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Modeling Wind-Driven Circulation in Lake Ladoga

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Modeling Wind-Driven Circulation in Lake Ladoga BOREAL ENV. ENVIRONMENT RES. Vol. 6 • ModelingRESEARCH wind-driven 6: 307–316 circulation in Lake Ladoga ISSN 1239-6095307 Helsinki 20 December 2001 © 2001 Modeling wind-driven circulation in Lake Ladoga Dmitry Beletsky Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, c/o NOAA/GLERL, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA Beletsky, D. 2001. Modeling wind-driven circulation in Lake Ladoga. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 307–316. ISSN 1239-6095 The goal of this paper is to present circulation patterns in Lake Ladoga occurring during episodes of strong wind. Hydrodynamics of episodic events are studied with a three-dimensional barotropic numerical model. Model results are presented for a variety of wind directions and, therefore, can be used for analysis of various biogeochemical data. As an illustration, an analysis of sediment distribution in Lake Ladoga is presented. It is suggested that location of maximum sediment deposition in southeastern Lake Ladoga is due to sediment transport during episodes of strong northwesterly winds. These events generate signifi cant waves in southern Lake Ladoga, causing sediment resuspension and subsequent offshore advection and deposition. Introduction and even years of weaker winds. Wind-driven currents are also thought to be largely respon- Lake Ladoga, the largest European lake, has sible for nearshore-offshore transport of biogeo- become increasingly contaminated with nutri- chemically important materials (BIMs) in Lake ents and toxic chemicals, especially during the Michigan (Eadie et al. 1996). last 30 years (Drabkova et al. 1996). Transport Recent observations and modeling work in and fate of these substances (which are mostly Lake Michigan (Lou et al. 2000, Schwab et attached to fi ne-grained particles) is largely deter- al. 2000) suggest that waves and turbulence are mined by physical processes such as waves, tur- necessary for sediment resuspension, while cur- bulence, and currents, both mean and episodic. rents transport resuspended sediments away from Recently, there has been a growing interest in places where they temporarily reside. Because the role of episodic (wind-driven) currents in Lake Ladoga’s size, depth, and thermal regime sediment transport and, more broadly, in the (both lakes are seasonally dimictic) are compa- ecosystems of large lakes. Lick et al. (1994) rable to those of Lake Michigan, similar physi- suggested that in Lake Erie, the strongest single cal processes may be responsible for the trans- wind event can produce sediment transport com- port of BIMs in both aquatic systems. There- parable to the sediment transport during months fore, the knowledge obtained in Lake Michigan 308 Beletsky • BOREAL ENV. RES. Vol. 6 Lake Ladoga Sortavala Pitkjaranta Valaam Island100 50 Mantsinsaari Island 100 50 Priozersk 100 61o 50 Konevets Island Svir 50 Bay Burnaya River (Vuoksi) Svir River Volkhov Bay Volkhov River 60o Neva River Petrokrepost o o 32o o 30 31 33 Fig. 1. Lake Ladoga bathym- etry and main tributaries hydrodynamic and sediment transport studies rized in Filatov (1983) and Beletsky (1996) may be useful for the analysis of Lake Ladoga confi rming the existence of mean cyclonic circu- data. lation in Lake Ladoga. More recently, new tech- In order to understand transport of BIMs in niques such as ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Cur- Lake Ladoga (or in any lake) during strong wind rent Profi ler) were introduced in Lake Ladoga episodes, knowledge of lake circulation patterns current studies by Huttula et al. (1997). is required. Historically, indirect methods such Current observations are much more reliable as drifters and tracers were used to derive circu- and abundant today than 100 years ago but are lation patterns in lakes. In particular, Andreev still barely suffi cient to describe circulation in (1875) used the color differences of major tribu- most large lakes (Beletsky et al. 1999). There- taries of Lake Ladoga (Fig. 1) to suggest for the fore, numerical modeling seems to be a viable fi rst time a lake-wide cyclonic circulation pat- approach, especially when someone is inter- tern. Later, very comprehensive direct meas- ested in deriving the typical circulation patterns. urements of currents in Lake Ladoga were car- The objective of this paper is to study these ried out by the North-West Regional Administra- typical wind-driven circulation patterns in Lake tion on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Ladoga. These circulation patterns will, hope- Monitoring (1986). The results were summa- fully, contribute to understanding the distribu- BOREAL ENV. RES. Vol. 6 • Modeling wind-driven circulation in Lake Ladoga 309 tion of various biological, chemical, and geo- anic applications and subsequently used in many logical data. Ideally, we want someone having coastal and freshwater applications (Demin et a set of circulation maps to be able to explain al. 1990, Beletsky et al. 1994, Beletsky 1996). or predict biogeochemical tracer patterns. To The model uses traditional approximations of obtain wind-driven circulation patterns in Lake Bussinesq, hydrostatics, and incompressibility. Ladoga we use a state-of-the-art three-dimen- Model equations are written in the Cartesian sional numerical model. system of coordinates, and the fi nite-difference In the past, several hydrodynamic models scheme is constructed using the conservative of Lake Ladoga have been developed, both box method and Arakawa’s grid B. The basic barotropic (Lukhovitsky et al. 1978, Kvon et al. scheme of integration in time is the “leap-frog” 1991, Podsetchine et al. 1995) and baroclinic scheme with respect to the pressure gradient (Okhlopkova 1961, Filatov 1983, Astrakhantsev and advective terms, and the Euler scheme for et al. 1996). Although important knowledge of the diffusion terms. Wind and bottom stress are circulation patterns in Lake Ladoga was obtained related to surface winds and bottom currents in these studies, model results were never pre- by the conventional quadratic stress laws. More sented in suffi cient detail in order to describe information about the model can be found in currents occurring under a variety of wind direc- Demin and Ibraev (1989), Beletsky (1996). tions. In addition, horizontal resolution in many The horizontal grid size in the model is earlier models was quite low (7–10 km) because 4 km. Vertical resolution was 13 levels (1, 3, of computer power limitations. Clearly, coarse 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 110 grid resolution does not allow one to describe in m). The coeffi cients of vertical and horizontal detail regional circulations arising in areas with turbulent diffusion of momentum were chosen irregular bottom topography and islands. For as 10 and 5 ¥ 105 cm2 s–1, respectively. These example, fi ne horizontal resolution is required coeffi cients were previously used in Lake Onega for accurate modeling of circulation and con- modeling studies which showed good agree- taminant transport in both southern and northern ment with observations (Beletsky 1996). The basins where signifi cant sources of industrial time step of integration was 600 s. There is no pollution are located (Pitkaranta, Sortavala, Pri- infl ow and outfl ow in the lake, so hydraulic fl ow ozersk, Volkhov R.). Adequate horizontal reso- was ignored. The lake is isothermal, so density- lution is also important for an accurate descrip- driven currents were also ignored. tion of water transport through the straits to the east and west of Valaam Island, connecting the northern and central basins of the lake (Fig. 1). Wind-induced currents in Lake Therefore, there is a need for a more compre- Ladoga hensive and updated description of circulation patterns in Lake Ladoga. The value of wind stress of 1 dyn cm–2 cor- To study wind-driven circulation in Lake responding to 6–9 m s–1 winds (depending on Ladoga, a well calibrated numerical circulation atmospheric stability) was used in all calcula- model (Beletsky et al. 1994) was used. This tions. This wind speed is typical during the ice- work continues from Beletsky (1996). free period (May–November) in Lake Ladoga (Kvon et al. 1991). Observational and modeling evidence suggests that wind of such magnitude Hydrodynamic model generates currents exceeding both hydraulic and density-driven currents in the lake (Beletsky and Since wind-driven currents are not strongly Schwab 2001). Therefore, presented circulation affected by stratifi cation, for large-scale wind- patterns can be used not only when the lake is driven circulation modeling in Lake Ladoga a isothermal but also during the stratifi ed period barotropic version of the 3-dimensional primi- if the wind stress is suffi ciently strong (on the tive equation model (Demin and Ibraev 1989) order of 1 dyn cm–2 ). Since our goal is to derive was used. This model was fi rst designed for oce- basic circulation patterns, we chose the simplest 310 Beletsky • BOREAL ENV. RES. Vol. 6 wind fi eld possible, the one with no spatial makes the vorticity of the largest gyres in Lake variability. Therefore, it should be understood Ladoga very sensitive to the east-west compo- that success in using results of our calculations nents of the wind stress. In particular, the mostly will depend on how valid this assumption is cyclonic circulation pattern corresponding to for a particular event. Steady-state circulations southwest or northwest winds (Fig. 4) resembles in Lake Ladoga were calculated for eight wind cyclonic circulation pattern induced by west directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W and NW). wind. On the other hand, the mostly anticyclonic The circulation pattern emerges after about one circulation pattern corresponding to southeast or day of wind forcing and changes relatively little northeast winds (Fig. 5) resembles anticyclonic after that. circulation pattern induced by east wind. The common feature of wind-induced fl ow Our model results generally agree with model in lakes is so-called two-gyre circulation caused results and current observations in the central by the bottom topography.
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