Top Secret Studies on U.S. Communications Intelligence During World War II
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Ecords of the War Department's I Operations Division, 1942-1945
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of World War II Research Collections ecords of the War Department's i Operations Division, 1942-1945 Part 1. World War II Operations Series C. Top Secret Files University Publications of America A Guide to ike Microfilm Edition of World War II Research Collections Records of the War Department's Operations Division, 1942-1945 Part 1. World War II Operations Series C. Top Secret Files Guide compiled by Blair D. Hydrick A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Records of the War Department's Operations Division, 1942-1945. Part 1, World War II operations [microform]. microfilm reels. • (World War II research collections) Accompanied by printed reel guide, compiled by Blair D. Hydrick. Includes index. Contents: ser. A. European and Mediterranean theaters • ser. B. Pacific theater • ser. C. top secret files. ISBN 1-55655-273-4 (ser. C: microfilm) 1. World War, 1939-1945•Campaigns•Sources. 2. United States. War Dept. Operations Division•Archives. I. Hydrick, Blair D. II. University Publications of America (Firm). IE. Series. [D743] 940.54'2•dc20 93-1467 CIP Copyright 1993 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-273-4. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction v Note on Sources ix Editorial Note ix Abbreviations x Reel Index 1942-1944 Reell 1 Reel 2 1 Reel 3 2 Reel 4 2 Reel5 3 Reel 6 : 3 Reel? 4 ReelS 5 Reel 9 5 Reel 10 6 Reel 11 6 Reel 12 7 Reel 13 7 Reel 14 8 Reel 15 8 Reel 16 9 Reel 17 9 Reel 18 10 1945 Reel 19 11 Reel 20 12 Reel 21 12 Reel 22 13 Reel 23 14 Reel 24 14 Reel 25 15 Reel 26 16 Subject Index 19 m INTRODUCTION High Command: The Operations Division of the War Department General Staff In 1946 the question originally posed to me was assistance than was afforded to many of his subordinate what the U.S. -
CODEBREAKING Suggested Reading List (Can Also Be Viewed Online at Good Reads)
MARSHALL LEGACY SERIES: CODEBREAKING Suggested Reading List (Can also be viewed online at Good Reads) NON-FICTION • Aldrich, Richard. Intelligence and the War against Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. • Allen, Robert. The Cryptogram Challenge: Over 150 Codes to Crack and Ciphers to Break. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2005 • Briggs, Asa. Secret Days Code-breaking in Bletchley Park. Barnsley: Frontline Books, 2011 • Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War Two. New York: Free Press, 2000. • Churchhouse, Robert. Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. • Clark, Ronald W. The Man Who Broke Purple. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1977. • Drea, Edward J. MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942-1945. Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1992. • Fisher-Alaniz, Karen. Breaking the Code: A Father's Secret, a Daughter's Journey, and the Question That Changed Everything. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2011. • Friedman, William and Elizebeth Friedman. The Shakespearian Ciphers Examined. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957. • Gannon, James. Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth century. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2001. • Garrett, Paul. Making, Breaking Codes: Introduction to Cryptology. London: Pearson, 2000. • Hinsley, F. H. and Alan Stripp. Codebreakers: the inside story of Bletchley Park. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. • Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing: The Enigma. New York: Walker and Company, 2000. • Kahn, David. Seizing The Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939-1943. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2001. • Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. -
THE JERSEYMAN 5 Years - Nr
N J B B June 4, 2007 Midway Atoll photo courtesy of 4th Quarter Welford Sims, Raleigh, North Carolina 2007 "Rest well, yet sleep lightly and hear the call, if again sounded, to provide firepower for freedom…” THE JERSEYMAN 5 Years - Nr. 56 The Battle of Midway — 65 years... MIDWAY ATOLL (June 4, 2007) - Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Adm. Robert F. Willard, delivers his remarks during the 65th anniversary of the Battle of Midway commemoration ceremony on Midway Atoll. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class James E. Foehl) 2 The Jerseyman Battle of Midway Commemoration... MIDWAY ATOLL – Distinguished visitors and more than 1,500 guests of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, International Midway Memorial Foundation and the U.S. Pacific Fleet, assembled on Midway Atoll, June 4, to commemorate the 65th anni- versary of the Battle of Midway. “We‟re gathered here today at one of the most re- mote and special places on earth. Midway, is where the course of history was changed,” said the Honorable Linda Lingle, Governor of Hawaii. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4 – 7, 1942, and served as a turning point in the Pacific during World War II. “No one knew it at the time, but the tide of war in the Pacific had turned because of the heroism and sheer determination of those who fought on June 4, 1942,” said Dr. James M. D’Angelo, president and chairman, International Midway Memorial Foundation. “It‟s not hard to imagine what we would‟ve heard if we‟d have been here this day 65 years ago. -
9 Purple 18/2
THE CONCORD REVIEW 223 A VERY PURPLE-XING CODE Michael Cohen Groups cannot work together without communication between them. In wartime, it is critical that correspondence between the groups, or nations in the case of World War II, be concealed from the eyes of the enemy. This necessity leads nations to develop codes to hide their messages’ meanings from unwanted recipients. Among the many codes used in World War II, none has achieved a higher level of fame than Japan’s Purple code, or rather the code that Japan’s Purple machine produced. The breaking of this code helped the Allied forces to defeat their enemies in World War II in the Pacific by providing them with critical information. The code was more intricate than any other coding system invented before modern computers. Using codebreaking strategy from previous war codes, the U.S. was able to crack the Purple code. Unfortunately, the U.S. could not use its newfound knowl- edge to prevent the attack at Pearl Harbor. It took a Herculean feat of American intellect to break Purple. It was dramatically intro- duced to Congress in the Congressional hearing into the Pearl Harbor disaster.1 In the ensuing years, it was discovered that the deciphering of the Purple Code affected the course of the Pacific war in more ways than one. For instance, it turned out that before the Americans had dropped nuclear bombs on Japan, Purple Michael Cohen is a Senior at the Commonwealth School in Boston, Massachusetts, where he wrote this paper for Tom Harsanyi’s United States History course in the 2006/2007 academic year. -
A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations from 1941 to the Present
CRM D0006297.A2/ Final July 2002 Charting the Pathway to OMFTS: A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations From 1941 to the Present Carter A. Malkasian 4825 Mark Center Drive • Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1850 Approved for distribution: July 2002 c.. Expedit'onaryyystems & Support Team Integrated Systems and Operations Division This document represents the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the Navy. Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N0014-00-D-0700. For copies of this document call: CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Copyright 0 2002 The CNA Corporation Contents Summary . 1 Introduction . 5 Methodology . 6 The U.S. Marine Corps’ new concept for forcible entry . 9 What is the purpose of amphibious warfare? . 15 Amphibious warfare and the strategic level of war . 15 Amphibious warfare and the operational level of war . 17 Historical changes in amphibious warfare . 19 Amphibious warfare in World War II . 19 The strategic environment . 19 Operational doctrine development and refinement . 21 World War II assault and area denial tactics. 26 Amphibious warfare during the Cold War . 28 Changes to the strategic context . 29 New operational approaches to amphibious warfare . 33 Cold war assault and area denial tactics . 35 Amphibious warfare, 1983–2002 . 42 Changes in the strategic, operational, and tactical context of warfare. 42 Post-cold war amphibious tactics . 44 Conclusion . 46 Key factors in the success of OMFTS. 49 Operational pause . 49 The causes of operational pause . 49 i Overcoming enemy resistance and the supply buildup. -
LGBTQ Guam and Hospitality of the Guamanian People
An LGBTQ Guide to Guam Håfa Adai, Welcome! As Lieutenant Governor of Guam and proud member of the LGBTQ community, I am grateful that Guam’s residents have given me the opportunity to help direct the island’s future. Also, Guam has just elected its first female Governor, and now holds the record for the largest women majority in U.S. history. Guam’s diverse political leadership is a direct reflection JOSHUA TENORIO, of the broadening views within our island community. THE HONORABLE LT. GOVERNOR I will advocate for policy that is fair and equal for all and will positively impact LGBTQ rights. I applaud the Guam Visitors Bureau’s efforts in developing the Guam travel industry to better serve LGBTQ travelers and give my full support to their ongoing efforts. We look forward to your visit and providing you with the adventure of a lifetime! Si Yu’os Ma’åse’ 23 Håfa Adai! (Greetings!) Contents The Guam Visitors Bureau (GVB) finds great joy in welcoming LGBTQ travelers to our beautiful island. 02 Welcome As you read this guide, we hope that it inspires you to visit our home and experience the warmth 04 LGBTQ Guam and hospitality of the Guamanian people. 06 LGBTQ Resources 16 Guam strongly supports the LGBTQ community, paving 08 Visiting Guam PILAR LAGUAÑA, the way for equality, celebrating diversity, and promoting With Other LGBTQ PRESIDENT & CEO, inclusivity. The Bureau is a proud member of the Destinations 12 Things to do International Gay and Lesbian Travel Association (IGLTA), GUAM VISITORS 09 Guam + Japan 12 Outdoors BUREAU where we continue our efforts to be a reliable resource for, and to better serve the needs of, all of our visitors. -
Aircraft Collection
A, AIR & SPA ID SE CE MU REP SEU INT M AIRCRAFT COLLECTION From the Avenger torpedo bomber, a stalwart from Intrepid’s World War II service, to the A-12, the spy plane from the Cold War, this collection reflects some of the GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS IN MILITARY AVIATION. Photo: Liam Marshall TABLE OF CONTENTS Bombers / Attack Fighters Multirole Helicopters Reconnaissance / Surveillance Trainers OV-101 Enterprise Concorde Aircraft Restoration Hangar Photo: Liam Marshall BOMBERS/ATTACK The basic mission of the aircraft carrier is to project the U.S. Navy’s military strength far beyond our shores. These warships are primarily deployed to deter aggression and protect American strategic interests. Should deterrence fail, the carrier’s bombers and attack aircraft engage in vital operations to support other forces. The collection includes the 1940-designed Grumman TBM Avenger of World War II. Also on display is the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, a true workhorse of the 1950s and ‘60s, as well as the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and Grumman A-6 Intruder, stalwarts of the Vietnam War. Photo: Collection of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum GRUMMAN / EASTERNGRUMMAN AIRCRAFT AVENGER TBM-3E GRUMMAN/EASTERN AIRCRAFT TBM-3E AVENGER TORPEDO BOMBER First flown in 1941 and introduced operationally in June 1942, the Avenger became the U.S. Navy’s standard torpedo bomber throughout World War II, with more than 9,836 constructed. Originally built as the TBF by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, they were affectionately nicknamed “Turkeys” for their somewhat ungainly appearance. Bomber Torpedo In 1943 Grumman was tasked to build the F6F Hellcat fighter for the Navy. -
Certain Aspects of "Magic" in the Cryptological Background of the Various Official Investigations Into the Attack on P
REF ID:A485355 OF 'l'.BE V.AltIOUS OFFICIAL INVEmGATIONS mo 'l!BE A'.t'.J!ACK ON PEA.BL MRBOR ··. •· . ' I-.- REF ID:A485355 --;-~·;-:;-.:- ... -~.... , ""'-·I';"~-""",~-·;,'~;~~~-~~.\,-::):t~<.""',. -.~\~=---:~-.,,-1f~': ------== ,,.--.., "t-,-.\;' .,-~,-. Certain As;pects of 1tMsgie 11 in the Ct;r:ttol~eaJ.. De.ck.ground of the V{'J."':touc; Offic!.&.1. Invest1@(1ons into the Atttlck on Pearl Harbor INDEX Section l. Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2. The Real Essence of the Problem • • • • • • • • • 11 A Ziev Look a.t the Revisionists Allegations of Conspiracy to Keep K:l.mmel and S'bort in the Da:rk • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 4. Was MtlGIC Withheld from Kimmel and Short and, if so, ~ ••••••• ,, •••••••• • • 35 1 The tiWinds Code Message:B ' . ~ . .. 49 The Question of Sabota.g~f! • • • ti ~ • • • • • • • 53 Conclusions ....... ",., ....... 65 8. Epilogtte • • .. • • • • ' • ' It • Ill • • • • • • • • 60 11 11 APPENDIX 1: Pearl H&'bor in Pernpective1 by Dr. Louis Morton, Uni:ted States Na.val Institute Proceedi!!is,, Vo1. 81, No. 4, April 1955; P-.kl. 461'.:468 APPlitWIX 2: !lpea.rl Ra.rhor and the Revlsionists, 11 by Prof'. Robert H. Ferrc:Ll.. The Historian, Vol. XVII, No. 2, SprinS 19551 :Pl~· 215·233 REF ID:A485355 1. nmOD"OCTION More than 15 yea.rs have passed. since the Japanese, with unparalleled good luck, good luck that nov seem:s astoundinS, and vith a degree of skill unanticipated by the United, :3tates, executed their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor during the morning hours of 7 December 1941. It was an attack that constituted a. momentou::; disaster for the United States; it ma.de our Navy's Pacific Pleet, for all practica.l purposes, hors de combat for m.a.ny months. -
Quiet Heroes Cover.Qxd
UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Series IV World War II Volume 7 The Quiet Heroes of the Southwest Pacific Theater: An Oral History of the Men and Women of CBB and FRUMEL Sharon A. Maneki CENTER FOR CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY Reprinted 2007 This monograph is a product of the National Security Agency history program. Its contents and conclusions are those of the author, based on original research, and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Security Agency. Please address divergent opinion or additional detail to the Center for Cryptologic History (EC). Page ii Table of Contents Foreword . v Preface . vii Acknowledgments . xii An Introduction to the Central Bureau Story . .1 Chapter 1: The Challenge of Reaching Australia . .3 Escaping from the Philippines: A View from the Navy . .3 Escaping from the Philippines: A View from the Army . .5 Traveling from Stateside . .7 Chapter 2: Challenges at Central Bureau Field Sections . .11 Mastering Japanese Intercept . .12 The Paradox of Life at a Field Site . .13 On the Move in New Guinea . .16 An American Perspective on Traffic Analysis . .18 Chapter 3: Cryptanalysts at Work in Central Bureau . .23 The Key to Success Was Teamwork . .25 The Joy of Discovery . .30 Putting Our Cryptanalytic Skills to the Test at Central Bureau 1942-1945 .34 Developing the Clues to Solve the Cryptanalytic Puzzle . .37 Chapter 4: Central Bureau: A Complete Signals Intelligence Agency . .39 The Trials and Tribulations of an IBM Operator . .39 Supporting Central Bureau’s Information Needs . .41 A Central Bureau J-Boy . .42 A Bizarre Experiment . -
Wwii Causes and Outcomes Autocracy, Democracy, Imperialism
WWII CAUSES AND OUTCOMES AUTOCRACY, DEMOCRACY, IMPERIALISM GERMANY; AUTOCRACY Hitler came to power by general election and was popular among the people due to humiliation from outcome of WWI Lost colonies in Africa and Asia as a result of the Versailles settlement JAPAN; IMPERIALISM Learned lessons from 18th and 19th century European countries; expansion into East Asia By early 30s started empire in Korea, Manchuria and China AUTOCRACY, DEMOCRACY, IMPERIALISM CON’T U.S. We had issues such as racism to Native Americans and internment of Japanese Robbed them of dignity, property and liberty DIPLOMACY AND WAR: 1933-1945 FDR initiated World Economic Conference in 1933 Not successful; worsened confidence Reciprocal Trade Agreement to reduce tarriffs in 1934 RECOGNIZING THE SOVIET UNION FDR believed it would restrain Japan Nov. 16, 1933 US and Soviet Union formalized relations No communist propaganda in U.S. Religious freedom and right to fair trial for Americans in Russia “GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY” U.S. and other civilized countries respect the rights of others No intervention in internal affairs of others The “New World” will act in concert FDR: hard to be a good neighbor of Cuba Mexico: greatest interwar test; Cardenaz wanted socialism settled differences two weeks before Pearl Harbor NEUTRALITY AND THE DESCENT INTO WAR NEUTRALITY ACTS Congress in isolationist mood No arms to either side “Cash and carry” RISE OF FASCISM Germany, Italy, Japan- state is greatest institution Future is ordered regimes- no personal liberty Italy invades Ethiopia- -
Marvin Robert Neitsch
Marvin Robert Neitsch Born August 20, 1914 died: 1 Nov 1942 Marvin Robert Neitsch was born on September 6, 1914, in Texas to IDA BIRKELBACH, age 29, and ROBERT WALTER NEITSCH, age 24. Zion Lutheran, Walburg, member Born: 9-06-1914 • Theon, Texas (source – Neitsch and Rowe family Tree by 1949Opa) 1920 Census: Justice Precinct 5, Williamson,Texas Walter Neitsch 29 head Ida Neitsch 33 wife Hugo Neitsch 10 son Thekle (sic) Neitsch 7 daughter Mar?Lin (sic) Neitsch 5 son Henry Neitsch 3 [3 1/12] son Norena Birkeldeash (sic --- Birkelbach) sister 17 1930 Census: Precinct 1, Williamson,Texas Walter Neitsch 39 head Ida Neitsch 44 wife Hugo Neitsch 20 son Theola Neitsch 18 daughter Marvin Neitsch 15 son Henry Neitsch 13 son Walter Neitsch 10 son Provided by Wendish Research Exchange, www.wendishresearch.org Norma Birkle Bock (sic -Birkelbach) sister-in-law 1940 Census: San Diego, San Diego, California U.S. Naval Training Station (April 3, 1940) Marvin R. Neitsch, born about 1915, Born-Texas, single, Seaman, Residence 1935 – Rural Williamson County, Texas From www.ancestry.com in the U.S. World War II Navy Muster Rolls, 1938-1949 Name: Marvin R Neitsch Ship, Station or Activity: Savannah Ship Number or Designation: CL-42 Muster Date: 31 May 1940 Name: Marvin R Neitsch Ship, Station or Activity: Pensacola Ship Number or Designation: CA-24 Muster Date: 30 Jun 1940 in the U.S. WWII Military Personnel Missing In Action or Lost At Sea, 1941-1946 Name: Marvin R Neitsch Date of Loss: 30 Nov 1942 0 Branch: U.S. -
U.S. Navy World War II Veteran and Superb Life Influence on 9,300 Cornell Chemical Engineers
Raymond G. Thorpe U.S. Navy World War II Veteran and superb life influence on 9,300 Cornell Chemical Engineers A true American hero and legendary Cornell University professor, Ray Thorpe Planes from the Bennington took part in the flyover that was part of the formal was born in Utica N.Y, in 1921, grew up in Herkimer N.Y., and graduated from surrender ceremony on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo bay September 2, 1945, Herkimer High School in 1938. In the fall of that year, he entered RPI as a student VJ Day. Because of his long and distinguished service, he was one of the first to in chemical engineering, and in May 1941 at the end of his junior year, he joined be discharged from active duty on Feb. 11, 1946 at the age of 25, serving in the the Navy, and because of his engineering background was commissioned as an Naval Reserve until 1955. ensign. After a brief training period in New York City, he returned to complete From Dean William Streett’s eulogy: Ray was a true American hero. His military his studies. Three months later in December 1941, Pearl Harbor was attacked, service strengthened his committments to integrity, honor, and to caring for his plunging the United States of America into World War II. fellow man. To this he added his own deep sense of compassion, his common In May 1942, immediately after receiving his bachelor of chemical engineering sense approach to everything in life, and his ability to inspire and motivate others. from RPI, Ray was assigned to the It was these characteristics which made him successful and so well loved for the Brooklyn Navy Yard and trained as an next 59 years of his life, most of which he donated to Cornell.