From Grid to Network: Arch., Cybernetics + Systems

FROM GRID TO NETWORK: ARCH., CYBERNETICS + SYSTEMS THEORY CYBERNETICS: the science of communication and control theory that is concerned especially with the comparative study of automatic control systems (as the nervous system and brain and mechanical-electrical communication systems) SYSTEMS THEORY: the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of discovering patterns and elucidating principles that can be discerned from, and applied to, all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research. NASA FIRST VIEW OF EARTH BEYOND ITS ATMOSPHERE 1946 NASA EARTHRISE (APOLLO 8) 1968 NASA FIRST FULL-VIEW OF THE EARTH (APOLLO 17) 1972 THE OPTE PROJECT A PORTION OF THE INTERNET 2005 U.S. DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY (DARPA) ARPANET 1969 U.S. DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY (DARPA) ARPANET 1969 SYNAPTIC BRAIN ACTIVITY ECOLOGY? To talk about ecology in architecture is not to bring ecological thinking to architecture. Ecology is, from the beginning, a certain kind of thinking about architecture.

MARK WIGLEY RECYCLING RECYCLING 1999 ECO(Household Economy) (Household Economy) (Knowledge) ECO + LOGOS ECO(Household Economy) + LOGOS (Knowledge)

= KNOWLEDGE OF THE (ECONOMY

OF)HOUSE e comparative absence of historical concerns in favor of attention to the autonomous architectural objects and its formal operations...

K. MICHAEL HAYS ...how its parts have been put together, how it is a wholly integrated and equilibrated system that can be understood without external references, and as important, how it may be reused, how its constituent parts and processes maybe recombined...architectural operations are imagined tobe spontaneous, internalized..

K. MICHAEL HAYS Organization of Form Form of Organization Bucky Fuller + Marshall Mcluhan BUCKMINSTER FULLER + MARSHALL MCLUHAN ABOARD THE NEW HELLAS | GREECE 1963 RICHARD “BUCKY” FULLER Born: July 12, 1895 Died: July 1, 1983 Educated: Harvard University

RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER DYMAXION MAP 1942 RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER DYMAXION MAP 1942 RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER DYMAXION MAP 1942 RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER DOME OVER MANHATTAN | NEW YORK, NY, USA 1960 Madam, how much does your house weigh?

BUCKY FULLER Don’t ght forces, use them.

BUCKY FULLER RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER GEOSCOPE (MINI-EARTH) 1961 RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER GEOSCOPE (MINI-EARTH) 1961 RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER GEOSCOPE (MINI-EARTH) 1961 Technology paces industry, but there's a long lag in the process. Industry paces economics. It changes the tools, a great ecological change. And in that manner we come nally to everyday life. e politician is someone who deals in man's problems of adjustment. To ask a politician to lead us is to ask the tail of a dog to lead the dog.

BUCKY FULLER RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER CLOUD NINES 1962 MARSHALL MCLUHAN Born: July 21, 1911 Died: December 31, 1980 Educated: University of Cambridge

MARSHALL MCLUHAN MARSHALL MCLUHAN UNDERSTANDING MEDIA 1964 MARSHALL MCLUHAN THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE 1967 In this electronic age we see ourselves being translated more and more into the form of information, moving toward the tech- nological extension of consciousness.

MARSHALL MCLUHAN From MECHANICAL to ELECTRONIC From METAPHYSICAL FORM to BIOLOGICAL BODY e new electronic independence re-creates the world in the image of a global village.

MARSHALL MCLUHAN e medium is the message.

MARSHALL MCLUHAN CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS EKISTICS JOURNAL 1955 CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS EKISTICS JOURNAL 1955 CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS EKISTICS AS A NETWORK 1971 ARCHITECTURE PSYCHIATRY ENGINEERING ECONOMICS SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE LANGUAGE LAW METALLURGY ANIMAL GENETICS ARCHITECTURE METEROLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AESTHETICS PHYSICS HISTORY PHILOSOPHY LITERATURE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS WORLD AS A SINGLE CITY 1963 CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS AIRLINE NETWORK OF THE FUTURE 1963 CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS TRANSPORTATION NETWORK FOR AFRICA 1964 CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS BUILDING AS SHELL 1964 AEROSPACE DIVISION OF BOEING COMPUTER GENERATED FORMS | EKISTICS 1965