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Discussing Drugs Discussing Drugs A Comparative Analysis of Drug Coverage in Aftenposten and VG in 1990 and 2018. Hiwar Nheli Master in Journalism Department of Media and Communication University of Oslo 16.06.2020 Discussing Drugs: A Comparative Analysis of Drug Coverage in Aftenposten and VG in 1990 and 2018. Hiwar Nheli Master in Journalism, Department of Media and Communication University of Oslo 16.06.2020 © Copyright Hiwar Nheli 2020 Discussing Drugs: A comparative analysis of drug coverage in Aftenposten and VG in 1990 and 2018. Hiwar Nheli http://www.duo.uio.no Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo Abstract This thesis present how Norwegian journalists cover the subject of drugs in newspapers. This thesis uses co ntent analysis of articles in the newspapers Aftenposten and VG, from 1990 and from 2018. In presenting a set of characteristics on how journalists write about illegal drugs, we will gain a general overview of the media content in 2018 and how it differs from the content in 1990. The thesis also uses an in-depth analysis of a selection of articles to provide a picture of the language journalists used in 1990 and in 2018. Many of the conclusions of previous research on the coverage of drugs in the 90’s are very accurate; the media coverage in 1990 reinforced the official drug policy of prohibition. Drugs were covered as a threat and social menace, whereas the authorities were framed as the soldiers fighting a battle against the spread of drugs. This was achieved through portraying drugs as immoral, dangerous and criminal. The 2018 coverage presents drugs as something negative; drug are portrayed as inherently harmful and users are framed as irresponsible for using them. There is still a lack of nuance when covering specific drugs, the media relies heavily on the term narcotics to describe any illegal drug in any context. However, there is more focus on the social, political and cultural aspects of drug and drug use as well. There is also more debate compared to 1990, and there is more ues of epxerts and news agencies as sources for news stories. Overall, the coverage in 1990 portrays drugs as a threat; something to be defeated through heavy penalties. The coverage of 2018 is not dramatically differnet from the 1990 coverage, yet offers more diverse perspectives on drugs and drug use. i Preface First, I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my supervisor Kjetil Rødje (Spring 2018 – Spring 2020). This thesis would not have been possible without Kjetil’s guidance, recommendations, encouragement and patience. I consider myself incredibly lucky to have had the opportunity to work on this thesis with Kjetil, and I am sure his other supervisees feel the same way. I chose this topic shortly after meeting the then newly formed Association for Safer Drug Policies (FTR). The degree of dedication, interest and care I saw in the members of FTR is what inspired the topic of this thesis. FTR hosts the biennial Nordic Reform conferences, which have been incredibly helpful in learning more about drugs from scientists from all over the world. I thank the authors of “Reporting on Drugs in Nordic Newspapers”, who inspired the methodology of this thesis, all the researchers at the Norwegian Institute for Public Health for providing such an excellent overview of drugs in Norway. Many thanks to all the names included in the literature review chapter of this thesis, thank you all for paving the way for me. A big THANK YOU to the Institute of Media and Communication (IMK) for teaching me all that I know about media and journalism. Also, everyone at Oslo Science Park; I would not have been able to finish this thesis anywhere else. I would also like to thank the security guards who always came to the rescue all those times I locked myself inside the building after closing time. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their support. Thanks to my mom for preparing great feasts every time I went home for a visit, my dad for all the free haircuts, my sister for always believing in me and cheering me on and my brothers for helping me with my art projects. Lastly, I would like to thank my fellow students at IMK. Especially Furaha, Roman and KP. My warmest thanks to all the beautiful people I met during my time at IMK; for sharing your stories, knowledge and opinions. Thank you for being such generous, kind, and caring friends. Hiwar Nheli Oslo. 16.06.2020. ii Contents Contents Chapter 1: Researching drugs in media ...................................................................................... 1 New policy, new coverage ..................................................................................................... 1 Research Question and Hypothesis ........................................................................................ 4 Why compare journalist discourse? ....................................................................................... 6 Why study drugs? ................................................................................................................... 8 Ethics and bias ...................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Key concepts .......................................................................................................... 13 Media = Newspapers ............................................................................................................ 13 The types of “drugs” ............................................................................................................ 13 Stimulants as illegal drugs ................................................................................................ 14 Opioids as illegal drugs .................................................................................................... 14 Depressants as illegal drugs ............................................................................................. 14 Hallucinogenic substances as illegal drugs ...................................................................... 15 Other illegal drugs ............................................................................................................ 15 Who are the “drug users”?.................................................................................................... 15 Narcotics: Opioids? Or any illegal drug? ............................................................................. 16 Chapter 3: Historical and political context ............................................................................... 18 Prohibition and temperance .................................................................................................. 18 International drug conventions ............................................................................................. 19 Chapter 4: Theoretical framework for researching drugs in media.......................................... 22 Discourse .......................................................................................................................... 22 Framing ............................................................................................................................ 23 Loaded language .............................................................................................................. 25 Moral Panic ...................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 5: Literature review .................................................................................................... 27 Finding literature .................................................................................................................. 27 Literature on illegal drugs .................................................................................................... 28 Norwegian research on drugs in media ................................................................................ 29 Discussing Drugs and Control Policy .................................................................................. 30 Knowledge from Nordic neighbors ...................................................................................... 32 Studies from abroad ............................................................................................................. 33 iii Literature on “moral panic” .................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 6: Methodology ........................................................................................................... 39 Replicating the 1992 study ................................................................................................... 39 The media I analyzed ........................................................................................................... 39 How I mix quantitative and qualitative methods ............................................................. 40 Presenting variables: expanding the scope ........................................................................... 40 Type of article .................................................................................................................. 41 Relevance of drugs in the text .......................................................................................... 43 Geographic location of the story ...................................................................................... 43 Context: Theme
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