Impacts of Pests and Diseases on the Processing Sector
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Biodiversity Climate Change Impacts Report Card Technical Paper 12. the Impact of Climate Change on Biological Phenology In
Sparks Pheno logy Biodiversity Report Card paper 12 2015 Biodiversity Climate Change impacts report card technical paper 12. The impact of climate change on biological phenology in the UK Tim Sparks1 & Humphrey Crick2 1 Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB 2 Natural England, Eastbrook, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge, CB2 8DR Email: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Sparks Pheno logy Biodiversity Report Card paper 12 2015 Executive summary Phenology can be described as the study of the timing of recurring natural events. The UK has a long history of phenological recording, particularly of first and last dates, but systematic national recording schemes are able to provide information on the distributions of events. The majority of data concern spring phenology, autumn phenology is relatively under-recorded. The UK is not usually water-limited in spring and therefore the major driver of the timing of life cycles (phenology) in the UK is temperature [H]. Phenological responses to temperature vary between species [H] but climate change remains the major driver of changed phenology [M]. For some species, other factors may also be important, such as soil biota, nutrients and daylength [M]. Wherever data is collected the majority of evidence suggests that spring events have advanced [H]. Thus, data show advances in the timing of bird spring migration [H], short distance migrants responding more than long-distance migrants [H], of egg laying in birds [H], in the flowering and leafing of plants[H] (although annual species may be more responsive than perennial species [L]), in the emergence dates of various invertebrates (butterflies [H], moths [M], aphids [H], dragonflies [M], hoverflies [L], carabid beetles [M]), in the migration [M] and breeding [M] of amphibians, in the fruiting of spring fungi [M], in freshwater fish migration [L] and spawning [L], in freshwater plankton [M], in the breeding activity among ruminant mammals [L] and the questing behaviour of ticks [L]. -
Panolis Flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller)
Pine Beauty Screening Aid Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller) Todd M. Gilligan1 and Steven C. Passoa2 1) Identification Technology Program (ITP) / Colorado State University, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Science & Technology (S&T), 2301 Research Boulevard, Suite 108, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 U.S.A. (Email: [email protected]) 2) USDA-APHIS-PPQ, The Ohio State University and USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212 U.S.A. (Email: [email protected]) This CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey) screening aid produced for and distributed by: Version 2.0 USDA-APHIS-PPQ National Identification Services (NIS) 30 Jun 2014 This and other identification resources are available at: http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/taxonomic_services The pine beauty, Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller), is a serious pest of Pinaceae in Europe. Larvae have been recorded on Douglas-fir, fir, juniper, larch, pine (lodgepole pine, Scots pine), and spruce. Early instar larvae feed inside the needles of new growth and later instars feed on older foliage. Outbreaks of P. flammea in pine plantations in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe have caused damage to thousands of acres and resulted in significant tree mortality. In the UK, adults are present from March through May. Twenty to eighty year old pine monocultures are especially at risk, and lodgepole pine, common in the western U.S., has been attacked when planted in Scotland (see Bradshaw et al. 1983; Sukovata et al. 2003). Panolis flammea is a member of the Noctuidae (tribe Hadenini), the family of moths (Lepidoptera) with the largest number of total species and also the most pest species. -
Field Identification Guide Pine Processionary Moth
Field Identification Guide Pine processionary moth Photograph: Mat Holloway, Observatree volunteer Observatree Holloway, Mat Photograph: Funded by the EU’s LIFE programme Pine processionary moth The caterpillars (larvae) of the pine processionary moth (PPM) (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) can threaten the health of pine trees (Pinus species) by feeding on their needles. Large populations cause extensive defoliation of pine trees, leaving them vulnerable to attack by other pests and diseases, and less able to withstand adverse environmental events such as floods and droughts. Timber production and tree growth can be reduced as a result of attack. The caterpillars are also a significant public and animal health risk, as they bear toxic hairs which can cause itching skin rashes, eye and throat irritation and breathing problems. Hence it is important not to approach or touch the caterpillars, or their nests. Species affected The main hosts for PPM are pine trees with our native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and the widely planted Corsican pine (P. nigra ssp. laricio) being at the greatest risk from this pest in the UK. Other species that are susceptible include the Aleppo pine (P. halepensis), Austrian pine (P. nigra), Canary Island pine (P. canariensis), lodgepole pine (P. contorta), maritime pine (P. pinaster), Monterey pine (P. radiata) and stone pine (P. pinea). The Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) and European larch (Larix decidua) are also occasionally attacked. Signs and The main indicator of PPM attack is the presence of nests symptoms that are constructed by the caterpillars amongst the branches and foliage of pine trees. The caterpillars start to build the nests shortly after hatching. -
The Nantucket Pine Tip Moth: Old Problems, New Research
Unitfxi States Department of The Nantucket Pine Tip IMoth: Agriculture Old Problems, New Research Forest Service Proceedings of an Informal Conference The Entomological Society of America, Annual Meeting Southern Research Station General Technical Atlanta, Georgia Report SRS-51 December 12-I 6, 1999 Cover: Nantucket pine tip moth adult. Photo by Julie C. Weatherby. DISCLAIMER The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. PESTICIDE PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all herbicides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and their containers. Papers published in these proceedings were submitted by authors in electronic media. Editing was done to ensure a consistent format. Authors are responsible for content and accuracy of their individual papers. June 2002 Southern Research Station P.O. Box 2680 Asheville, NC 28802 The Nantucket Pine Tip Moth: Old Problems, New Research Proceedings of an Informal Conference The Entomological Society of America, Annual Meeting December 12-I 6, 1999 Atlanta, Georgia Edited by C. Wayne Berisford, Professor Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602-2603, USA Donald M. -
Catalogue of Pheromones
Table of Contents List of pheromones 3–4 Calendar 5 Products 6 Pests 7–41 Nun moth 7 Gypsy moth 8 Larger pine shoot beetle 10 May bug 11 Striped ambrosia beetle 12 Fir engraver beetle 14 Small spruce bark beetle 15 European spruce bark beetle 17 Larch bark beetle 18 Sharp toothed bark beetle 20 Six-toothed bark beetle 21 Northern bark beetle 23 Western larch case-bearer 24 Codling moth 25 Winter moth 27 Six-toothed spruce bark beetle 29 Western corn rootworm 30 Pine beauty 32 Large pine weevil and spruce weevil 33 Larch tortrix 35 Bud moth 36 Oak pinhole borer 37 Rose tortrix 38 Summer fruit tortrix 39 Pine shoot moth 40 Green oak tortrix 41 Acknowledgements 43 Contact 44 2 Product Species Trap type Trap placement Periods of trap placement Pine and spruce stands over 20 years old, Until mid-July LYMODOR Nun moth IBL-1 in the same places every year LYMODOR Gypsy moth IBL-1 Deciduous stands and orchards Until the end of June Pine stands and stands End of February TOMODOR Larger pine shoot beetle IBL-3 with a large share of pine Stands with a large share of Mid-April MELOLODOR May bug IBL-5 deciduous trees, especially oaks Stands, piles of debarked wood End of March TRYPODOR Striped ambrosia beetle IBL-2, IBL-3 trunks, wood material depots Fir stands and stands with Turn of April and May CURODOR Fir engraver beetle IBL-2, IBL-3 a large share of fir Turn of July and August AMITODOR Small spruce bark beetle IBL-2, IBL-3 Spruce stands End of April and the second half of June Spruce stands and stands End of April and the second half of June -
Effects of Pure and Mixed Pine and Oak Forest Stands on Carabid Beetles
diversity Article Effects of Pure and Mixed Pine and Oak Forest Stands on Carabid Beetles Alexandra Wehnert *, Sven Wagner and Franka Huth Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, TU Dresden, 01737 Tharandt, Germany; [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (F.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-351-4633-1338 Abstract: The multiple-use approach to forestry applied in Germany aims to combine timber pro- duction and habitat management by preserving specific stand structures. We selected four forest stand types comprising (i) pure oak, (ii) equal oak–pine mixtures, (iii) single tree admixtures of oak in pine forest and (iv) pure pine. We analysed the effects of stand composition parameters on species representative of the larger carabid beetles (Carabus arvensis, C. coriaceus, C. hortensis, C. violaceus, Calosoma inquisitor). The main statistical methods used were correlation analyses and generalised linear mixed models. Cal. inquisitor was observed in pure oak forests exclusively. C. coriaceus and C. hortensis were absent from pure pine stands. High activity densities of C. arvensis and C. violaceus were observed in all four forest types. When assessed at the smaller scales of species crown cover proportions and spatial tree species effect zones, C. hortensis was found to be positively related to oak trees with a regular spatial distribution, whereas C. coriaceus preferred lower and more aggregated oak tree proportions. C. violaceus showed strong sex-specific tree species affinities. Information about preferences of carabid beetles is necessary for management activities targeting the adaptation of forest structures to habitat requirements. -
Species Choice for Timber and Biomass
SPECIES CHOICE FOR TIMBER AND BIOMASS Elspeth Macdonald Scottish School of Forestry Inverness College UHI With thanks to colleagues in Forest Research and Edinburgh Napier University Species choice in the 21st Century • Ongoing initiatives aim to increase species diversity • Factors driving species diversification: Predicted climate change impacts on future species suitability Increasing incidence of damaging pests and diseases – many affecting commercial timber species Climate change predictions • Drier, warmer summers → increased drought risk • Wetter winters • Increased frequency of extreme weather events (Images: Forestry Commission) Pests and diseases Dothistroma needle blight in pine P. ramorum in larch Oriental chestnut gall wasp Chalara dieback in ash Acute oak decline (Images: Forestry Commission) Current conifer species (Data: Forestry Commission (2014), 50 year forecast of softwood availability) Current broadleaved species (Data: Forestry Commission (2014), 50 year forecast of hardwood availability) 2014 use of UK timber - softwood TOTAL:10.9 million tonnes (Data: Forestry Commission (2015), Forestry Statistics 2015) 2014 use of UK timber - hardwood TOTAL: 0.5 million tonnes (Data: Forestry Commission (2015), Forestry Statistics 2015) Timber and biomass – key properties • Value of timber affected by: Growth rate (productivity) and survival External features (straightness, fluting, branching and taper) → affect harvesting, transport and processing Wood properties Demand/availability (Images: Forestry Commission) Timber -
The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Biodiversity of Norfolk Jeff Price
The potential impacts of climate change on the biodiversity of Norfolk Jeff Price Introduction on a trajectory for ~3.2°C increase (UNEP Climate change is posing, and will continue 2016). While this is an improvement over to pose, increasing risks to biodiversity the previous ‘business as usual’ estimate (O’Neill et al. 2017). Changes in phenology of 4°- 4.5°C, it is still likely to have a large and range were first noted more than a impact on biodiversity. decade ago (Root et al. 2003) with many This paper reviews the projected climate publications since. Land use change is change impacts (relative to 1961-1990 increasingly a problem as species are being baseline) on some of the biodiversity further challenged by barriers to their in Norfolk (including birds, mammals, potential dispersal with their preferred reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, common climate across fragmented landscapes macro moths, dragonflies, bumblebees, (Settele et al. 2014). Many studies have grasshoppers, shieldbugs, ferns, orchids, examined the potential future impacts and some trees and shrubs. The paper of climate change on biodiversity using concentrates on the species currently found a variety of modelling techniques. This in Norfolk (largely based on lists on the includes results from Wallace Initiative Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist’s Society Phase 1 models showing the potential for website) and not on potential colonists range losses of greater than 50% across large from Europe. The exception is for some fractions of species globally at warming of the birds and dragonflies. For brevity levels of approximately 3.6 °C above pre- it concentrates on the climate changes industrial levels (Warren et al. -
BIODIVERSITY and ENVIRONMENT of NEW ROAD, LITTLE LONDON and NEIGHBOURING COUNTRYSIDE by Dr Paul Sterry Contents: 1
BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT OF NEW ROAD, LITTLE LONDON AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRYSIDE by Dr Paul Sterry Contents: 1. Summary. 2. A brief history. 3. Notable habitats alongside New Road and in the neighbouring countryside. 4. Protected and notable species found on New Road and in the surrounding countryside. Appendix 1 - Historical land use in Little London and its influence on biodiversity. Appendix 2 - Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) recorded on New Road, Little London 2004-2019 (generalised OS Grid Reference SU6159). Appendix 3 - Ageing Hedgerows. About the author : Paul Sterry has BSc and PhD in Zoology and Ecology from Imperial College, London. After 5 years as a Research Fellow at the University of Sussex working on freshwater ecology he embarked on a freelance career as a wildlife author and photographer. Over the last 35 years he has written and illustrated more than 50 books, concentrating mainly on British Wildlife, with the emphasis on photographic field guides. Best-selling titles include Collins Complete British Trees, Collins Complete British Wildlife and Collins Life-size Birds. Above: Barn Owl flying over grassland in the neighbourhood of New Road. 1. Summary Located in the Parish of Pamber, Little London is a Biodiversity hotspot with New Road at its environmental heart. Despite the name New Road is one of the oldest highways in the village and this is reflected in the range of wildlife found along its length, and in the countryside bordering it. New Road has significance for wildlife far beyond is narrow, single-track status. Its ancient hedgerows and adjacent meadows are rich in wildlife but of equal importance is its role as a corridor of wildlife connectivity. -
Host-Tree Preferences of the Pine Moth (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Host-tree Preferences of the Pine Moth (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and Pine Beauty Moth (Lepidopera: Noctuidae) Larvae in Relation to Needle Quality Lidia Sukovata,1 Andrzej Kolk,1 Jadwiga Jaroszynska,2 Urszula Krajewska,2 Agnieszka Purzynska and Valerii Isidorov 2 1Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Sekocin Las, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Chemistry, University in Bialystok, 11/4 J. Pilsudski Ave., 15-443 Bialystok, Poland Abstract The larvae of Dendrolimus pini L. and Panolis flammea (Den. et Schiff.) usually occur in high numbers on different trees within a stand. Studies that focused on the host tree-preference of these two species were conducted in the Wymiarki Forest District (Poland) in 2001. Sixteen Scots pine trees were selected to estimate the larval abundance of both species using 1x1 m collectors. In June the trees were cut down, the larvae in crown were counted and the samples of needles for chemical analysis were taken from the lower, middle and upper parts of the crowns. Natural radiation was measured under each tree using the methods developed by dowsers (radiesthets). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of any terpene or phenolic acid in different parts of crowns. The abundance of pine moth larvae was related significantly with 7 monoterpenes, 6 sesquiterpenes and 5 phenolic acids, while the abundance of the pine beauty moth was related with 5 monoterpenes, 6 sesquiterpenes and 1 phenolic acid. There were 6 compounds which had significant impact on the abundance of both species: â-pinene was in positive relationship with D. -
Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation of Larch from Siberia
Pest Risk Assessment Forest Service of the Importation of Miscellaneous Publication No. 1495 September 1991 Larch from Siberia and the Soviet Far East United States Pest Risk Assessment on Department of Agriculture the Importation of Larch Forest From Siberia and the Service Soviet Far East Miscellaneous Publication No. 1495 September 1991 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS ................... ........................................ i EXECUTIVESUMMARY ...................................................... S-l CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Statement of Purpose ................................................... l-1 Background ........................................................... l-1 Proposed Importation ................................................... l-2 Resources at Risk ...................................................... l-2 Biological Considerations ................................................ l-5 CHAPTER 2. THE RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH. Conceptual Framework ................................................... 2-l The Risk Assessment Process .............................................. 2-1 Pest Risk Assessment Core Team .......................................... 2-1 CHAPTER 3. CASE HISTORIES ‘OF PEST INTRODUCTION Introduction .......................................................... 3-l Gypsy Moth .......................................................... 3-l Chestnut Blight ........................................................ 3-2 Dutch Elm Disease ..................................................... 3-4 Port-Orford-Cedar Root -
Research Outputs Publications
Research Outputs Publications Refereed Journals Aagesen L, Medan D, Kellermann J & Hilger HH (2005) Phylogeny of the tribe Colletieae (Rhamnaceae) – a sensitivity analysis of the plastid region trnL-trnF combined with morphology. Plant Systematics and Evolution 250: 197-214. Abbott RJ, Lowe AJ (2004) Origins, establishment and evolution of two new polyploid species of Senecio in the British Isles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 82: 467- 474. Albrecht DE, Barker RM, Barker WR & Gavin J (2002) Neurada procumbens L. (Neuradaceae): a new record for Australia and a potential threat to Australia’s sandy deserts. Plant Protection Quarterly 17: 158-161. Bacles CFE, Burczyk J, Lowe AJ, Ennos RA (2005) Historical and contemporary mating patterns in remnant populations of the forest tree Fraxinus excelsior L. Evolution 59: 979- 990. Bacles CFE, Lowe AJ, Ennos RA (2006) Seed dispersal across a fragmented landscape. Science 311: 628. Bacles CFE, Lowe AJ, Ennos RA (2004) Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentation on tree species: the case of Sorbus aucuparia in a deforested Scottish landscape. Molecular Ecology 13:573-584. Barker RM & WR (2003) Hakea rhombales. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 20(2): 69-73, pl. 464. Barker RM (2007) The botanical legacy of 1802. South Australian plants collected by Robert Brown and Peter Good on Matthew Flinders Investigator and by the French scientists on Baudin’s Geographe and Naturaliste. Journal Adelaide Botanic Gardens 21: 5- 44. Barker RM & Conran JG (2007) Malva preissiana Miq., an overlooked name for Lavatera plebeia Sims (Malvaceae), with a note on variation within the species. Journal Adelaide Botanic Gardens 21: 71- 72.