№56/2021

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science

ISSN 3453-9875

VOL.1

It was established in November 2016 with support from the Norwegian Academy of Science.

DESCRIPTION The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.

Editor in chief – Karin Kristiansen (University of Oslo, Norway) The assistant of theeditor in chief – Olof Hansen

• James Smith (University of Birmingham, UK) • Kristian Nilsen (University Centre in Svalbard, Norway) • Arne Jensen (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway) • Sander Svein (University of Tromsø, Norway) • Lena Meyer (University of Gothenburg, Sweden) • Hans Rasmussen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark) • Chantal Girard (ESC Rennes School of Business, France) • Ann Claes (University of Groningen, Netherlands) • Ingrid Karlsen (University of Oslo, Norway) • Terje Gruterson (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway) • Sander Langfjord (University Hospital, Norway) • Fredrik Mardosas (Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway) • Emil Berger (Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Norway) • Sofie Olsen (BioFokus, Norway) • Rolf Ulrich Becker (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany) • Lutz Jäncke (University of Zürich, Switzerland) • Elizabeth Davies (University of Glasgow, UK) • Chan Jiang(Peking University, China) and other independent experts

1000 copies Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science Iduns gate 4A, 0178, Oslo, Norway email: [email protected] site: http://www.njd-iscience.com

CONTENT

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Matsera O. THE EFFECT OF GROWING TECHNOLOGY ELEMENTS ON WINTER RAPESEED SEEDS AND QUALITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE IN ...... 3 EARTH SCIENCES Bronnikova L. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SOIL COVER RELIEF OF THE REGION AS A FACTOR OF THE INTENSITY OF EROSION PROCESSES ...... 12 PHARMACEUTICS Nazarkina V., Popova I., Kurylenko Yu., Podkolzina M., Teterich N. ANALYSIS COMPETITIVENESS DRUGS OF THE NOOTROPIC GROUP ON PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET OF UKRAINE ...... 21 PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES Khakimov N. SECOND HIGHER EDUCATION AS AN IMPORTANT FORM OF TRAINING COMPETITIVE STAFF IN UZBEKISTAN ...... 26 TECHNICAL SCIENCES Vinogradova M., Аyzler P.P. Polyovyk V., Berezova G., OUTLOOK ON MASTERING OF COSMOS ...... 35 Deinychenko L., Koretska I. Gazizov M. RESEARCH OF THE PROCESS OF DESSERTS QUALITY TYPES OF USE OF VPN TUNNELS IN AN OPEN FORMATION ...... 53 NETWORK ...... 44 Tomchuk V. Maloshtan D., Kuzev I., WHY PLOUGHING REMAINS ACTUAL ...... 61 Dragobetskyi V., Shlyk S., ShchetyninV. MATERIAL SAVING RESERVES IN SHEET STAMPING PRODUCTION ...... 47

12 Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021

EARTH SCIENCES

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SOIL COVER RELIEF OF THE VINNYTSIA REGION AS A FACTOR OF THE INTENSITY OF EROSION PROCESSES

Bronnikova L. senior lecturer Vinnytsia National Agrarian University

Abstract The results of studying the features of erosion resistance of soils of Vinnytsia region with regard to the fea- tures of geomorphological structure of the terrain (slope steepness) based on the results of recent surveys and outlined the main directions of reducing the intensity of erosion processes given the agro-technological features of the region.

Keywords: soil, soil cover, water erosion, fertility, erosion processes.

Introduction. Most of the territory of Vinnytsia are 250 to 350 m thick. The Cretaceous (Mesozoic) sed- region is located within the Ukrainian Crystal Shield iments are quite common in Transnistria. Like the Silu- which is part of the Eastern European platform. In the rian deposits, the Cretaceous rocks stretched in a wide north and northeast, the foundation of the shield rises strip along the Dniester, from the Zhvan and Karaets above the surface by 100-280 m above sea level. The rivers to the Kamyanka river basin. The thickness of the relief of the foundation is complicated by numerous lo- Cretaceous sediments reaches 40, sometimes 60 m. In cal tectonic uplifts and depressions, which are reflected comparison with the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedi- in its current state. ments, Neogene sediments, in particular, the Sarmatian The foundation of the shield within the Vinnytsia and Baltic tiers, are widespread in a much larger part of region is composed of igneous and metamorphic crys- the region. talline rocks of the Archaea and Lower Proterozoic. On The purpose of the article. The eastern boundary top of the crystalline basement of the region there is a of the distribution of Sarmatian tier deposits passes ap- low-thickness sedimentary layer formed of Upper Pro- proximately through Vinnytsia, Humenne station, p. terozoic rocks and Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene Yurkivtsi ( district), Dashiv village (Illinetsky and Quaternary systems of the Phanerozoic, on its district), Kuzmyntsi village (Haisynsky district), La- southwestern edge. The geological history of the region dyzhyn (Trostyanets district), Sobolivka (Haisynsky is complex. It also influenced the formation of relief [1, district), on the left bank of the Southern Bug to 2]. The foundation of the territory [3] consists of rocks, Haivoron (Kirovohrad region). Sarmatian sediments the formation of which dates back to Precambrian are represented mainly by oolite and shell limestones times. They are mainly granite gneisses. Outcrops of and have a thickness of 5 to 100 m. These sediments Precambrian rocks on the day surface take place in deep are well preserved in watersheds, and in river valleys ravines, gullies and in the form of rapids on rivers (es- they are blurred. Limestone deposits of the Sarmatian pecially on the Southern Bug and its tributaries and the Sea are widespread throughout Transnistria. Thus, in Dniester - near Yampol). Reddish and gray granites of the basin of the Rusava River, oolite limestones have a Precambrian origin occur in outcrops along the layer thickness of 80-85 m, and along the Kamyanets Markivka and Rusava rivers. Most outcrops of crystal- River - 25 m. lime. Deposits of the Baltic tier are mostly line rocks on the day surface are observed in the strip distributed in the left-bank part of the Southern Bug, in between the lines (conditionally) Kozyatyn-Pogreby- the central and southern parts of the region, mainly in shche and Mohyliv-Podilskyi-Yampil. Part of the watersheds. White loose sands, brittle sandstone, red, Ukrainian Crystal Shield, located within the Vinnytsia brown clays and pebbles alternate in the Baltic depos- region, has a general slope to the west-southwest. its. The thickness of the deposits is from 5 to 120 m (the Therefore, in the Dnieper, crystalline rocks are covered largest in the south-eastern part of the region). Anthro- with a thick layer of sedimentary sediments of Paleo- pogenic sediments are distributed throughout the re- zoic and Mesozoic age. gion. They are represented by brown clays, forest and Formulation of the problem. Silurian marine forest-like loams, alluvium on river terraces. In the sediments are quite common in the Dnieper. They are north-eastern part of the region, sand and pebble depos- represented by coarse-grained sandstones, green, gray its are very common, which are believed to have and purple shales, limestones. Silurian deposits are dis- brought here the melting glacial waters of the last gla- tributed in the area bounded (conditionally) by a line ciation (Dnieper). passing through the village of Zhvan (Murovano- Results. The relief of the territory is heterogene- Kurylovetsky district), Nemerchi station to the village ous, because in its formation a significant role was of Chernivtsi. Further to the southeast, the Silurian de- played by neotectonic movements of the earth's crust, posits are distributed in the lower reaches of the rivers climate and other factors and in the overall assessment Rusava and Yalanka, to the confluence of the Markivka in relation to sea level is elevated. and the Dniester. In some places, the Silurian sediments According to the scheme of geomorphological Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021 13 zoning, the territory of Vinnytsia region is located Podolsk Upland is inclined from north and north- within two geomorphological regions: Volyn-Podilska east to south and southwest, has a submeridional direc- and Pridnestrovsko-Pryazovska, in turn within these tion. This location, as well as the significant slope of two regions the following geomorphological subre- the surface in the southern direction determined the me- gions are distinguished: Podilska structural-denudation ridional and parallel tributaries of the Dniester River, upland, Baltic alluvial-delta plain, Pivna hydroglacial the valley of which is an essential element of the relief and hewn plain, West Dnieper denudation upland and of the Podolsk Upland. The second, no less important Central Dnieper denudation upland within two geomor- feature of the southern slopes of the elevation is a kind phological provinces - Podil and Dnieper. The Dnieper of asymmetry of its interfluves. The deep incision of the uplift in the territory of Vinnytsia region gradually rivers of the Podil Upland into the earth's surface, their turns into Podilsk. The watershed of the Dniester and narrow, in places canyon-like valleys, stretching from the Southern Bug, mainly its north-eastern slopes, is a north to south - is the third common feature of this area. conditional geomorphological boundary between the Also, a significant role in the structure of the relief of Dnieper and Podil uplands. the region is played by the river valleys of the Southern Podil and Prydniprovska uplands stand out in the Bug basin, the Dniester and partly the Dnieper. relief of Vinnytsia region. The border between them is The Dniester washes the extreme southern and conditionally drawn along the valley of the Southern part of the south-western border of the region. Within Bug River. Most of the territory of Vinnytsia region is the Vinnytsia region it flows through a narrow, very occupied by Podil structural-denudation upland. The winding and deep valley with highly elevated shores, maximum height of the Podil Upland is located in the especially steep left bank. Characteristic is the presence area of Zhmerynsky elevation near the village of of terraces, of which there are four near the city of Mo- Borschi-Chemeryske and is 370 m above sea level. gilev-Podolsk. The river flows along the territory of the The geological development of the territory of region with the middle course and the Dniester valley Vinnytsia region has undergone a corresponding evolu- forms six large incised meanders (river bends). Water tion with the formation of a corresponding modern ge- level at the entrance of the Dniester to the borders of ological structure [4]. In the late Mesozoic and Ceno- Vinnytsia region near the village Bernashivka is 69 me- zoic, the Ukrainian crystal shield was influenced by dif- ters, near Kozlov - 66 meters, in Mohyliv-Podilskyi - ferentiated block movements. As a result, the raised 60 meters. The farther to the south-east, the greater the plain of the shield is divided into five geomorphologi- slope and the greater the speed of flow: in the ravine the cal stages. Within the boundaries of Vinnytsia region water level is - 56 meters, in Yampol only 48 meters. there is the Bug-Dnieper geomorphological stage. Its Outside the region, the water level does not exceed 38 structural basis is tectonic blocks: Vinnytsia, meters above sea level. Berdychiv, , Yampil. The valley of the Southern Bug and its tributaries The Bug-Dnieper geomorphological stage has ab- are cut to a depth of 100-200 meters and has a beautiful solute heights of 200-300 meters. The surface is a bottom. The general direction of the Southern Bug to slightly undulating plain. Of the rocks most common the southeast, but in some areas the river significantly here are granites, granite gneisses and others. Maxi- changes direction, forming a kind of meandering. In mum absolute heights are found in the extreme south- some places the river is blocked by rapids [6]. western part of the region, where they reach 330 - 340 The structure of the Southern Bug valley is differ- meters; on the watersheds of the rivers Snyvoda, ent in different parts. The left bank of the Bug near La- Gnilopyat, Rostavytsia, Rossi, the height is slightly less dyzhyn is covered with a narrow strip of sand. than 280-300 meters. Southwest of near the Characterizing the relief of the surface there are village of Pedosy is the highest point of the Dnieper two types of valleys: sewage and bypass. Bypass val- Upland - 340 meters. leys occupy the area from northwest to southeast. They From the north-west to the south-east there is not inherited early Quaternary erosion depressions. Sewage only a general slope of the elevation surface, but also - formed as a result of erosion of water-glacial flows. its greater length (more than 200 kilometers, with an In the Vinnytsia region, mainly waste valleys are com- average width of 60 - 80 kilometers). mon, although sometimes they are found in combina- The relief of the Dnieper Upland is not entirely ho- tion with bypasses. One of these valleys, very wide in mogeneous. In the western part it is calmer: the river- size, is called Letychiv-Lityn plain. beam system is relatively dense, the river incisions are A significant role in the structure of the relief of shallow; but in the east and especially in the south-east Vinnytsia region is played by ravine-beam forms. The the nature of the relief changes greatly: there are many southern and south-eastern parts of the region are ravines, the number of beams and slopes increases. mainly exposed to dismemberment by beams and ra- The Podil upland (upland plain) has a geostruc- vines. The ravines here are highly developed and oc- tural basis of the south-western part of the Ukrainian cupy a large area. Crystal Shield and the Podil plate, which within the Also widespread within the region are landforms Vinnytsia region is only their eastern outskirt [5]. formed by gravitational processes (landslides). These The basic basis for modern relief is the Sarmatian- processes, which cause great damage, are widely devel- Pontic surface with the development of ancient alluvial, oped in the south of the region and require the applica- deltaic and typical marine Sarmatian Pontic plains. The tion of appropriate measures to combat these dangerous period of continental rupture here began after the retreat natural phenomena. of the Sarmatian Sea. 14 Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021 Forms of technogenic relief, represented by nu- water-glacial deposits. Its depth does not exceed 30 me- merous quarries for the production of various building ters. In addition to the passage valley, in the northern materials, reclamation and drainage canals, etc., have part of the Kozyatyn Upland on the border with Zhyto- become of great importance in the Vinnytsia region. myr and Kyiv regions there is a whole system of pas- Geomorphologically, the territory of Vinnytsia re- sage valleys between the rivers Teterev and Snivoda, gion is located within the Right Bank Upland, which is Glylopyat and Postolova, Gnilopyat and Guyva, Guyva represented mainly by the Podolsk Plateau, and Rostavytsya, Rostavytsya and Desna, Rostavytsya Prydniprovska Upland and Southern Pobuzhye, or two and Rostsy. etc. They are not always well expressed in geomorphological regions - Azov-Prydniprovska and relief and do not always attract the attention of re- Volyn-Podilska, respectively, subregions of searchers. Prydniprovschyna and Podil. Vinnytsia denudation-accumulative undulating The Podil plateau occupies most of the region and plain. Occupies the central part of the region from the lies to the west of the conditional line: the upper reaches valley of the Southern Bug in the west to the valley of of the Snyvoda River - the town of Kalynivka - the up- the river Sob in the east; in the north it passes into the per reaches of the Sob River and further along its valley Kozyatyn watershed, and in the south, where its bound- and the Southern Bug Valley to the regional boundary. ary is not clearly traced, it borders the northern slopes This is the most elevated, dismembered and eroded ter- of the Podil Upland. ritory, especially its part, which is inclined to the Dnie- A detailed analysis of the relief and geological ster. Researchers believe (Bondarchuk VG, 1949) that structure of the area makes it possible to identify differ- the relatively rapid rise of this area, which was ob- ences in the geomorphological structure of the left and served in anthropogenic times, led to increased erosion right bank parts and therefore can be divided within this of the southwestern slopes of the Podolsk plateau. The area two geomorphological subdistricts: left bank eastern and northeastern parts of the plateau are much (main) and right bank. less dissected. The Dnieper Upland extends from the The left-bank subdistrict is relatively less elevated upper reaches of the Snyvoda River to the Tikich and dissected. The average height above sea level is Mountain (northeastern part of the region). Their slopes 280-300 meters, reaching 310 meters in the extreme are also cut by numerous river valleys, but the general west near the village of Yaryshivka and decreasing in dismemberment of the surface is much smaller and the the eastern part to 235-240 meters. The right-bank ter- area has the appearance of a gently undulating plain. ritory is slightly higher than 290-323 meters. According to the structure and shape of the relief The left bank is sloping in the southern and south- and river valleys, the subregion of the Dnieper Upland eastern directions, the right bank - more to the north. is divided into a number of geomorphological areas. The left-bank part is weakly dissected by river valleys, Kozyatyn structural-denudation watershed up- except for the Southern Bug and the Sob, there are al- land. As a geomorphological area, these are the water- most no significant rivers. Thus, only one Voronka sheds of the interfluve of the Southern Bug and the stream flows through Voronovytsia towards the South- Dnieper, their numerous tributaries: the rivers Snyvoda, ern Bug, and only in the villages of Korzhivka, Desna, Gnilopyata, Guyva, Rostavytsia, Rosi, Rosky, Raigorod, and Nizhnyaya Kropivnya small streams and Soba [7]. flow into the Southern Bug. Kozyatyn watershed is one of the largest in the re- The hydrographic grid of the Sobu basin is slightly gion in terms of area. The southern border in the ex- thicker. The floodplain of the Sob River in the middle treme north-western part coincides with the well-de- course (from to Bubnivka) is relatively wide, fined valley of the river Khvos and runs along the line swampy in places, and well terraced. The right bank is of villages Tessa - Ivanivtsi - Shevchenkovo - Kozhu- less terraced compared to the left and terraces are found khiv - Bruslin and further east through the villages only in the area of the villages of Dzvonykha, Kolyu- Bruslinov - Penkivka - Mizyakiv, where it coincides khiv, Rogozna, Pechera, Markovo, Bratslav. with the valleys of Pivden Bug; from the top of the The relief is associated with the widespread distri- Desna the southern border coincides with the direction bution in the past in the area of forests and, accordingly, of the riverbed and from Turbov along the valley of the podzolic soils. The general branching of the surface river Vilshanka it is directed to Vakhnivka - Zoziv - caused the formation of eroded soils in the region of - Dashiv, along the valley of the river Sob to varying degrees. the confluence of the stream Soroka. Letychevsko-Litynska water-glacial-alluvial Kozyatyn Upland is the quietest territory of Vin- plain. This is a kind of geomorphological area of the nytsia region. Although it is quite elevated above sea Dnieper Upland. Geologically, the Lityn Plain consists level - the absolute heights here are 290-305 meters, but of a small layer of water-glacial sand and sandy depos- the division of the territory is insignificant, the valleys its on forest-like loams. The plain is a valley-like ter- of gullies and rivers have shallow incisions and gentle raced depression between Letychev (upper reaches of slopes. Watershed plateaus here are relatively wide, the Southern Bug) and Lityn (Zhar river valley). slightly undulating and predominate in the area of the The total length of the plain does not exceed 75- slopes [8]. 80 kilometers, with a width of 12-16 kilometers, alt- On the territory of the hill there is a well-defined hough within the region the plain itself is clearly ex- relief valley between the headwaters of the rivers pressed only on the meridian Lityn - Settlement, and Gnilopyata and Rostavica. The valley is composed of then to the east turns into a wavy depression, which is divided into two bands: one of them stretches along the Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021 15 valley of the river Zgar to its connection with the South- This is a watershed of Transnistria with heights of ern Bug and further in the direction of Lavrivka - 300-310 meters and a relatively calm slightly undulat- Strizhavka; the second, much wider in area and better ing relatively flat terrain. expressed in relief, is located in the direction of the riv- The headwaters are slightly curved to the north- ers Riv and Rivets, forming between the valley of the west. They acquired a meridional direction after the for- latter and the valley of the Southern Bug a kind of in- mation of the river network and the rapid geological up- termediate valley. lift of the terrain. The eastern border of the Letychiv-Lityn plain is The plain consists of crystalline rocks of the Po- the valley of the Southern Bug. In general, the Lityn dolsk Black Whale Formation. Above them lies a sedi- plain has a slightly undulating flat surface with depres- mentary complex of sandy-limestone rocks of the sions. Podolsk Upland is also divided into a number of Lower Sarmatian. Sometimes the slopes are composed geomorphological districts and subdistricts. of crystalline rocks and partly Sarmatian limestone. dismembered forest upland. Occupies the The limestone erosion-denudation undulating most elevated part of the region. Absolute marks are plain is an integral part of the Baltic Pliocene plain. It 364-370 meters (near Bar). This is the territory of covers the interfluve of the Markovka, Vilshanka, Ka- Barsky, Zhmerynsky, part of Tyvrivsky, Shargorodsky myanka rivers and lies to the east of the Kamenskaya and Tulchynsky administrative districts [9]. reef ridge, which is weakly expressed in the relief near In the north and northeast, the hill borders the Tomashpol. The river valleys are sparsely terraced Letychevsko-Litynska plain and Vinnytsia denudation- here. The ravine-beam network, due to the large slope accumulative plain, in the south with Mohyliv-Podilsky of the area to the southwest towards the Dniester, is Transnistria. The total length of the height is over 110 more developed than on the Kopaygorod plain. At the kilometers and its eastern edge it reaches Vapnyarka. base of this plain lie crystalline rocks - pygmatites. The width in the western and central parts is 40-50 kil- Quaternary deposits are represented mainly by ometers. Zhmerynska Upland has the shape of a trian- deluvial loams, sometimes with admixtures of Carpa- gle with a base of 50 kilometers in the western part on thian pebbles. They occur mainly on the slopes of the the border with Khmelnytsky region and sides 110-115 beams, on the watersheds are absent. Floodplains in the kilometers long. In geomorphological terms, the upper reaches are wider than in the lower reaches, Zhmerynska Upland is an interfluve of the massifs of sometimes slightly swampy. the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers. The relief of the northern part of this subregion to The territory is densely and deeply dissected by a the latitude of Gorodkivka - Kryzhopil is relatively ravine-beam system. Wet narrow sometimes swampy calm. The area is raised an average of 300 meters above floodplains are found only in the valleys of large tribu- sea level. Although the southern half of the subarea, the taries of the Dniester - the rivers Lyadov and Muraf. In eastern boundary of which is the watershed between the general, the height is inclined from north-west to south- rivers of the Lower Bug and the rivers of the Dniester, east, decreasing near Vapnyarka to 298 meters. is very complex: in relief most narrow watersheds and Zhmerynska Upland is a center of active modern sloping lands are very complex. This area is most af- water plane and deep erosion, where the entire surface fected by water erosion from all geomorphological ar- is constantly washed away, and 20% -30% of cases - eas of the region. strong, which leads to an annual loss of 45-50 tons of The area of the Dniester canyon terraces stretches fertile fine soil per hectare of arable land. Mohyliv- up to 30 kilometers along the Dniester riverbed from Podilska is a dismembered raised plain. Geomorpho- northwest to southeast. There are two parts of the sub- logical area occupies the southern part of the region. area: the outer, which borders on the Kopaygorod ero- This area is sometimes called Vinnytsia or Mohyliv- sion-denudation weakly undulating plain, and the inner, Podilskyi Transnistria. It stretches in a narrow strip border subarea of the Dniester canyon. along the entire course of the Dniester from the western The outer part is an area with absolute heights of border of the region. The geological basis of Transnis- 250-270 meters and deepening (incision) of riverbeds tria is (partially) the southwestern outskirts of the into the surface up to 150-200 meters. The geomorpho- Ukrainian Crystal Shield. logical structure is the territory of the fourth and fifth The water part of the district is calmer and less dis- terraces, raised above the level of the Dniester riverbed sected by relatively wide beams; the Transnistrian part by 50-60 and 90-100 meters. The slopes of the valleys is very complex in relief, cut by canyon-like deep river are steep, and the rivers have the character of mountain valleys into a system of narrow, sloping from north to streams. south sections. Therefore, there are four geomorpho- The inner part is mainly the territory of the first, logical subdistricts: Kopaygorod erosion-denudation second and third floodplain terraces of the Dniester. low-wave plain, Limestone erosion-denudation undu- Rapid currents, river regimes, the structure of valleys lating plain, Dniester over-canyon terraces and Dnie- resemble real mountain rivers. In the upper part of the ster canyon. slopes of the canyons on the rivers Zhvan, Karaets, Kopaygorod erosion-denudation weakly undulat- Lyadova, cornices formed on both sides of the valleys ing plain covers the mouth and middle reaches of the are formed, formed by weathered limestones. Cenoma- rivers Zhvan, Lyadova, Nemia, Murafa and a narrow nian flint marls, Cambrian sandstones and shales are strip of 15-20 kilometers stretches from the western exposed on the slopes below. Floodplains are very nar- border of the region to the strip of the Sarmatian tier, row, sometimes completely absent. crossing Transnistria in Transnistria in Transnistria . Within the boundaries of Mohyliv-Podilskyi 16 Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021 Transnistria, where the edge of the shield caused the 30-40%). The most erosive-dissected relief by the cri- change of direction of the Dniester valley from east to terion of the sum of areas with steep slopes more than southeast, the fourth geomorphological subdistrict 50 was determined for the areas of Barsky (15.8% of stands out - Vinnytsia Dniester canyon. It differs from the surveyed area), Zhmerynsky (15.68%), Khmelnytsky Transnistria. First of all, there is a differ- Kryzhopilsky (18.73%), Pohrebyshchensky (16.15). ent climate that promotes the development of viticul- %), Chechelnytsky (28.23%), Shargorodsky (11.06%). ture and horticulture, as well as balneology. Within the Water soil erosion as a natural and anthropogenic canyon there are four above-canyon terraces. Lower degradation process causes enormous environmental terraces - erosion-accumulative, upper - mostly erosion. and economic damage in many countries around the The first terrace is covered with pebble alluvium and world. In Ukraine, erosion occurs on an area of 12.5 loam; the second - pebbles and woody loams. On the million hectares. In the Vinnytsia region, water damage third and especially the fourth - Cenomanian marls and to agricultural lands, mainly arable land, is caused by Middle Sarmatian limestones are deposited. water erosion of soils, as a result of which 39% of ara- Baltic erosion-denudation dissected plain. The ge- ble land is to some extent affected by planar erosion. omorphological region occupies the southern edge of The main reasons for this are well known: excessive the lowest and narrowest part of the Podolsk Upland. plowing of the territory, heavy rainfall, sloping terrain, In general, this slightly sloping territory is elon- unfavorable structure of sown areas stimulates the de- gated in the south-eastern direction and is represented velopment of erosion processes [10]. Currently, natural by a very narrow Dniester-Bug watershed within the and anthropogenic factors that cause erosion are well south-eastern part of Kryzhopil and Pishchansky dis- studied. In particular, there are detailed quantitative as- tricts, as well as Chechelnytsky. The general slope of sessments of storm danger in the region, determined the the territory is mainly to the east and south-east, and anti-erosion efficiency of agricultural vegetation, stud- partly to the south. The highest mark of the surface near ied the erosion properties of the terrain, etc. [11]. Vapnyarka - Kryzhopil - Yavorivka - Rudnytsia is 308- Among the components of the landscape, the soil plays 303 meters. The lowest - on the eastern outskirts of the a significant role in assessing the resilience of land- district near Kidrasovka - Goldashivka - Berezok scape systems, especially its characteristics such as the Chechelnytsky - 218-224 meters; in the southern direc- thickness of the humus horizon, morphological struc- tion the slope is insignificant, the heights do not fall be- ture of the profile, nutrient reserves that suffer most low 259-243 meters (Britavky - Lubomyrka); in the from anthropogenic impacts, including erosion [12]. northern part of the territory 277-265 meters (China- To assess the erosion resistance of the agro-land- town - Buda). The difference in height from west to east scape and the effectiveness of anti-erosion measures, does not exceed 60 meters, and the rivers are relatively the only criterion may be the ratio of the rate of soil calm, their valleys are wide, usually having wet, formation and soil erosion. Effective erosion control is swampy, and sometimes peat floodplains, although the possible if the current rates of erosion is equal to or terraced is almost absent. lower than a predetermined level, which theoretically Depth of local bases of erosion within 100 meters allows maintaining a balance between the rate of ero- (250 meters of height on plateaus, 130-160 meters in sion losses and the rate of soil formation. Today it is valleys of the rivers and beams). This area corresponds proved that erosion processes directly depend on the to the - type of eroded areas (erosion is steepness of the slopes. The steepness of the slopes pri- marily determines the degree of soil erosion (Table 1).

Table 1 The degree of soil erosion depending on the slope Characteristics of slopes Steepness, degree The degree of possible erosion Even areas Less than 1 – Gentle slopes 1-2 weak Descending 2-5 medium Steep 5-10 strong

The steepness of the slopes determines the system perennial grasses; from 5 to 8 ° - strong washing away of erosion control measures and the method of use of of soils is possible; such areas are of limited use in ag- the territory. Approximately the dependence of the de- riculture, it is necessary to cover the edges of beams gree of erosion and the method of using the area on the and ravines; more than 8 ° - soils are strongly washed steepness of the slopes can be characterized as follows: away, they are considered unworn, they are subject to up to 1 ° the soil is not washed away, its areas do not siltation and fixing in some places by artificial struc- require any anti-erosion measures; you can use them for tures; more than 15 ° - not used in agriculture without any culture; 1-3 ° - possible weak washing away of special measures. Thus, the structure of the slope of the soils, for their protection against erosion plowing sloping lands of a certain area is a reliable criterion for should be carried out across slopes, and under steam its erosion resistance. This is confirmed by the results and chills - shelfless cultivation; 3-5 ° - there is an av- of our groupings in terms of areas of the region (Table erage soil washout; it is expedient to introduce soil-pro- 2). tective forage crop rotations with high saturation with

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021 17 Table 2 Characteristics of Vinnytsia region by land slopes and technological groups (own grouping), % Slope, 0 Technological groups

0

0

0

0

0 0 0 Region/ district 0 I ІІ ІІІ

2 3 5

15

7

-

10

- - -

-

-

<1 0 0 0

1 2 3

>15

5 10

7 < 3 3-7 > 7

Barsky 4,57 25,38 24,24 30,01 12,78 2,81 0,21 0,00 54,20 42,78 3,02 Bershadsky 39,63 25,14 13,38 12,99 6,04 2,72 0,10 0,00 78,16 19,02 2,82 Vinnytsia 65,63 17,94 6,01 6,46 2,70 1,15 0,11 0,01 89,58 9,15 1,27 Gaisinsky 43,13 28,06 10,46 11,36 4,46 2,12 0,38 0,04 81,65 15,81 2,54 Zhmerynsky 17,26 22,95 17,51 26,60 11,17 3,97 0,49 0,04 57,72 37,76 4,51 Illinetsky 48,81 32,74 3,10 10,29 3,51 1,37 0,18 0,01 85,49 13,03 1,47 Kalinovsky 62,95 24,28 4,30 4,69 2,55 1,18 0,06 0,00 91,53 7,23 1,24 Kozyatynsky 46,16 24,03 6,12 10,14 8,15 5,06 0,34 0,00 76,31 18,29 5,39 Kryzhopilsky 16,12 19,01 17,88 28,25 13,12 4,86 0,75 0,01 53,54 40,78 5,68 Lipovetsky 61,03 23,31 6,02 4,89 2,78 1,59 0,37 0,00 90,35 7,68 1,97 Litynsky 43,75 25,42 6,17 13,00 7,37 3,61 0,68 0,00 75,34 20,37 4,29 Mohyliv-Podilskyi 20,09 33,23 15,38 23,19 5,67 1,83 0,53 0,07 68,72 28,85 2,43 Murovano-Kurylovetsky 7,70 25,46 24,40 29,60 10,31 2,33 0,19 0,00 57,56 39,91 2,53 Nemyrivsky 44,52 26,01 11,64 10,12 5,00 2,47 0,23 0,01 82,17 15,12 2,71 Orativsky 34,26 20,06 12,57 16,55 9,24 6,26 1,05 0,02 66,89 25,77 7,34 Pischansky 8,88 17,50 21,25 31,31 16,23 4,46 0,35 0,03 47,61 47,55 4,84 Pohrebyshchensky 26,51 27,74 8,52 21,09 8,42 4,60 3,08 0,05 61,23 28,78 9,99 Teplytsky 42,34 25,37 14,65 12,06 4,00 1,43 0,15 0,00 82,36 16,06 1,58 Tyvrivsky 32,76 27,89 15,48 14,52 7,09 2,06 0,20 0,00 76,13 21,61 2,26 Tomashpilsky 13,15 29,74 13,87 32,68 7,39 2,69 0,32 0,17 56,77 40,05 3,18 Trostyanetsky 28,62 27,31 17,91 15,51 6,68 3,53 0,43 0,02 73,83 22,19 3,98 Tulchinsky 30,85 29,76 15,01 13,92 7,24 2,80 0,41 0,02 75,62 21,16 3,22 Khmelnytsky 50,84 26,15 7,43 6,90 5,35 2,88 0,46 0,00 84,42 12,24 3,34 Chernivtsi 23,44 38,72 17,91 10,48 6,60 2,15 0,62 0,08 68,71 28,85 2,43 Chechelnytsky 13,45 16,27 15,79 26,26 16,15 10,52 1,46 0,09 45,53 42,41 12,06 Shargorodsky 10,09 25,11 28,26 25,48 7,96 2,80 0,24 0,07 63,51 33,45 3,04 Yampilsky 24,09 34,91 13,98 20,93 4,29 1,53 0,22 0,05 72,98 25,21 1,80

Given the area of the surveyed lands for the last recommended option of grouping lands into three tech- round (18.73%), Pohrebyshchensky (16.15%), Cheche- nological groups according to the CMOT system with lnytsky (28.23%), Shargorodsky (11.06%). the dominance of land variants of the first technological In general, the soil cover of Vinnytsia region by group and most of the lands of the third technological erosion degradation can be divided into three main group for areas marked with a high proportion of heav- zones, of which the most eroded are the North-East and ily eroded soils. In numerical terms, the erosive degra- South-West. It should also be noted (Table 3) that for dation of the soil cover of Vinnytsia region, according the conditions of the studied region in the composition to the latest observations and records, has the following of eroded soils weakly eroded lands predominate - statement: the area of unproductive and degraded lands 4.71-36.6% (in terms of districts of the region), and the of the region is about 741 thousand hectares, arable smallest share - strongly eroded 0.01-4.24%. The situ- land, of which lightly washed soils - 511 thousand hec- ation is especially threatening for the conditions of tares, medium washed soils - 82 thousand .ha, heavily Chechelnytsky (4.24% of heavily eroded lands), Pohre- washed soils - 5.7 thousand hectares of the total area of byshche (3.35%), Bershad (1.93%), Kryzhopilsky lands subject to erosion, 256.3 thousand hectares of ar- (1.52%) districts, etc. able land with a slope of 2-30. The location of arable According to the defined gradation of erosion, the land on the slopes from 2 to 7 degrees is 575.7 thousand hectares, more than 70 - 20.5 thousand hectares.

18 Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021 Table 3 Characteristics of Vinnytsia region on land erosion (own grouping) Including by eroded (washed away),% Total surveyed Total eroded Region/ district lands, thou- lands,% sand hectares weakly medium strongly

Barsky 94,71 38,18 31,25 6,50 0,39 Bershadsky 115,4 21,78 15,36 4,49 1,93 Vinnytsia 73,31 6,82 5,54 1,15 0,01 Gaisinsky 92,52 14,33 9,66 4,28 0,39 Zhmerynsky 101,82 38,02 31,43 6,30 0,30 Illinetsky 76,28 8,48 6,88 1,44 0,16 Kalinovsky 91,64 5,53 4,69 0,79 0,05 Kozyatynsky 106,34 14,48 11,38 2,78 0,36 Kryzhopilsky 78,90 35,61 27,28 6,87 1,52 Lipovetsky 91,54 5,99 4,71 1,09 0,19 Litynsky 84,04 15,68 12,01 3,58 0,09 Mohyliv-Podilskyi 79,79 29,62 26,32 2,87 0,43 Murovano-Kurylovetsky 78,83 45,81 38,63 6,85 0,33 Nemyrivsky 111,76 17,46 13,12 3,92 0,42 Orativsky 82,97 21,75 15,01 5,51 1,24 Pischansky 48,35 41,76 33,75 6,54 1,47 Pohrebyshchensky 111,26 42,71 29,07 10,29 3,35 Teplytsky 76,81 28,93 24,58 4,07 0,29 Tyvrivsky 79,81 25,03 18,74 5,59 0,69 Tomashpilsky 71,15 37,68 32,99 4,44 0,25 Trostyanetsky 77,35 26,14 18,60 5,44 2,11 Tulchinsky 91,64 26,42 21,02 4,20 1,21 Khmelnytsky 11,08 15,09 11,51 3,27 0,24 Chernivtsi 61,18 29,62 26,32 2,86 0,42 Chechelnytsky 56,08 48,77 34,29 10,24 4,24 Shargorodsky 99,27 42,63 36,60 5,81 0,22 Yampilsky 69,18 32,93 28,64 3,76 0,53

Thus, Vinnytsia region is characterized by a rather region the following forms of microrelief and corre- complex from the agro technological point of view re- sponding geotopes are distinguished: 1) beam-shaped lief, which is reflected, with a close force of connection, basins and semi-closed depressions; 2) the foothills of in the gradation of eroded soils. In our opinion, our terraces and ledges with a smooth transverse profile: 3) analysis indicates the need to restore the system of ag- flat sections of the slope (in the longitudinal and trans- riculture on the basic principles of contour and recla- verse directions), including subhorizontal surfaces; 4) mation organization of the territory. In particular, such curbs of terraces and ledges with a smooth cross profile; approaches in the organization of agro-technological 5) ridges with a smooth longitudinal profile; 6) ridges groups of lands require first of all agro-formation of the with a convex profile, including hills and peaks. The most eroded districts of Barsky, Zhmerynsky, selected geotopes in their territorial combinations form Kryzhopilsky, Mohyliv-Podilsky, Murovano- the next, higher hierarchical level of local geosystems - Kurylovetsky, Pischansky, Pohrebyshchensky, To- part of the catchment in watercourses of the 1st order mashpilsky, Chechelnytsky, Shargorodsky, (according to the Horton-Straler classification). This Yampilsky. In addition, for the conditions of the region part of the catchment corresponds to a complex of slope it is important to clarify and map the bases of erosion tracts. The elementary watershed consists of several and to assess the intensity of the division of the territory slopes with different solar exposures. Elementary types by the ravine-beam system. of locations are evaluated primarily by their place in the According to B. D. Panasenko and on the basis of system of local conjugations (paragenesis) characteris- his analysis [3] within the field landscapes of Vinnytsia tic of the region. Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 56/2021 19 For this purpose, these geotopes are distributed ac- elementary landscapes within the Podil Upland. The cording to certain categories of paragenetic units of the north-eastern part is almost homogeneous in terms of paragenetic series. The paragenetic series includes the soil types - 60% of arable land is occupied by typical following elementary landscapes: eluvial, or autono- and strongly degraded chernozems, 24% - podzolic and mous, transeluvial, transaccumulative, accumulative slightly degraded chernozems. Accumulative and trans- and superaqual, or surface. Field landscapes of water- accumulative elementary landscapes are more in the sheds, hill tops belong to eluvial, edges of terraces and northwest of this part, and eluvial and transeluvial - in ledges, as well as upper parts of slopes - to transeluvial, the northeast. The valley of the Southern Bug is distin- middle and lower sloping parts of slopes - to transaccu- guished by the dominance of gray podzolic soils with mulative, and the foothills of terraces and bottoms of low humus reserves. Transeluvial elementary land- basins - to accumulative. There are also accumulative- scapes predominate on the outskirts of the valley. The eluvial landscapes, confined to closed and semi-closed south-western part of the region is characterized by a depressions in local watersheds and transaqual-super- significant combination of typical and podzolic cherno- aqual (floodplain) complexes, which are distinguished zems, as well as dark gray podzolic soils. The area of by sharp seasonal changes in water regime. Each type transeluvial elementary landscapes decreases here from of elementary landscape is divided into subtypes and west to east, and transaccumulative increases in the species based on the height of the terrain, exposure and same direction. slope slope, the position of the geotope in the system of Conclusions. The types of locations are directly different watercourses, lithology and mechanical com- related to such an important feature of field landscapes, position of soil-forming rocks. All these features are which they acquired as a result of anthropogenic devel- crucial in the territorial differentiation of field land- opment. It defines such a property as the degree of hy- scapes. Regional elementary field landscapes of Podil- dromorphism. It is important to change the content in lya correspond to three main groups of types of relief: the upper soil horizons of silty-dusty fractions, which 1) eluvial - positive morphostructures, in particular come with lateral-material flows from neighboring rel- placors, hills and high plains; 2) accumulative - low- atively higher areas. Increasing such fractions makes lands, valleys, etc.; 3) transeluvial and transaccumula- the mechanical composition heavier and at the same tive occupy the slopes of hills and valleys. All types of time increases the moisture content of the arable layer landscapes form groups by type of location - from elu- due to the content of bound water. At the same time, vial watershed to accumulative valley. Such factorial- however, the water-air regime of the arable layer sig- dynamic series within the Vinnytsia region have a cer- nificantly deteriorates and soil fertility decreases. The tain feature, because here one of the upper links of the removal of small particles is noticeable on well- landscape conjugation (eluvial or transeluvial) often drained, especially dissected hills, so hydromorphiza- falls out, and the two lower links (transaccumulative tion is characteristic of lowland-valley geotopes, where and accumulative) in the conditions of plain relief are there is an accumulation of fine material. For multidi- often difficult to distinguish, because they just overlap. mensional landscape-ecological analysis, the species of Within the Vinnytsia region, usually the most di- field landscapes of Vinnytsia region were grouped into verse types of field landscapes are characteristic of species groups taking into account the types of location, weakly undulating and hilly watersheds with erosive genetic unity of species, lithology and mechanical com- and erosive-denudation relief. Significant, although position of the arable layer and edaphic moisture, which significantly less landscape-species diversity is inher- determine the potential soil fertility. Also, the relief is ent in the middle sections of the gently undulating associated with the widespread distribution of forests in slopes of the interfluves, which occupy a transit loca- the past in the region, resulting in the formation of pod- tion. Transaccumulative and accumulative elementary zolic soils. landscapes are primarily formed by the peculiarities of the lithological composition of genetic types of soil- REFERENCES: forming rocks and features of relief. The region is char- acterized by a long-term manifestation of erosion-den- 1. Soil cover of Vinnytsia region: genesis, com- udation processes with the formation on the interfluves position, properties and directions of effective use of various landforms of the "reservoir" type and differ- (monograph) Vinnytsia: Nilan Ltd., 2018. 452p. 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