DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Social Capital in Drug Use and Dependence in Four Canadian Provinces

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Social Capital in Drug Use and Dependence in Four Canadian Provinces University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2016 The Role of Social Capital in Drug Use and Dependence in Four Canadian Provinces Stefan Rein Treffers University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Treffers, Stefan Rein, "The Role of Social Capital in Drug Use and Dependence in Four Canadian Provinces" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5770. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5770 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. The Role of Social Capital in Drug Use and Dependence in Four Canadian Provinces by Stefan Treffers A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada © 2016 Stefan Treffers The Role of Social Capital in Drug Use and Dependence in Four Canadian Provinces by Stefan Treffers APPROVED BY: ______________________________________________ Shelagh Towson, External Reader Department of Psychology ______________________________________________ John Deukmedjian, Departmental Reader Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology ______________________________________________ Reza Nakhaie, Supervisor Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology May 9, 2016 Author‘s Declaration of Originality I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone‘s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis and have included copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. iii Abstract Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey collected between 2008 and 2012, this study explores the relationships between individual-level social capital and illicit drug use and dependence. The results showed that when controlling for relevant socio-demographic and socioeconomic factors, the influences of network size and marital status on prevalence of illicit drug use were significant and varied by type of drug, while social support showed a consistent protective effect. When measuring drug dependence, all three dimensions of social capital measured in this study showed protective effects. These findings lend support to the notion that drug use outcomes cannot be fully understood without appreciating the social contexts in which individuals use and become dependent on drugs. As such, this study suggests that effective policy interventions aimed at mitigating adverse consequences of drug use must address social and economic inequalities that impede the development of social capital at the individual level1. 1 The analysis in this thesis is based on public use microdata accessed from Statistics Canada, and the opinions expressed do not represent the views of Statistics Canada. iv Acknowledgments I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Reza Nakhaie, whose care, patience, and expert guidance I will always cherish and admire. I could not have asked for a better mentor to support me through this endeavour. I am also grateful to my committee members, Dr. John Deukmedjian and Dr. Shelagh Towson, for their insightful comments which have encouraged me to be mindful of my analytical approach and think critically about the issues at hand. I‘d like to thank Dr. Randy Lippert for the many opportunities he has given me to work with him, to learn from him, and to make my graduate experience a very fulfilling one. And lastly, I owe everything to my loving parents who regardless of circumstance have always given me their unconditional affection and support. They are the two most important anchors in my life and continue to give me strength every day. It is these particular moments which allow me to reflect on how lucky I am to have great people around me. They are the reasons for my past accomplishments and continuing success and without their help and care I would not be where I am today. v Table of Contents AUTHOR‘S DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ......................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Study Overview ............................................................................................................................ 1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 2 Disparities in Health: A Cause for Concern ................................................................................ 9 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL CONCEPTS .............. 19 Level of Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 25 Social Support ............................................................................................................................ 29 Information Flows ...................................................................................................................... 31 Informal Social Control ............................................................................................................. 32 Theoretical Obscurities .............................................................................................................. 33 Marital Status as a Measure of Social Capital .......................................................................... 36 Research Hypotheses ................................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 3: DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY .............................................. 42 Data Source ............................................................................................................................... 42 Description of the Sample .......................................................................................................... 43 Merging of Datasets ................................................................................................................... 44 Sample Weights .......................................................................................................................... 44 Imputation of Missing Income Values ........................................................................................ 45 Access to Microdata ................................................................................................................... 46 vi Dependent Variables .................................................................................................................. 46 Independent Variables: Measures of Social Capital ................................................................. 54 Control Variables: Socio-demographic and Socioeconomic Variables .................................... 58 Description of Data Analysis Techniques .................................................................................. 60 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pop Dreams Music, Movies, and the Media in the American 1960S 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    POP DREAMS MUSIC, MOVIES, AND THE MEDIA IN THE AMERICAN 1960S 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Archie Loss | 9780155041462 | | | | | Pop Dreams Music, Movies, and the Media in the American 1960s 1st edition PDF Book Reference Reviews. Archived from the original on May 11, Their manager Brian Epstein encouraged the group to wear suits. More than people cheered slogans such as "Give us back our hair! Years :. Archived from the original on April 29, Retrieved May 23, History of the Flying Disc. Kennedy , a Keynesian [8] and staunch anti-communist , pushed for social reforms. Joan Baez and Bob Dylan , 28 August Within and across many disciplines, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers helped define the counterculture movement. In Britain, the Labour Party gained power in Chicago Tribune. Pope Paul VI. Chicago Seven. King Saud. Thompson — journalist, author Kurt Vonnegut — author, pacifist, humanist Andy Warhol — artist Leonard Weinglass — attorney Alan Watts — philosopher Neil Young born musician, activist. Paul Newman , Free jazz is strongly associated with the s innovations of Ornette Coleman and Cecil Taylor and the later works of saxophonist John Coltrane. Not all of them were considered hippies and protesters. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original PDF on 13 July He travelled widely and his work was often discussed in the mass media, becoming one of the few American intellectuals to gain such attention. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The declaration "all men are created equal See also: Counterculture of the s and Timeline of s counterculture. Well, a Surrealist would, anyway.
    [Show full text]
  • Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Drug Policy?
    SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 Prohibition versus Legalization Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Drug Policy? —————— ✦ —————— MARK THORNTON he policy of prohibiting the sale and consumption of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana is of great public interest, with much debate about the effectiveness Tof the “war on drugs” and alternative policies such as legalization, decriminal- ization, drug treatment, and medical marijuana. Economists have been at the forefront of the debate, criticizing the effectiveness of the war on drugs, drawing attention to its “unintended consequences,” such as violent crime and the corruption of police and public officials, and proposing alternative policies, such as drug legalization and decriminalization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Times of Augustus Owsley Stanley Iii Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    BEAR : THE LIFE AND TIMES OF AUGUSTUS OWSLEY STANLEY III PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Robert Greenfield | 288 pages | 01 Dec 2016 | St Martins Press | 9781250081216 | English | New York, United States Bear : The Life and Times of Augustus Owsley Stanley III PDF Book Then somebody gave him a half a dose of pure Sandoz acid, and it was beyond anything he'd ever taken before. Published: Mar 11, There were nearly three thousand men on this huge aircraft carrier loaded with high explosives and high-octane petrol and the Japanese were dropping bombs on it and firing torpedoes at it and crew members were being burned and blown to bits. His father was a government attorney. In , Stanley rented a house in Point Richmond, California, and set up another drug laboratory. On March 13, Stanley was killed in a car accident near his home. Greenfield's anecdotal Bear feeds a Deadhead's jones--those who were there during that Summer of Love or their children and grandchildren. During the summer of , Scully had begun managing the Charlatans, a psychedelic band, who were doing an extended residency at the Red Dog Saloon in Virginia City, Nev. During the event, held in a radio station in San Francisco, the band tried to record what they had been doing live to accompany the swirling madness created by the Pranksters. In , he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, and found a recipe for the drug in a chemistry journal. HuffPost Personal Video Horoscopes. The chemist even used the money he generated selling LSD to help fund the early days of the Grateful Dead when they resided in Haight-Ashbury.
    [Show full text]
  • Mise En Page 1
    Version: June 2015 Addiction & Drug Policies Dianova’s Institutional Positioning www.dianova.org Addiction & Drug Policies: Dianova’s Institutional Positioning Summary The Dianova Network in a Few Words 1. General introduction – Why a positioning? 2. the Dianova Network in the Addiction Field – Definitions, Principles & Objectives 3. Domestic and International Policies 4. Consequences of the International Drug Control System 5. From Prohibition to Liberalization – Concepts 6. Criteria for the Implementation of Current Policies 7. Recommendations on Policy & Legislation 8. The Issue of Cannabis 9. General Organizational Positioning on Drug Policies Références 03 Summary BBarcelona, 26th June 2015 On the occasion of the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking of the United Nations, which is celebrated on June 26th, and in order to support the preparation of UNGASS 2016, Dianova launches its new ¨Institutional Positioning on Addictions and Drug Policies¨ . The Dianova network operates in 11 countries of Europe and the Americas in the fields of education, youth, addiction treatment and prevention, and social development, with over 30 years of experience in these areas. Dianova is deeply engaged in the preparation of the UNGASS, the most important international debate on drug policies in the last two decades. The UNGASS, to be held from 19 to 21 April 2016 at the UN headquarters in New York City, will undoubtedly mark a historic milestone in the drug field. For this reason, on the one hand Dianova has long been participating in forums and international networks dealing with drug policies (such as the Vienna NGO Committee on Drugs and the Civil Society Forum of the Eu - ropean Union) to help raise the voice of civil society at the UNGASS, and, on the other hand, the organization has brought up to date its positioning document in relation to illicit drugs so as to contribute more effectively to UNGASS.
    [Show full text]
  • HIV Among Drug Users in Poland
    HIV among Drug Users in Poland: The Paradoxes of an Epidemic Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Public Health in the School of Public Health 2013 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY © 2014 Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch All rights reserved 2 ABSTRACT HIV Among Drug Users in Poland: Paradoxes of an Epidemic Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch Since 1988 when the first HIV positive drug user was identified in Poland, for close to two decades, the predominant route of HIV transmission has been through injecting drug use. In mid 2000s, Polish officials reported that injecting drug use no longer contributed to incrasing HIV incidence. The consequences of such a statement are that many of the structural and personal risks associated with HIV infection go unaddressed, that drug users are neglected by HIV prevention efforts, that HIV treatment is not made available to drug users and that the policy environment does not adequately support effective public health initiatives. This case study is based on documentation, archival records, interviews, participant observation, and physical artifacts shows that these assertions were made, and continue to be repeated, in a highly political context. Poland is a post-socialist state with strong neoliberal leanings, and it is highly invested in successful integration with the European Union. Powerful Catholic Church serves as an important backdrop. While people considered “at risk” now have more freedom to conduct their lives, they also have a set of neoliberal expectations and religious pressures placed on them. Country’s geographic location adds to this complexity – situated between “Old Europe” where HIV problem has been successfully contained and the former Soviet Union, where the HIV incidence among drug users is the highest in the world, Poland attempts to align itself with the success of the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on Canadian Drug Policy
    PERSPECTIVES ON CANADIAN DRUG POLICY Volume 2 The John Howard Society of Canada All external links within this document were valid at the time of publication. Acknowledgements This project is funded by a generous grant from the Voluntary Sector Initiative through the Solicitor General of Canada. The John Howard Society of Canada would like to thank the Voluntary Sector Initiative and the Solicitor General of Canada for their financial support for this important capacity building project. The John Howard Society would also like to thank Christine Leonard from the John Howard Society of Alberta, Paula Osmok from the John Howard Society of Ontario and Terry Carlson from the John Howard Society of Newfoundland for their contributions to the success of this project Published by The John Howard Society of Canada 809 Blackburn Mews, Kingston, Ontario, K7P 2N6, Tel: (613) 384-6272, Fax: (613) 384-1847 Email: [email protected] Executive Director: Graham Stewart, Email: [email protected] © Copyright 2004. All rights reserved, Reproduction of any articles is permitted if source is cited ISBN#: 0 9689335-3-X 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 5 Gerald Thomas A Moral Analysis of Canadian Drug Policy 9 Jeff Packer Opening the Gates on the National Drug Strategy for the Correctional Service of Canada: 25 Implications of the Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs Report on Cannabis Lisa Finateri Attitudes and Perceptions of Harm Reduction Initiatives Among Social Policy Elites in St. 39 John, New Brunswick Susan O’Neill Drug Treatment
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Town Hall Findings & Recommendations
    Drugs: Legal, Illegal...Otherwise *Reproduced with permission 2005 Town Hall Findings & Recommendations Moving Ideas into Action The Oklahoma Academy is a private, non-partisan membership organization that serves as Oklahoma’s “honest broker.” It develops recommendations on critical issues facing Oklahoma’s future and actively supports their implementation. Academy members understand that Oklahoma is sparsely populated with limited resources. They recognize that in order to improve and enhance education, business and our quality of life, we must collaboratively work together and develop a stronger, more progressive Oklahoma. Vision... To be Oklahoma’s premiere citizen-based organization for public policy development Identifies areas of need and problems facing the State and its people Sponsors and conducts research on critical issues facing the state Develops an educated awareness on policies and programs designed to meet the needs of the people Develops long range goals and agendas for action Increases citizen awareness of the Academy and its policy recommendations Mission… To develop and implement public policy designed to improve the quality of life for Oklahomans Utilizes a well-defined Town Hall process Focuses on maximizing Participation and establishing Partnerships Encourages collaborative and thoughtful Planning Produces Policy recommendations and supports their implementation Key to success… Held each fall, the Academy Town Hall conference is the centerpiece of the Academy’s program of work. It is the convening place for an invited group of participants who are culturally, geographically and politically representative of the state. Urban with rural, private with public, local and state leaders, concerned citizens of all cultures—They discuss the researched issue under focus, they share viewpoints, debate and collaboratively develop specific recommendations and action steps.
    [Show full text]
  • A Qualitative Study of the Portrayal of Harm Reduction in Swedish Print Media
    ! ! ! DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK ! ! ! ! HUMANE OR PROFANE? - A qualitative study of the portrayal of harm reduction in Swedish print media. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Scientific Work in Social Work, 15 higher education credits First cycle Semester: HT 16 Authors: Daniel Johansson & Malcolm Bethell Supervisor: Adrian Groglopo ! Abstract Title: Humane or profane? - A qualitative study of the portrayal of harm reduction in Swedish print media. Authors: Daniel Johansson & Malcolm Bethell Key-words: Drug policy, harm reduction, print media, framing, social control ! This thesis explores the term “harm reduction“ in the context of drug policy and strategies as well as how the concept of harm reduction is potrayed in the Swedish printed media. This study is a qualitative document analysis with an explorative approach which analyses 15 articles from three of Sweden´s top selling daily newspapers during a set period of 24 years spanning from 1992 to 2016. To analyze the empirical material, we have used a theoretical approach which consists of Framing theory and Social Control. The results show that Harm reduction is a term with a broad and varied description, often described loosely with little or no deeper description, thus making it hard to grasp or fully understand. Harm reduction is often seen as synonymous with needle exchange programs or drug liberalization. Despite harm reductions treatment methods in application in over 20 other European countries together with evidence of its benefits, Sweden still maintains it restrictive, zero tolerance approach to narcotics policies with harsh punishments for users and addicts alike. ! Acknowledgement Thank you Adrian Groglopo for your guidance. Our thoughts and empathy goes out to those struggling with addiction.
    [Show full text]
  • HCLU on Prohibitionist Drug Policy the Drug War Has Failed While The
    HCLU on Prohibitionist Drug Policy The Drug War Has Failed While the use of drugs is coeval with human life on Earth, the first attempts to regulate drug consumption on a massive scale through the means of criminal law were made in the 20th century. Paternalist state action against drugs is most clearly exemplified by the “drug war” which was officially launched in the United States in 1971 by President Richard M. Nixon. The aim of this program is to bring about a drug-free society through a complete phasing out of drug use. Ever since it was started, the U.S. government has spent billions of dollars on this “war”. With the United States in the center of its operations, the war has since spread to other countries including Columbia, Mexico and Peru. The American approach has since served as a model for several countries for their own restrictive drug policies. Prohibitionism Central to the prohibitionist approach is the notion that all forms of behavior involving illegal drugs – including consumption – are to be punished under criminal law and that criminal law is to be given priority in drug policies. Arguments marshaled in support of the legitimacy of this policy include the assertion that the amorality of consumption and the personality disorders accompanying it are endangering not only the consumers themselves but society in general, and are therefore not to be tolerated. Based as it is on the ideal of a drug-free society, the prohibitionist drug policy has by now turned out not to be a viable policy to pursue.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Decriminalization and the Price of Illicit Drugs IZA DP No
    IZA DP No. 8848 Drug Decriminalization and the Price of Illicit Drugs Sónia Félix Pedro Portugal February 2015 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Drug Decriminalization and the Price of Illicit Drugs Sónia Félix Nova School of Business and Economics and Banco de Portugal Pedro Portugal Nova School of Business and Economics, Banco de Portugal and IZA Discussion Paper No. 8848 February 2015 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character.
    [Show full text]
  • Models of Cannabis Regulation in the Americas
    Models of Cannabis Regulation in the Americas CONTRIBUTIONS TO THINKING ABOUT DRUG-RELATED ISSUES Discussing the drug issue: Articles and monographs We hope that this series of articles, essays, and monographs will be of interest and will contribute to thoughtful debate on drug policy. The views expressed in these documents do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of the Executive Secretariat of CICAD or of the OAS. Executive Secretariat CICAD/OAS MODELS OF CANNABIS REGULATION IN THE AMERICAS - 1 - Models of Cannabis Regulation in the Americas Analytical report Models of Cannabis Regulation in the Americas 1 Milton Romani Gerner OAS Consultant June 2017 1 See author’s profile at the end of Chapter V. - 2 - Models of Cannabis Regulation in the Americas CHAPTER I Debate new ‘paths’ Analyze ‘together’ Systematize ‘resiliencies’ ‘Shift’ paradigms - 3 - Models of Cannabis Regulation in the Americas Table of Contents Page Analytical report Models of Cannabis Regulation in the Americas ............................................ 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 Chapter I .......................................................................................................... 7 OAS leadership role ..................................................................................... 7 The trend towards new approaches .............................................................. 8 A paradigm shift ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Economic Effect of the U.S. War on Drugs
    FOLDVARY (DO NOT DELETE) 4/18/2013 2:16 PM FRED E. FOLDVARY* The Foreign Economic Effect of the U.S. War on Drugs Introduction .................................................................................... 1129 I. The U.S. War on Drugs ....................................................... 1130 II. Foreign Effects .................................................................... 1134 A. Country Studies ............................................................ 1135 1. Colombia ................................................................ 1135 2. Peru ......................................................................... 1138 3. Bolivia .................................................................... 1140 4. Mexico .................................................................... 1141 5. Guatemala ............................................................... 1144 6. Portugal .................................................................. 1145 7. Afghanistan ............................................................ 1146 III. Decriminalization and Legalization .................................... 1148 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 1151 INTRODUCTION ince the beginning of the twentieth century,1 the United States has Swaged a “War on Drugs” by attempting to reduce both the supply * Lecturer in Economics, San Jose State University; Ph.D., Economics, George Mason University. My books include THE SOUL OF LIBERTY (1980), PUBLIC GOODS AND PRIVATE
    [Show full text]