Einprägsamkeit En Gros Die Porträts Kaiser Maximilians I. Ein Herrscherbild Gewinnt Gestalt

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Einprägsamkeit En Gros Die Porträts Kaiser Maximilians I. Ein Herrscherbild Gewinnt Gestalt Einprägsamkeit en gros Die Porträts Kaiser Maximilians I. Ein Herrscherbild gewinnt Gestalt Text Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Philosophische Fakultät, Zentrum für Europäische Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften, Institut für Europäische Kunstgeschichte vorgelegt von Anja Eisenbeiß Erstgutachterin: Professor Dr. Lieselotte E. Saurma Zweitgutachter: Professor Dr. Matthias Untermann Verfahren abgeschlossen: 24. Februar 2005 Inhalt Vorwort ......................................................................................................... 5 Einleitung ...................................................................................................... 7 Erster Teil: Herrscherliche Selbstdarstellung im Porträt ............................ 16 1. Der Topos vom authentischen Bild nach dem Leben ................................................. 25 a) Hofmaler und Hofporträtist................................................................................... 30 b) Porträtsitzung und Werkgenese ............................................................................ 49 2. Inszenierte Authentizität ............................................................................................. 61 a) Vom Modell zum Modelleur ................................................................................ 65 b) Die Haller Münze und die Vernetzungen des Herrscherbildes ............................. 78 c) Contrafectungen Maximiliani wie der in allem seinem leben und absterben gestaltet gewesen................................................................................................... 86 Zweiter Teil: Erscheinungsformen des Maximilianporträts ..................... 100 1. Ritterlicher König ..................................................................................................... 101 a) Erweiterung der Bildaussage .............................................................................. 121 b) Strategien der Bildaktualisierung ........................................................................ 131 2. Erwählter Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches .................................................. 141 a) Altertümlichkeit als Argument? .......................................................................... 146 b) Aktualität des Romzuges .................................................................................... 156 c) Miles christianus und Bewahrer der Christenheit .............................................. 164 d) Nähe und Distanz ................................................................................................ 195 3. Bilderkosmos mit wechselnden Vorzeichen ............................................................. 204 a) Der italienische Bildentwurf und seine Adaptionen im Norden ......................... 206 b) Bernhard Strigel und die Umformungen des Herrscherbildes ............................ 217 In der Gesellschaft der Heiligen ......................................................................... 217 Die autonomen Porträts: Narration, Aktion und Repräsentation ...................... 231 4. Ein andrer schlechter Mensch? ................................................................................. 256 3 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick .............................................................. 263 Anhang ...................................................................................................... 270 1. Dokumentation der Porträtgruppen ........................................................................... 270 a) Hüftbild im Harnisch .......................................................................................... 270 b) Hüftbild im Harnisch mit Mitrakrone ................................................................. 278 c) Maximilian in Schaube mit Barett ...................................................................... 281 d) Maximilian auf den Altären Bernhard Strigels ................................................... 290 e) Totenbild ............................................................................................................. 291 2. Tabellarische Zusammenstellung der Bildabmessungen .......................................... 293 Literatur- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis ..................................................... 295 Abbildungsverzeichnis und Bildnachweis ............................................... 241 4 Vorwort Jede Auseinandersetzung mit dem Porträt der frühen Neuzeit, noch dazu mit den bild- lichen Darstellungen Maximilians I., der wie kaum ein anderer Herrscher alle ihm zur Verfügung stehenden Medien zu nutzen wußte, konfrontiert die Forschenden mit einer Fülle an Quellen und einer reichen Literatur. Während der Recherche zur vorliegenden Arbeit konnte ich von den Archiven zahlreicher Forschungseinrichtungen profitieren. Die Bestände der Fotothek des Zentralinstituts für Kunstgeschichte in München erlaub- ten mir, bei der Materialsammlung widersprüchliche Provenienzen zu klären und damit manches verloren geglaubte Bild aufzufinden. Natalie Harris stellte auf großzügige Weise Fotos der bei Sotheby’s versteigerten Porträts zur Verfügung, welche die Ränder der zu untersuchenden Kerngruppe zu schärfen verhalfen. Die Fülle der zu Maximilian und den Habsburgern erschienenen Literatur wäre ohne die Bestände der Österreichi- schen Nationalbibliothek nicht zu überschauen gewesen. Porträtfragen wurden dagegen in Heidelberg erarbeitet. Mit dem Sondersammelgebiet Kunstgeschichte an der Univer- sitätsbibliothek fand ich hier ein ideales Forschungsumfeld vor. Allen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der genannten Institutionen sei für ihre unermüdliche Hilfe bei der Literatur- und Quellenrecherche herzlich gedankt. Trotz eines immer hektischer werdenden Museumsbetriebes nahmen sich viele der zuständigen Konservatoren Zeit für meine Fragen. Hier gilt mein Dank vor allem Rai- nald Grosshans in Berlin und Martin Schawe in München. Die Sammlung des Augusti- ner-Chorherrenstiftes St. Florian öffnete mir Friedrich Buchmayr, der auch bei Recher- chen vor Ort behilflich war. Überaus freundliche Aufnahme fand ich in Kreuzlingen bei Friedrich Kisters. Ihr gemäldetechnisches Wissen teilten die Restauratoren Andreas Strohhammer in Linz und Bodo Beier in Augsburg mit mir. Ihnen bin ich zu besonde- rem Dank verpflichtet. Die sich im Laufe der Arbeit aufdrängende Notwendigkeit, den Untersuchungsgegenstand auf das Münzbild Maximilians, aber auch die in den Porträts präsentierten Insignien, Waffen und Rüstungen auszudehnen, wäre ohne den Rat der Spezialisten und Spezialistinnen am Kunsthistorischen Museum in Wien nicht möglich gewesen. Die gewährte Hilfe sei Roswitha Denk, Münzkabinett, Helmut Trnek, Schatz- kammer, vor allem aber Matthias Pfaffenbichler, Hof-, Jagd- und Rüstkammer, herzlich 5 gedankt. In Zeiten, in denen mir Forschungsreisen nicht möglich waren, übernahmen andere die für den Fortgang der Arbeit nötigen Recherchen vor Ort. Für diese durchaus nicht selbstverständliche Hilfestellung gilt mein Dank zuerst Hans-Jörg Künast, der Steuerbücher im Augsburger Stadtarchiv einsah, sowie Andreas Fingernagel als stets verläßlichem Ansprechpartner für alle Nachfragen zu den Handschriften der Österreichi- schen Nationalbibliothek. In Heidelberg durfte ich von Gesprächen mit Harald Drös, Dagmar Eichberger, Hanns Hubach und Johannes Tripps profitieren. Von den ersten vagen Ideen bis zum vorliegenden Text begleitete Adalbert Saurma das Entstehen der Arbeit mit Anre- gungen, Aufmunterung und Strenge zur rechten Zeit. Ihm gilt mein besonderer Dank. Tino Licht und Kristine Weber waren bei Übersetzungen aus dem Lateinischen behilf- lich, wertvolle Vorarbeiten für das Erstellen des Abbildungsteiles leistete Constanze Werry. Ohne Lob und Tadel der Freundinnen, die Teile des Textes lasen, wäre manches unklar geblieben. Mein Dank gilt Eva Ehninger, vor allem aber Annett Hoffmann, die mit untrüglichem Gespür Schwachstellen ausmachte und mit liebevollem Nachdruck zum Überdenken mahnte. Prof. Dr. Matthias Untermann sei die Übernahme des Korre- ferates bedankt. Den wohl schwierigsten Part übernahm Prof. Dr. Lieselotte E. Saurma. Für die Freiheit, meinen Weg gehen zu dürfen, das mir entgegengebrachte Vertrauen und die Verläßlichkeit, mit der sie mir stets dann zur Seite stand, wenn Rat und Hilfe fachlicher wie praktischer Art vonnöten, verschlossene Türen zu öffnen und gedankliche Blockaden zu lösen waren, sei ihr von ganzem Herzen gedankt. Das Manuskript der vorliegenden Arbeit hat die Philosophische Fakultät der Uni- versität Heidelberg 2005 als Dissertation angenommen. Für die Veröffentlichung wurde der Abbildungsteil neu zusammengestellt. Den Museen und Bildarchiven, die Repro- duktionsvorlagen zur Verfügung stellten und teilweise auf Gebühren verzichteten oder diese großzügig reduzierten, gilt mein besonderer Dank. Sämtliche Aufbewahrungsorte der besprochenen Werke wurden für die Veröffentlichung überprüft und gegebenenfalls aktualisiert. Ebenso wurden Anmerkungsteil und Text kritisch durchgesehen und um die seit dem Abschluß des Manuskripts erschienenen zentralen Referenzwerke zu Maxi- milian I. und dem frühneuzeitlichen Porträt ergänzt. Konstanz, im Februar 2017 Anja Eisenbeiß 6 Einleitung Am Anfang steht ein Bild, das glauben macht, es bilde mit der Entstehung eines Porträts auch einen Anfang ab (Abb. 1). Rechts unten vom Nürnberger Maler Carl Jäger signiert und ins Jahr 1886 datiert zeigt es eine Stube, augenscheinlich das Atelier des Malers, in dem sich mehrere
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