Kedokteran Hewan Institut Pertanian Sampling yakni dengan memilih lokasi Bogor untuk diproses lebih lanjut. sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian, pada lokasi pasar, rumah makan, dalam Penangkapan Semut dengan Hand rumah dan perimeter rumah dengan Collection (HC). Penangkapan secara total tempat pengambilan sampel yaitu manual pada lokasi perimeter rumah 95 lokasi dan 210 spot (titik dengan jarak tiga meter dari rumah, pengamatan). Lokasi yang dianggap menggunakan kuas, plastik dan botol mewakili yaitu 10 lokasi pasar sampel yang berisi alkohol 70%. (indoor) dengan empat titik per pasar, Penangkapan semut dilakukan selama 25 lokasi rumah makan (indoor) 30 menit (Watanasit et al. 2007). dengan tiga titik per rumah makan, 30 Selanjutnya semut yang dikoleksi lokasi rumah tinggal dengan 90 titik, kemudian diberi label dan dibawa ke dan perimeter rumah 30 lokasi serta 30 laboratorium untuk diproses serta titik pengamatan. diidentifikasi. Identifikasi semut dilakukan menurut kunci (Bolton Penangkapan Semut dengan Bait 1994; Hashimoto dan Rahman 2003; Trap (BT). Umpan yang digunakan Na dan Lee 2001). dalam BT adalah cairan gula dan ikan. Umpan cairan gula dimasukkan ke Analisis Data dalam wadah piring plastik, dan ikan 215 Apriyanto et al Jurnal Kajian Veteriner Hasil pengamatan jenis-jenis jenis fauna semut yang dianalisis adalah semut, faktor fisik lingkungan, kelimpahan nisbi (%), frekuensi jenis, dianalisis secara deskriptif dan dominasi jenis dan indeks keragaman disajikan dalam bentuk tabel. Data Shannon - Wiener (Southwood, 1978). HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Jenis-jenis Semut Permukiman di ditemukan adalah Solenopsis sp. Bogor (35,4%), diikuti oleh Paratrechina Jenis semut yang diperoleh dengan longicornis (25,8%), dan bait trap ditemukan 11 jenis semut Monomorium pharaonis (22%). Dari dari tiga subfamili dengan jumlah tiga lokasi penangkapan menggunakan sebanyak 17.067 individu. Jenis semut bait trap, jenis semut yang paling dengan jumlah individu terbanyak sering ditemukan adalah Paratrechina yaitu Paratrechina longicornis longicornis. Hal tersebut sama dengan (27,8%), diikuti oleh Solenopsis sp. yang dilakukan Rizali (2011) pada (23,9%), dan Monomorium pharaonis penelitian di Kepulauan Seribu banyak (16,7%) dari total individu semut ditemukan jenis semut Paratrechina (Tabel 1). Jenis semut tersebut sering longicornis. dijumpai pada tiga lokasi penelitian, Jenis ± jenis semut yang dikoleksi dan ada beberapa jenis semut yang menggunakan metode hand collection hanya ditemukan pada lokasi tertentu di lokasi perimeter rumah ditemukan saja seperti Dolichoderus thoracicus, 20 jenis semut dari 6 subfamili dengan Polyrhachis sp., yang di koleksi dari jumlah jumlah 6513 individu (Tabel lokasi pasar. Tapinoma sessile, dan 2). Dari 6 subfamili yang ditemukan, Technomyrmex albipes, di koleksi dari persentase terbanyak adalah lokasi rumah makan (Tabel 1). Dolichoderus thoracicus 24,6%, Persentase jenis semut terbanyak di diikuti Paratrechina longicornis koleksi pada lokasi pasar adalah 19,1% dan Monomorium pharaonis Paratrechina longicornis (60,4%), 15,6% (Bolton 1994; Hashimoto dan diikuti oleh Tapinoma Rahman 2003; Na dan Lee 2001). melanocephalum (13,6%), dan Adapun paling sedikit
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